First, the difference between time and concept.
Realism is a literary type that expresses social reality and life experience through the image and form of realism and typical artistic generalization. Romanticism is a literary type that expresses ideal pursuit, subjective emotion and certain social psychology with passionate artistic images. They all had a far-reaching influence on the development of literature.
Realism is one of the basic creative methods of literature and art, which first appeared in the theoretical works of German playwright Schiller in the18th century. However, as a special literary term, realism was not put forward by French painter Courbet and writer Shavrelli until 1950s.
The first metaphor mentioned by abrams is to compare literature to a "mirror" to highlight the essential characteristics of realism and imitate real life. It can be seen that, generally speaking, anything that can fully express the typical characteristics of real life in image is called realistic works.
As far as Western Europe is concerned, realism is a literary trend of thought and creative method formed in the specific historical period from the Renaissance to the19th century, and it is also a literary phenomenon when the bourgeoisie in Western Europe stepped onto the historical stage and established political rule. Balzac is the most outstanding representative writer, and his Human Comedy is a profound and standardized realistic literature. In addition, representative writers include Stendhal, Dickens, Thackeray, Nicola Nikolai Gogol, etc.
Like realism, romanticism, as a form of literary expression, has been formed in the literary development of all nationalities in the world. Romantic spirit characterized by expressing fantasy and emotion is an important source of literature, so abrams compared this second metaphor to a "lamp" to illuminate life and enlighten the soul, so as to highlight that the essence of romanticism is expression and lyricism.
Romanticism, as a literary trend of thought, came into being in the European bourgeois revolution era at the end of 18 and the beginning of 2009, which reflected the ideology of the emerging bourgeoisie. Representative writers are Byron and Shelley. They not only wrote magnificent poems, making them valuable spiritual wealth in the history of human civilization, but also strongly supported the national liberation movement in modern Europe with practical actions and inspiring works.
II. Themes and themes
Objectivity is the inherent law of realistic literature. Realistic literary view is a "representative theory" that has lasted for more than two thousand years. It requires the writer to carefully observe the phenomenon of life when grasping life, emphasizing that the writer does not impose his will on life, but expresses life according to the inherent logical area of real life itself. Therefore, realism has the characteristics of reappearing the original appearance of life and is true.
But authenticity doesn't mean that realistic writers just record life phenomena and don't get involved in them at all. Writers also have to make choices.
Contrary to realism, romanticism emphasizes the creativity of imagination and regards nature as human nature. Romanticism requires literature to express true feelings by emphasizing nature, and regards the lyricism of poetry as the release of human enthusiasm and vitality. Following the principle of idealization, as long as it can express an ideal and hopeful life, the image created by literature will not hesitate even if it goes against life itself. In this way, the created artistic world is not a "mirror world" that simulates reality, but an imaginary, surreal and subjective world.
Third, writing skills.
Realism is realistic, pursuing the effect of reproducing real life and making the virtual art world like real life. In order to pursue the authenticity and realism of artistic expression, realism pays special attention to realistic sketch and detail description, because it is easy to make people feel that there is a real thing.
Look at the following example:
One day, it was a very cold afternoon. I had lunch and sat drinking tea. I thought someone came in outside, so I looked back. I was very surprised when I saw it. I stood up hurriedly and walked towards it.
This is leap soil. Although I knew it was leap soil at first sight, it was not my memory. His figures have doubled; The previous purple round face has turned gray-yellow, adding deep wrinkles; Like his father, his eyes are swollen all around, which I know. People who farm by the sea blow the sea breeze all day, which is generally the case. He wore a worn felt hat on his head and only a thin cotton-padded coat on his body. Holding a paper bag and a long pipe in my hand is not the red and round hand I remember, but thick, stupid and cracked, like pine bark. -Lu Xun's hometown
Lu Xun described the appearance of Runtu in detail, and the image of a humble farmer jumped from the paper. However, it is obvious that this effect on the reproduction of life is summarized by art. Balzac also said that it is necessary to study the causes of these social phenomena and find out the meaning hidden under the collection of countless people and things. It shows that realism in the expression form of realistic literature is not a simple copy of real life, but the result of careful screening of real life materials and artistic generalization after artistic processing. Romanticism, as a basic creative method, reflects life according to hope, is full of subjective colors, is good at expressing the passionate pursuit of the ideal world, and often uses passionate language, magnificent imagination and exaggerated techniques to shape images.
Ode to the west wind is full of heroic momentum, fantastic imagination, open realm and strong revolutionary romanticism. The wings of the poet's imagination are strange in metaphor and vivid in image. The decay of dead leaves, crazy girl's hair, black rain, and the dark world all deeply shocked people's hearts.
Fourth, characterization.
Luacs pointed out: "The main categories and standards of realistic literature are typical." Typical, including typical characters and typical personality. In Greek, typicality means mold, which means typicality. Just as the same mold can cast many similar things, it also reflects the characteristics of a kind of people through an image. It can be seen that the original intention of the word "mold" is to emphasize the generality and universality of the image. This coincides with the view that realism is a "representative theory".
Engels once defined "realism" as: "In addition to the truth of the details, it is necessary to truly reproduce the typical characters in the typical environment." Typical characters are shaped by realistic narrative literature, which shows certain social and historical implications and high aesthetic value in the expression of overall personality. The universality of life or human nature shown in eastern and western characters is human sociality and the profound influence of social relations and social environment on life and human nature. This shows the importance of typicality.
But romantic characters are mainly heroes and strange people. And look at the fifty-ninth journey to the west:
The Great Sage brushed aside the clouds and went back to the East Road. In an instant, he pressed the cloud and stood under the red brick wall. The pig is very happy to see this. "Master, brother is coming! Coming! " Sanzang went out with the old man and Friar Sand and went home together. He tilted the banana fan to one side and said, "Where is this fan, old man?" The old man said, "Exactly, exactly!" The Tang Priest rejoiced and said, "The sage has made meritorious service. It is very difficult to ask for this treasure. " "Don't talk about toil," Monkey said. Who are you, Iron Fan Fairy? That fellow turned out to be Niu's wife and Hong Haier's mother. Her name is rogue, also known as Princess Iron Fan. I found a fan outside the cave. He told me a feud and cut me a few swords. I told him to scare him with a stick, so he gave me a fan, which floated all the way to Little Sumi Mountain. Fortunately, when I met Bodhisattva Ji Ling, I got a Ding Fengdan, which led me back to Cuiyun Mountain. When he saw the rogue again, the rogue made a fan, and I didn't move, so he went back to the cave. I turned into a charred bug and flew into the hole. That guy was begging for tea, but I got under the tea foam, got into his stomach and did something. He was in pain and kept begging me to be an uncle and spare my life. He was willing to lend me his fan, but I spared him and brought him a fan and returned it to him after crossing the Flame Mountain. Hearing this, Sanzang was so grateful that all his disciples came to say goodbye.
It has created an omnipotent image of the Monkey King, and rescued people from the quagmire.
Basic characteristics of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
Through the above analysis, we can know that the connotation of realism is an imitation of real life, so "reproduction" has become the essential feature of realism.
Abrams once said, "Expression is one of the most commonly used terms in romanticism". Expressiveness determines the basic characteristics of romantic literature types, which makes romantic literature form distinctive features in theme selection, theme refinement and artistic expression.
In literary and artistic creation, realism and romanticism are two major ideological trends, each with its own merits.
The starting point of romanticism and surrealism is similar, both of them follow their own inner subconscious, and they are both emotional and emotional. The only difference is the way of implementation. These two techniques are contrary to the rational criticism of realism, so such works lack "truth". In the above half-hidden post, the author said that "I only care about the optimization of artistic techniques and the truth in my heart is enough" and "what we need is cause", so I seem to understand that the author only cares about my subjective heart. Of course, the inner self is also "real" relative to the individual, but it is only true in a narrow sense.
Hu Shi said: talk less about doctrine. But life is full of realism and romanticism. You can't get around it. You can only follow the market and your feelings. Know when to use what doctrine and to what extent it can be called "superior"; A fool is someone who misuses the doctrine or reverses the two doctrines. The important difference between people and animals is that animals have only "realism" and people have "romanticism". "Romanticism" makes the world colorful, and "realism" makes people down-to-earth; Without romanticism, life would be dull; Without "realism", everyone has to drink the northwest wind. "Romanticism" should not be too out of line, such as "grabbing hair and wanting to leave the earth"; "Realism" should not be too "realistic". It only focuses on money and beautiful women, and only cares about eating and sleeping. There is no certain rule about how to romanticize reality, which is nothing more than Yue Wumu's experience in fighting: "The beauty of fighting lies in one heart".
Romantic surrealism is not a combination of romanticism and surrealism. Romance is something in the bones, and surrealism is a skill.
My poem is very logical, and it is not just a rational logic you said. The surreal technique of poetry, under the poetic impression of sparse or dense, must have its own poetic logic, otherwise it will be chaotic.
Cause is the ultimate secret, the law of the universe and the existence of all beings. Career and individual are different. Individuals are always trying to find out why. The fruit came later. Then if you only pay attention to the fruit, you will fall into the western idea of verification. Writing poetry with this idea is nothing more than extracting some scenes, actions and details from reality, dissecting, interpreting and questioning, which is the philosophical source of realistic writing. Romanticism is not like this.
Romanticism focuses on cause. Romanticism is characterized by actively revealing the secrets of existence with consciousness. Because the movement of the universe is beyond the reach of modern physics, because consciousness is the motive force of the existence of the universe, not the material movement.
Realistic poetry grew up under the background of the development of western science. Writing with proven ideas pays attention to 95% statistical thought principles, that is, most measurable material movements. Realistic poetry can be written, filled with realistic spirit and poetic.
Romantic poetry focuses on the rare and unpredictable 5%. It uses consciousness to discover the poetic connection and divine arrangement between substances, that is, materialized spirit, thus becoming poetry and art.
Surrealism, the theoretical basis of exploring this school is influenced by Freud's psychoanalysis and devoted to discovering human subconscious psychology. Therefore, it advocates abandoning the realistic image of the image world based on logical and orderly experience memory and trying to integrate the realistic concept with instinct, subconscious and dream experience.
Surrealism opened the way for modernist literature. Surrealism, as a literary genre, has not existed for a long time. As a literary trend of thought and aesthetic viewpoint, its influence is far-reaching.
The purpose of surrealists is to leave reality, return to the primitive, deny the role of reason and emphasize people's subconscious or unconscious activities. The intuitionism of French subjective idealist philosopher Boeggering and the "subconscious" theory of Austrian psychiatrist Freud laid the philosophical and theoretical foundation of surrealism.
The emergence of surrealism in literature and art reflects the fear of reality and the frantic and restless mental state of the younger generation of European bourgeoisie after World War I.. Writers who participated in the surrealist group included Broden, Su Bo, Zara, painters Alp and Ma Song. Due to the positive influence of the proletarian revolutionary movement, some writers belonging to this genre, such as Luis Aragon and Paul Lourde, later turned to the front of progressive literature. After World War II, surrealism was popular in the United States for a period of time, and the so-called "new surrealism" school appeared, which became the propaganda tool of imperialism.
Surrealism has many literary functions. 192 1 year, The Magnetic Field, co-authored by Broden and Su Bo, was the first experimental work of surrealism, which first raised the issues of unconscious writing and automatic writing. However, the typical surrealist works came into being after 1924. For example, Brodon's novels Soluble Fish (1924) and Najia (1928) are representative works of surrealism. The essays published by Aragon 1926, Ai Lvya's poems, The City of Pain and The Insider of Life all belong to surrealism.
Theoretically, the initiators of surrealist art movement are Britten and Apollinaire. Surrealism was first used by the poet Apollinaire. It was originally a philosophical term, originally called "supernatural" and later used in painting. 1924 Britten published the first surrealist manifesto, and 1928 published an important paper, Surrealism and Painting, whose ideological basis was to seek the liberation of human imagination. Britten's definition of surrealism is: "Surrealism, a noun. Pure mental automaticity tries to use this automaticity to express the real thinking process in oral or written language or in any other way. It is a record of thought, not controlled by any reason, and does not rely on any aesthetic or moral prejudice. " Bleton added: "I believe there will be a way to solve these two seemingly contradictory states in the future, that is, the unity of dream and reality. That can be said to be absolute reality or surreal. " From this declaration, we can see that surrealism is the pursuit of the unity of dreams and reality, and it is the scope of expression with people as the object. Britten asked people to pay attention to those artists who may be related to literary surrealism, including Matisse, Dylan, Braque and Picasso. In fact, these painters do not meet Britten's definition of surrealism: pure psychological automatism. But another painter he admired, Kiriko, was probably the earliest surrealist painter. Kiriko lived in Paris from 19 1 1 to 19 15, and his paintings were highly praised by Apollinaire. He wrote the script "Breast of Teresia" in 19 18.
What inspired surrealism the most was Freud's Psychoanalysis and Subconscious Psychology, a professor of psychiatric psychology at Vienna University in Austria. Generally speaking, surrealism, as an artistic movement, is closely related to Freud's psychoanalysis. Britten, a surrealist spiritual and ideological leader, has the experience of studying medicine. After reading Freud's works, he immediately understood the relationship between psychoanalysis and Dadaism's unconscious confession. Psychoanalysis focuses on the analysis of dreams, fantasies and hallucinations, and concludes daydreaming as a possible artistic creation method. Accordingly, the study of the subconscious dream world is opposite to naturalism. It is not dominated by reason, but by instinct and imagination, depicting surreal themes and expressing the dream world in an imaginary field that is more real and meaningful than the reproduction of the real world.
Surrealism is committed to exploring the transcendental level of human experience, striving to break through the logical and real realistic viewpoint, and trying to integrate the realistic viewpoint with instinct, subconscious and dream experience to show an absolute or transcendental real scene. Surrealism movement had an important influence on aesthetics in the 20th century with its fantastic style.
Surrealism literature advocates that there is a so-called "other side" world besides the real world, that is, the unconscious or subconscious world, which is more real than the former. It emphasizes that the poet listens to the call of the subconscious, writes the coincidence of dreams, dreamland and things, and advocates the automatic writing method to achieve "pure mental automatic response" by recording dreams and instantaneous subconscious. The works pursue magical and peculiar artistic effects and are full of unexpected image metaphors. Some works are imaginative and novel, but most of them are obscure and the language lacks logic and standardization.
Surrealism denies realism and traditional novels, and is hostile to all moral traditions, believing that this is the root of mediocrity and hatred. The reason why the novel becomes the darling of literature is that it adapts to the readers' pursuit of reflecting life logically. It wants to break all this, pursue "purely mental automatic reaction, and try to express the practical function of thinking orally, in writing or in any other form through this reaction. It is not subject to any rational supervision, does not consider any aesthetic or moral consequences, and records this thinking. " Surrealists look for and collect the original state of people's thinking in public places such as cafes and cinemas, and create on this basis. The masterpiece is the novel Najia published by Brittany in 1928. In the late 1920s, there was a split within the movement. 1930, Brittany published the second declaration of surrealism, reaffirming the principles of the movement: the absoluteness of resistance, the thoroughness of disobedience and the destructiveness of rules and regulations. Since then, the movement has been at a low ebb, and almost only Brittany has persisted. During his exile in the United States during World War II, his propaganda never stopped. After Brittany returned to France in 1946, she continued to run magazines, hold exhibitions and give radio speeches, which set off a wave of surrealism movement, which influenced many countries in Europe and America, but its momentum was far less than that in the 1920s.
Surrealism has a long history. This school is attractive and vital, and many modernists are influenced by its theory.
Surrealism film is a film genre that applies literary surrealism to film creation. It inherits the principles of Andre Breidon, the advocate of this creative idea, and emphasizes the authenticity of irrational behavior, the meaning of dreams, the emotional power of uncoordinated images and the persistent pursuit of personal pleasure. It once became the mainstream of French avant-garde films in the 1920s, and later became an important wing of American experimental films and underground films. In the field of commercial feature films, surrealism does not constitute an independent genre, and its influence is limited to individual shots or paragraphs of the film. Surrealism in Adu Kilo's films is a typical work of this kind of research.
In the 1920s, French avant-garde filmmakers found that the photographic nature and montage alignment skills of the film made it the most ideal expression of surrealism. This view has always been popular among anti-traditional filmmakers and has been put into practice. Surrealist films openly oppose narrative style.
Generally speaking, Drucker's Shell and Monk is the first surreal film, but more attention is paid to luis Bunuel's An Andalusian Dog and The Golden Age. The former is a series of dreams of a homeless man with mental problems, while the latter is a Freudian analysis of sexual desire and love. Sexual desire and orgasm, violence and blasphemy, and weird humor are the themes used by surrealist films to compete with traditional film forms. The real purpose of film is to stimulate the deepest impulse of the audience with free film form. Bunuel once declared that the Andalusian dog was a "passionate call for murder". Western film researchers agree that after bunuel turned to feature films, the influence of surrealism still looms in his works from time to time. In experimental films and underground films, the representatives of surrealism tendency are Mayer Delian and Kenneth Angel in the United States. In the field of feature films, western film researchers tend to attribute the description of abnormal psychology, potential sexual impulse and irrational behavior to the surrealism of feature films. So it's like a series of Hitchcock's films: Dr. Edward (1945), Ecstasy f 1958, North by Northwest (1959), Psychopaths (1962) and Crowds.
Surrealists discovered Rambo and Lauremont, and drew nutrition from them. Surrealists closely combine art with life, and the surrealist movement always insists that both visual art and written poetry are effective forms of the surrealist movement. They set out from the current state of life and tried to transcend reality. For them, art is no longer a utopian fantasy on the spiritual level, thus gaining temporary peace of mind. Art should be more realistic and revolutionary. Life is no longer just life for them, but the performance art of surrealist movement.
1924 André Breton, the theoretical standard-bearer of surrealism, defined surrealism in the first surrealism manifesto: "Surrealism, masculine noun: a purely spontaneous phenomenon of psychiatry, and advocates a real activity of expressing thoughts orally, in writing or in any other form by this method. The factual record of thought should not be checked by reason, nor should it be infiltrated by any aesthetic or ethical considerations. Philosophical background: Surrealism is based on the belief in surrealism; This reality is not only a form of association that has been neglected so far, but also a belief in the infinite power of dreams and the change of ideas that can be transferred independently of interests. It tends to eventually destroy all other spiritual structures and solve the main problems in life instead. "
Although the surrealist movement is based on the worship of strange things and the promotion of imagination, we should also avoid a popular misunderstanding that all masterpieces of grotesque art, stylism and baroque art are its predecessors. Surrealism does not give a place to fantasy art that has no inner impulse but is painstakingly produced. If traced back to the source, surrealism originated from an artistic thought, which originated from the romantic movement in Europe and cared about what was hidden in another world. The so-called "another world" here is not the city of God on the other side, but the artistic transcendence that stays on this side of the life world and resists the materialization of real life. In Baudelaire's and Rambo's works, a deformed mentality that is indomitable in the hypocritical social reality and an alternative artistic conception that is detached from the materialistic life reality have become the true meaning of life.