Principle 1 Critical

Cultivating critical thinking ability is a key goal of western higher education system, and it is also an important content of the most widely debated education and scientific research reform in China. What is the definition of critical thinking by the American Philosophical Society? Critical thinking is defined as purposeful and self-regulating judgment. 1

An interactive and reflective reasoning process to judge what to believe or do. Critical thinking has a purpose, and the self-regulated judgment process is an interactive and reflective reasoning process for individuals to judge what to believe or do. The author thinks that critical thinking is the core value of scientific research ability for the development of science and technology, and the cultivation of critical thinking is the key task of cultivating young scholars, such as doctoral education.

There are three methods of scientific research: new methods to solve old problems, old methods to solve new problems and new methods to solve new problems. There is no doubt that scientific research needs? New? That is, innovation. So where should innovation come from? Innovation is neither a fantasy (subjectivism) nor an epiphany (opportunism). Innovation comes from critical thinking and reasoning about evaluating the correctness of existing knowledge's background, process, evidence, methods, theories and standards. In addition, due to limited resources, pure innovation should not be the only scientific research orientation, and innovative research work that is valuable in scientific sense should be supported by sufficient and reasonable critical evidence. In short, scientific research should not? Innovation? And innovation, but it should be? Practice? And innovation. These two aspects are embodied in the specific scientific research ability, and their core is critical thinking and practice.

Specifically, in order to use? New ways to solve old problems? , need to judge:

Why do old problems need new methods?

Why can't the old methods effectively solve the old problems?

More importantly:

Why does this new method have the potential to solve this old problem?

Correct and use? Old ways to solve new problems? Need to judge.

Why do you need to solve new problems?

Why can old methods solve new problems?

Finally, for the use? A new way to solve new problems? , but also to judge.

Why are new problems worth studying?

Why can't the old methods solve new problems?

Why does the proposed new method have the potential to solve this new problem?

The answers to these questions should be the necessary starting point for scientific research design and thesis writing.

Because the thinking process of scientific research is inherently consistent with the thinking of paper writing, critical thinking can be more specifically reflected in all parts of the basic structure of the paper.

1) research background: the importance of the research background, such as its impact on society, economy, environment and health.

2) Research questions: a critical test of the established research questions, that is, the positive significance and potential concrete contribution of the research questions to the exploration of large research background fields.

3) Literature review:? Literature review? No? Review the literature? , but? Criticize literature? . In scientific papers, the review of the methods and conclusions of existing literature should be fully critical. When designing scientific research and writing papers, we must fully judge the degree, value and significance of existing literature to solve this research problem. More importantly, based on this judgment, we can reasonably defend the implementation of this study and the choice of methods.

4) Research hypothesis and research purpose: When putting forward research hypothesis and research purpose, we must comprehensively evaluate and defend rationality, appropriateness and feasibility.

5) Research methods: The proposed research methods, whether new or old, must fully evaluate the characteristics and potential of this method in order to achieve the research purpose and solve the research problems.

6) Research results and conclusions: The obtained research results need to be discussed and observed in depth, and the consistency and abnormality of the research results should be fully judged based on the existing literature, and a conclusion supported by sufficient evidence can be drawn.

Principle 2 Consistency

Newton said? If I see farther than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants? . This famous saying can be understood from the aspect of consistency: the achievement of great scientific research achievements cannot be separated from the attempts and efforts of the vast number of scientific research colleagues for many years. In other words, innovation has broad consistency. In fact, critical thinking in a broad sense can be regarded as an organic combination of consistency and criticism, namely inheritance and criticism. However, consistency has a special position because it is extremely important for the training of rigorous scientific research thinking. Consistency is the basic quality that researchers must possess.

Specifically, consistency is mainly reflected in two aspects: scientific research design and paper writing.

1) scientific research design

Of the three scientific research design methods mentioned above, the first two involve one? Old? : old problems, old methods. What about the third category? A new way to solve new problems? Among them, new methods and new problems? New? It must also be relative. New? . New problems and methods often come from the evolution and development of old problems or methods, just like the replacement of nature. The solution of new problems and the exploration of new methods are inseparable from the understanding and evaluation of old problems and old methods. The consistency of principles is an important starting point of scientific research design, including research strategy, experimental design, analysis method, variable definition and so on. The acquisition of innovation comes from inheritance and criticism, but it must be completely consistent with previous studies in a broad sense.

2) thesis writing

Writing scientific research papers is the most important means to publish scientific research results. The former part focuses on the embodiment of criticism in all parts of the paper, and here we should emphasize the important position of consistency in paper writing more specifically. The western scientific research system has extremely strict norms for scientific papers, among which consistency is the most important aspect. Generally speaking, various schools are allowed in scientific research, but for the same researcher, the basic position and viewpoint on research issues must be consistent with different papers and the same paper. As far as the specific elements of the paper are concerned, the consistency is reflected in the style, format, the use of professional vocabulary, abbreviations and literature lists. Don't ignore inconsistent elements in any article. Many experts first look at the article format and literature when reviewing manuscripts, such as whether to define abbreviations for the first time and then use them consistently. Do you have consistent fonts, blank lines and subtitles? Is the format of the literature list consistent? All these reflect the reviewers' first impression of the author's scientific research ability.

The lack of critical thinking and neglect of the principle of consistency are the major bottlenecks in the internationalization of scientific research in China. Young researchers should actively exercise their critical thinking, and at the same time standardize their scientific research practice and thesis writing with the strictest consistency requirements, which is the premise of achieving great scientific research results.

Principle 3 Concise (Concise)

Scientific research is the process of creating scientific knowledge. Simplicity is extremely important for the dissemination of knowledge. More importantly, concise thinking is conducive to achieving good scientific research results. Compared with western language and culture, Chinese characters and literature are more concise. In this respect, the author tends to require conciseness in Chinese periodical papers. Of course, it should be noted that while it is concise, it is also necessary to emphasize the sufficiency of the demonstration of the stated scientific research results.

Figuratively speaking, what is the highest state of the principle of simplicity? More points means more, less points means less? . Specific to scientific research practice, the principle of simplicity embodies an inherent simplicity of scientific research thinking and an external simplicity of blackboard writing. In essence, after the research goal is established, all research strategies, methods and steps should serve to test the research hypothesis or achieve the research purpose without exception, and any other redundant steps should be excluded. Only when the purpose is clear can it not be disturbed by other non-current research contents. Of course, we should also actively consider and observe some abnormal phenomena in the research process, thus leading to possible new research goals.

Externally, for thesis writing, the principle of conciseness requires that all thesis elements should serve the conclusion. Research papers are not used to show old knowledge, but to publish new knowledge. In this respect, many scholars are prone to make mistakes and often want to show their knowledge in their papers, ignoring the role of these contents in demonstrating the research conclusions. For example, the writing of the literature review part of many papers often becomes a simple decoration, a very short document, lacking its own views and comments. In fact, as mentioned earlier? Criticize literature? At the same time, the writing of documents should also be? Innovation? To sum up, only the pre-school research related to this study is reasonably judged, and other irrelevant or even indirect contents and judgments are excluded from the paper. In addition, scientific research papers are written for peers, not popular science documents, so common sense words and comments of some disciplines should be excluded. At the same time, from the utilitarian point of view, the longer the article, the more content can be criticized.

Finally, it should be emphasized that the simplicity of Chinese characters is an important historical heritage, and Chinese academic circles should not blindly pursue and simply imitate English-style long speeches in the process of internationalization of scientific research.

Principle 4 clarity

Scientific research papers are not novels, essays or myths, so they need to be clear enough. Clear papers can make it easier for readers to understand and accept published research results. Don't let others have the opportunity to guess or look for any elements of the research, including research background, objectives, methods, results, conclusions, etc. Put all the elements where they should be.

Use standard subheadings and clear logical language to identify all parts of the paper; Keep a good and clear connection level between paragraphs, with clear priorities; Each paragraph expresses an idea or a small theme, and the central sentence is at the top or bottom; Make sentences with clear and simple words to express various opinions, pay attention to the emphasized parts before using English sentences, and so on. The paper written in this way will eventually look like a small but closely related twig, which will logically form a higher-level trunk.

Principle 5 Integrity (completeness)

Integrity principle is a basic principle of thesis writing. No matter how long an article is, it must be complete. Although the sparrow is small, it has all the organs? . Any academic paper should be independent and never allowed? And listen to the next decomposition? . So what elements should a complete paper have? The principles of simplicity and completeness require that the paper contain the necessary evidence to fully demonstrate the research objectives. In other words, any paper must achieve the research objectives set in advance. Under this logic, it is very important to reasonably establish the research objectives and scope of the thesis. On the premise that all papers have fully achieved the set research objectives, the evaluation criteria of journals of different grades, whether low or high, new or old, can simply determine the objectives of different papers and the innovation, breadth and depth of the achievements achieved.

When using integrity, there are three situations that are easy to cause ambiguity.

1) suppose that the initial research goal is a.

However, in the process of realizing A, it was found that A was not feasible, but B was unexpectedly discovered. In this case, the paper should be written around B, the defense of goal A and related documents can only be stated as the research background at most, and the realization of B should follow the principle of integrity.

2) Limitations of the paper and suggestions for future research.

Any research is based on some assumptions, and inevitably has some limitations under the limitations of experimental conditions, analytical tools and existing theories, so understanding the limitations and suggestions for future research have become valuable parts of many papers. However, it should be noted that these two parts do not conflict with the integrity principle. Restriction is a restriction on the set research goal and scope, and it is a restriction on exploring research problems, not a restriction on the research process to complete the research goal. Although the paper has completed the research goal, its limitations show that the completion of this goal is not enough to understand the research problem, and other supplementary research goals need to be set up in future research to fully understand the research problem.

3) Joint paper form

This paper form is manifested in writing two or more papers for several innovative parts of a research and publishing them in the same journal, using the same title and different subtitles.

This situation often occurs in? A new way to solve new problems? In this case, there are significant innovations in research methods and results, so the methods and results are emphasized in two articles respectively.

Although there are few such articles, they must follow the principle of integrity, and any one of them should be an independent article, and the research goal should be fully realized. Therefore, in this case, we must set a reasonable research goal. For example, the paper on method innovation should aim at innovative methods, and the paper on problem innovation should aim at exploring the results of new problems.

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