However, due to the limitation of tools at that time, Harvey could only rely on the speculation that arterial blood passed through the pores of tissues and led to veins. It was not until 166 1 year that the Italian histologist Marcello Malpighi discovered the capillaries with a simple microscope, so that all the paths of blood circulation were clarified and the basic laws of circulatory physiology were established. 19th century, physiology began to enter its heyday. First of all, I would like to mention Bernard, a famous French physiologist, who has made extensive experimental research in many aspects of physiology and made outstanding contributions. More importantly, his concept of internal environment has become a guiding theory in physiology. He pointed out that plasma and other extracellular fluids are the internal environment of the animal body, and the whole body cells live directly. Constant physical and chemical factors in the internal environment, such as temperature, pH and osmotic pressure, are necessary conditions for maintaining life activities.
The tattoo recorder created by Ludwig in Germany has long been a necessary instrument in the physiological laboratory. He has made important contributions to the neuroregulation of blood circulation, and put forward valuable views for the urophysiology of the kidney. Heidenhain, who was contemporary with him, not only put forward different views on renal urophysiology, but also studied the mechanism of gastric juice secretion by the method of chronic gastric preparation for the first time, which was called Hayward's stomach. The preparation method of this small stomach was later improved by Pavlov, a famous Russian physiologist, into a papillary small stomach, which proved that the regulation of gastric juice secretion has both humoral and neural mechanisms, and they have made immortal contributions to digestive physiology.
Helmholtz, a German physicist and physiologist, not only made outstanding contributions to visual and auditory physiology by using his rich physical knowledge, but also created a simple and quite accurate method for measuring nerve conduction velocity, which was praised by later generations. The study of modern physiology in China began in the 1920s. 1926, at the initiative of physiologist Lin Kesheng, chinese association for physiological sciences was founded, and the China Journal of Physiology was published the following year. After the founding of New China, it was renamed acta physiologica sinica. China physiologists published many valuable research papers in this journal, which attracted the attention of international colleagues.