Based on the realism in Marx and Engels' realistic literary thought, this paper discusses the authenticity, typicality and integrity of literary creation. The presupposition of three levels of authenticity respectively discusses that there is a purely objective social reality outside the subject, which can be grasped by the subject, and the value of literary works depends on the accuracy and profundity of the subject's grasp of the social reality. Typicality discusses generality and particularity.
Keywords: realism; Authenticity; typicality
Marx and Engels put forward realistic literary thoughts for the first time in their comments on the Secret of Paris by the Holy Family. Among them, the idea that literature and art should truly comment on the relationship between people, and the idea that people should be faithful to the realization of personality and personality logic in characterization belong to realism. Engels put forward in his letter to the British writer Harkness: "In my opinion, realism means that in addition to the truth of details, it is also necessary to truly reproduce the typical characters in the typical environment." Authenticity is an important and universal principle of realism, which Marx and Engels often use as the standard to evaluate writers' works. When Marx talked about the eternal beauty of Greek mythology, he said that this is the true expression of human childhood.
Authenticity refers to the degree of reflecting the real situation of things. In the realistic context, this concept is used to express the accuracy of literary works reflecting social reality. Compared with ancient representative theories (in ancient Greece, from Heraclitus to democritus, from Socrates to Aristotle, almost all people involved in literature thought that literature was an imitation of something outside. The only difference between them lies in their different understanding of what they imitate: Heraclitus thinks that art is an imitation of nature, democritus thinks that people create art by imitating animals, Plato thinks that art is ultimately an imitation of the world of ideas, and Aristotle insists that tragedy is an imitation of some kind of "action". The difference is that the authenticity of realism requires the truth of essence, that is, it reflects the essence or universal law of social life. This concept includes three levels of presupposition: first, there is a purely objective social reality outside the subject. Second, this social reality can be grasped by the subject. Third, the value of literary works depends on the accuracy and profundity of the subject's grasp of social reality. Does the first level exist or not? If it exists, it is the subjective subject's pure understanding of objects other than the subject. Then, the recognized object itself is the subjective part, and the pure objective object does not exist. So, does this "pure objective object" still have meaning? Why not reduce this to subjectivity? In fact, pure objective objects do not exist, and objective objects exist. Just like describing scenes in literary works, many situations are summaries of life. In fact, it hardly exists, but it can't be said that it is different or impossible. More often, the subject itself is the object, and the subject itself is real, but the object constructed or named by the subject in his mind is subjective. Objects with subjective colors are objects, but they are not pure. In other words, truth itself is truth, but there is no pure truth. On the second level, only by grasping the social reality and reflecting the essence or universal law of social life can the subject grasp its truth. Without essence, he will leave profundity, and his vision and thoughts will lack penetration. Truth not only requires the subject to accurately express the appearance of the object, but also to see its connotation and development trend. Reality is not necessarily fixed, although it represents the core, but the core is also moving. To grasp the truth, we must start with movement. On the third level, the core value of literary works lies in its beauty. The beauty of a work can be romantic, tragic or magical, and the most beautiful thing is its authenticity. The authenticity mentioned here does not mean how real the description of the work is. The realism of description only stays in the superficial stage and does not enter the real heart. In other words, truth is not only a nearly restored description of a flower in words, but also the ability to bring flowers to society. Will putting beauty in the law of social development make it lose beauty? Binding it to the law will lose a certain aesthetic feeling in art, but it will not be eclipsed, but it will have deeper historical penetration. In other words, it is the life of the work to truly restore the social laws in the text. Human comedy and childhood are immortal because of the existence of authenticity.
When people evaluate the authenticity of a novel, a movie or a drama, what does he say? Experience tells us that they just express a general feeling or feeling. They will say, "Just like what happened around us." "It's like a paragraph cut from life." "It's so real and touching." Wait a minute. This means that authenticity is an effect at first, and its core is "like truth". For example, a novel is a fictional narrative, and its direct material carrier is written symbols printed on paper, but it can present a living world to the receiver and make people feel that the world is real, which is indeed a very magical thing. Its magic lies in that the formation of this effect is not an easy thing, which includes the author's superb skills. Moreover, this effect not only gives people a sense of reality, but also allows people to devote themselves to it, pour their emotions, and finally get spiritual enjoyment. So this effect of literature has become an important value. People call this effect or value "authenticity".
It is necessary to make a simple distinction between truth and authenticity. Truth is to restore the true face of things, it exists; Authenticity is to sum up the truth of things and make them have real characteristics and certain universality. The object it indicates may be imitated and does not exist in the world. Ah Q is the representative. Do you think ah q is true? No. But this image is real and typical. Imagine, if there is no authenticity, not many people in all corners of the country think that Lu Xun is deliberately sorry for him. Different from naturalism, realism is not only a true description of details, but also details serve for typification.
The so-called typicality refers to the selection, tailoring, condensation and generalization of daily social life phenomena, so as to translate the essence of life more deeply. Is typicality the unity of individuality and sex? From the philosophical point of view, it is not only the unity of individuality and individuality, but also the unity of universality and individuality. In fact, everything we can perceive in the world (including people and things) is the unity of individuality and individuality, universality and individuality. Take Ah Q written by Lu Xun as an example. The typical commonality of Ah Q is that this image can be a mirror for everyone in China, in which you can reflect yourself or your own image, which is deeply critical. This is one aspect of the typical meaning of Ah Q's image. Ah Q has a rich personality. In addition to the spiritual victory method, he is subjective, narrow and conservative, with the simplicity and stupidity of farmers and the cunning of some vagrants. He was also influenced by feudal thoughts, for example, he hated rebellion and thought it was difficult for him; Be strict with "the prevention of men and women" and reject heresy. These are the true portrayal of some old people and young people, and they are widely representative. The typical particularity of Ah Q is that it stands for Ah Q, which is not other Ah Q, but unique. Although he is a mixture of all kinds of people, it is precisely because of the combination of various personalities that he is special. Typical must be special. In Ah Q, we can see both * * * and characteristics, which also shows that typicality is the unity of universality and individuality. Typical is individual, unique, vivid and unfamiliar; On the other hand, typicality is general, universal, essential and familiar. It is a contradiction and an organic, unified, energetic and living person. Once the typical loses its inherent flexibility, then the typical is not typical. The flexibility and diversity of typical talents conform to the principle of realism. A typical organism, its existence is organically linked with many factors, and the existence of a typical image is always inseparable from a typical environment. Typical is familiar, because typical is not a whisper, who is always around us, everywhere, in daily contact. Take Xifeng in A Dream of Red Mansions as an example. She is sophisticated, smooth and flattering. She has a sweet mouth and a bitter heart. She has two sides, one is a pot fire, the other is a knife, she smiles, and her feet are stumbling blocks. We can even say that we can see Wang Xifeng in every unit, and we are familiar with such people.
Generally speaking, romantic works pursue the construction of artistic conception, symbolic works pursue the presentation of images, and realistic works pursue typical creation. Realistic literature creates more social miniature through the shaping of typical images. Almost all the great images in history were formed through typical creation. For example, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Lu Xun's The True Story of Ah Q, Gorky's Grandma, ostrovsky's pavel korchagin, and Wang Xifeng, Lu, jy, etc. , are not typical images. In addition to being unique in the typical images of literary works, they can also influence a nation's character from a deeper cultural level. If a realistic work does not have a successful typical figure, it lacks the confidence of a signature dish. The position of typical characters in the works is very important.
Generally speaking, the construction of typical characters in realistic works should follow the principle of "arousing aesthetic feeling", which contains shocking power. Power of shock is the foundation for the typical image to be deeply rooted in people's hearts. The image of fighting tigers in Song Dynasty is typical of China's heroes, so he is a household name in the land of China. Sometimes, he is even more popular than Song Jiang. On the one hand, he is a hero; On the other hand, he is a hero in China. In typical creation, the author closely combines the national reverence and derogatory psychology, speaks for the public, says what others can't say and says what others think. The image formed under the support of this idea is generally popular, but it can't be said to be typical. The subtle difference between typical and popular lies in the above-mentioned "the value of literary works depends on the accuracy and profundity of the subject's grasp of social reality", which is the penetrating power of history. For example, the image of Pan Jinlian is not only a typical example of her lewdness, but also represents the image of a rebellious woman. Her rebellion can even be said to be a resistance to the husband's right and the unreasonable marriage system. At the same time, it is undeniable that her personality is imitated by women of all ages. It's just that the purpose was not as obvious as it is now.
The two elements of realism, typicality and authenticity, must be placed in historical space, and a typical image can be born in a specific historical environment. Any image must live in a specific environment, and the real image cannot be separated from the environment as the background. The infiltration and excavation of typical images in typical environments should pay attention to historical infiltration. The public image without historical penetration is not a real typical image, and it can only play the role of the public at most.
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