This paper analyzes the present situation of water pollution caused by agricultural production in China, and puts forward the prevention and control measures of water pollution caused by agricultural production from aspects of concept, policy and technology, so as to promote the protection of rural water environment and the sustainable development of agriculture.
Keywords: water pollution; Agricultural production; Pollution prevention measures
Effect of crop production on water body
Pollution control measures
Xia Yan
(Huaiyin District Environmental Monitoring Station, Huaiyin, Jiangsu 223300)
Abstract: The pollution of water environment caused by crop production in China is analyzed. In order to promote the protection of water environment and the sustainable development of agriculture, the pollution control measures were discussed from the aspects of concept, policy and technology.
Keywords: water pollution; Crop production; Pollution control measures
cite
In recent years, due to various reasons, China's rural ecological environment has been deteriorating, posing a serious threat to the long-term sustainable and stable development of agricultural production. With the progress of science and technology, great changes have taken place in China's agricultural production mode. In the past, farm manure and other organic fertilizers were replaced by the extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers. In the past 20 years, the amount of chemical fertilizer used per mu of land in China is more than twice the world average. Moreover, the use of pesticides and plastic films is increasing year by year. This not only leads to soil hardening, acidification, soil quality and fertility deterioration, but more importantly, pollutants such as fertilizers and pesticides enter the surface water body through farmland drainage and surface runoff, resulting in eutrophication of the surface water body. At the same time, it seeps into groundwater, which seriously affects the quality of surface water and groundwater. In addition, livestock and poultry farming in rural areas will also bring water pollution and long-term and potential impact on water supply ecosystem.
Pollution problems, resulting in the overall degradation of the water environment. Therefore, controlling water pollution caused by agricultural production and protecting rural water environment have become very important and urgent problems to be studied and solved. The influence of agricultural production on water environmental pollution and its prevention measures are discussed in order to promote rural water environmental protection and sustainable development of agriculture. 1 analysis of the causes of water pollution caused by agricultural production
1. 1 fertilizer pollution
China is one of the countries that use a lot of chemical fertilizers in the world. According to the statistics of itei, the annual consumption of chemical fertilizer in 2004 was as high as 46.37 million tons. According to the planting area, the average amount of chemical fertilizer is 465,438+065,438+0 kg/ha, far exceeding the safety limit of 225 kg/ha in developed countries. The utilization rate of chemical fertilizer in China is low, with an average of about 35%, and the product structure and application ratio are not reasonable. A large number of chemical fertilizers are used in agricultural production, and ammonia is lost to rivers and lakes, which intensifies the eutrophication of these rivers and lakes to some extent. Nitrogen and phosphorus discharged from farmland through surface runoff and nitrogen leaked into groundwater through farmland have become one of the important pollution sources of water. Before 1980, the total input of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in farmland in China was negative compared with the total output (nutrients taken away by crops). After 1980, due to the extensive use of nitrogen and phosphorus, the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland soil increased sharply, and the nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland soil entered rivers with drainage or rainwater, which made the water body eutrophic, directly affected the quality of industrial and agricultural water supply and drinking water for people and livestock, and threatened human health and aquaculture.
1.2 pesticide pollution
In order to ensure food production and control pests and diseases, pesticides are widely used. Chemical pesticides are the most widely used, widely used and most toxic pesticides in agricultural production.
A high-grade toxic chemical. With the extensive use of various pesticides, the result is often that pests and beneficial insects are eliminated together, and the drug resistance of pests is getting stronger and stronger, and finally the dosage has to be continuously increased. Only about 65,438+00-30% pesticides really interact with agricultural pests, about 20-30% pesticides enter the atmosphere and water, and about 50-60% pesticides remain in the soil. Using pesticides in large quantities, or using the same pesticide for a long time, will make many pests resistant, and continuous use of pesticides will also kill beneficial insects and birds. Therefore, the unreasonable use of pesticides can not only completely solve the problem of agricultural pests and diseases, but also make many originally harmless or uncontrollable pests difficult to control. In this way, it is possible to increase the dosage of pesticides, form a vicious circle, and the damage and pollution to the ecological environment will gradually increase. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, the annual consumption of pesticides in China is 800- 1 10,000 tons, of which chemical toxic pesticides used in crops, fruit trees and flowers account for more than 95%. This shows that the pesticide pollution of agricultural products in China has reached a quite serious level, and measures must be taken to solve it.
Pesticides washed into the water source by water reduce or increase the acidity of the water body, resulting in the death or reproduction of a large number of aquatic organisms, resulting in insufficient food for local fish, or making the water body
Eutrophication is serious, and the oxygen content drops, leading to suffocation and death of aquatic organisms. Pesticides penetrating deep into the surface pollute groundwater, and then pollute drinking water sources such as well water and river water.
1.3 Livestock and poultry breeding pollution
In recent years, livestock and poultry farming has changed from decentralized farming to intensive and factory farming, and the pollution of livestock and poultry has obviously expanded. Livestock manure has a strong leaching ability, which can pollute surface water and groundwater through surface runoff, make the water body black and smelly, and lead to the death of fish or other organisms in the water. In addition, fish manure fed with feed additives contains trace minerals such as copper, potassium, zinc and sulfur that have not been digested and absorbed, which increases the mineral content of water, changes the water quality and has certain physiological effects on human body and other drinking animals. A survey conducted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in 23 provinces and cities in China in 2005 showed that 90% of large-scale farms did not carry out environmental impact assessment, and 60% of farms lacked necessary pollution prevention measures. Related slaughterhouses and hatcheries often directly dump animal blood, wastewater, livestock manure, eggshells and so on. Discharged into nearby water bodies, resulting in a large amount of nitrogen and phosphorus loss and blackening of river water bodies, resulting in serious eutrophication. Relevant research shows that in areas with developed aquaculture, the sensory color of surface water has turned yellow-brown, basically losing the drinking function of people and birds.
1.4 agricultural film pollution
By 2005, the use of agricultural film, which farmers happily called "White Revolution", had reached 6.5438+0.539 million tons. According to the investigation of agricultural departments, although the recovery rate of agricultural film has improved in recent years, it is still less than 30%. The data show that the average residue of agricultural film in China is 2.52 kg/mu, and the highest residue is 17.9 kg/mu. These discarded agricultural films are not easy to degrade, and a large number of agricultural film residues fall into the river, blocking the river, causing the river to be black and smelly.
2 agricultural production water pollution prevention and control measures
Water environment is a large system, and rural water environment is an important part of China's water environment. Faced with such serious rural water pollution, we should try our best to find a solution and a way out.
The prevention and control of water pollution in agricultural production must focus on large-scale systems and carry out comprehensive prevention according to regions or river basins, with prevention as the main task and prevention simultaneously. On the basis of scientific planning, strengthen publicity and supervision, eliminate water pollution from the source and fundamentally control water pollution.
(1) Establish Scientific Outlook on Development and guide rural work with the concept of "ecological economy". The control of water pollution by agricultural production lies in the planning of modern agriculture and its corresponding realizable ecological environment effect goal, that is, the popularization and application of ecological agriculture. Compared with traditional agriculture, ecological agriculture comprehensively applies sustainable agricultural technologies such as water saving, fertilizer saving and medicine saving, and implements the reform of farming system, innovation of fertilization application methods and new means of agricultural irrigation. These are the keys to control the water pollution caused by agricultural production from a macro perspective. The control of water pollution by agricultural production involves watershed management, river ecosystem protection and landscape pattern maintenance, all of which are inseparable from the application of ecological agriculture. Therefore, in the long-term planning of modern agriculture, emphasizing the ecological and environmental effects of agriculture itself provides a feasible way to control water pollution caused by agricultural production.
(2) Adjust the agricultural industrial structure and develop cleaner production.
It is necessary to actively implement agricultural standardization, popularize techniques such as soil testing and formula fertilization, and guide farmers to scientifically use agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, feeds and veterinary (fishery) drugs. It is necessary to effectively strengthen the prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding pollution, delimit livestock and poultry ban areas in key river basin areas and ecologically sensitive areas such as drinking water sources, and ensure that the location and layout of livestock and poultry farms meet the requirements of environmental protection. place
Water environment is a large system, and rural water environment is an important part of China's water environment. Faced with such serious rural water pollution, we should try our best to find a solution and a way out.
The prevention and control of water pollution in agricultural production must focus on large-scale systems and carry out comprehensive prevention according to regions or river basins, with prevention as the main task and prevention simultaneously. On the basis of scientific planning, strengthen publicity and supervision, eliminate water pollution from the source and fundamentally control water pollution.
(1) Establish Scientific Outlook on Development and guide rural work with the concept of "ecological economy". The control of water pollution by agricultural production lies in the planning of modern agriculture and its corresponding realizable ecological environment effect goal, that is, the popularization and application of ecological agriculture. Compared with traditional agriculture, ecological agriculture comprehensively applies sustainable agricultural technologies such as water saving, fertilizer saving and medicine saving, and implements the reform of farming system, innovation of fertilization application methods and new means of agricultural irrigation. These are the keys to control the water pollution caused by agricultural production from a macro perspective. The control of water pollution by agricultural production involves watershed management, river ecosystem protection and landscape pattern maintenance, all of which are inseparable from the application of ecological agriculture. Therefore, in the long-term planning of modern agriculture, emphasizing the ecological and environmental effects of agriculture itself provides a feasible way to control water pollution caused by agricultural production.
(2) Adjust the agricultural industrial structure and develop cleaner production.
It is necessary to actively implement agricultural standardization, popularize techniques such as soil testing and formula fertilization, and guide farmers to scientifically use agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, feeds and veterinary (fishery) drugs. It is necessary to effectively strengthen the prevention and control of livestock and poultry breeding pollution, delimit livestock and poultry ban areas in key river basin areas and ecologically sensitive areas such as drinking water sources, and ensure that the location and layout of livestock and poultry farms meet the requirements of environmental protection. place
Large-scale livestock and poultry farms should implement sewage declaration, total sewage control and sewage permit system. Encourage the use of biogas, organic fertilizer and other forms to improve the utilization rate of livestock manure resources and the level of pollutant discharge.
(3) Vigorously develop organic, green and pollution-free agricultural products.
Correctly guide farmers to use drugs rationally and apply fertilizers scientifically. Develop, popularize and apply biological pest control technology, introduce and consume organic pesticides, study and adopt multi-effect insect-resistant pesticides, and develop new pesticides with low toxicity, high efficiency and low residue; Improve irrigation methods and fertilization methods, reduce fertilizer loss, increase the amount of organic compound fertilizer, vigorously promote the use of biological fertilizers, and vigorously develop rural biogas digesters; Cultivate and build a number of planting and processing bases for local agricultural products such as tea, fruits, grain and vegetables. Continuously improve product quality, reduce pollution caused by agricultural production, and build regional superior brands and leading enterprises.
(4) Strengthen rural environmental education and environmental management capacity building.
It is necessary to improve the environmental awareness of the whole people as the focus and main content of the construction of spiritual civilization in rural areas, and start with the treatment of dirty, chaotic and poor urban and rural and family environments. By organizing various popular science propaganda and activities, get rid of the old habits of production and life, vigorously advocate scientific and civilized production and lifestyle, green production and consumption, and actively create ecological demonstration areas, towns with beautiful environment, ecological demonstration villages (groups) and green schools to promote the saving of domestic garbage. We should attach great importance to the construction of township environmental protection institutions, gradually improve the rural ecological environment monitoring network, focus on strengthening rural water environment monitoring, and establish and improve the township environmental law enforcement supervision system.
(5) Actively promote the construction of rural environmental protection infrastructure.
Strive for and use funds through multiple channels, gradually increase investment in rural environmental protection, focus on solving outstanding environmental problems that restrict the construction and development of new countryside, speed up the construction of rural sewage treatment, garbage disposal, water improvement and toilet improvement, and make rural water environmental protection work embark on a benign development track as soon as possible. We should learn from developed countries and establish an "ecological engineering system for sewage purification and recycling"-an artificial ecosystem with sewage purification and recycling, which is designed and built by human beings applying the basic principles and methods of modern ecology, environmental science, systems engineering and efficient ecological engineering. It can combine ecological engineering of sewage treatment with agricultural production, which can not only reduce the cost of sewage treatment, but also enhance soil fertility.
3 Conclusion
Farmers' problems are the most important issues related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and rural water environment problems are most closely related to rural economic life. Especially in the rapid development of rural economy today, the water pollution caused by agricultural production can not be ignored. We should pay full attention to the water environment problems in underdeveloped areas such as rural areas, and we must suit the remedy to the case and take various effective measures as soon as possible to curb the deterioration of this unfavorable situation and strive to achieve the sustained, healthy and harmonious development of rural economy and environmental protection!
[References]
[1], easy. Study on the causes and control countermeasures of rural water pollution. Tiangong magazine, July-19, 2006.
[2] Bai Yang. Preliminary study on rural water pollution. Proceedings of the 2005 annual meeting of china law society Environmental Resources Law Research Association.
[3], Zu, Hong Kun. Pollutant emission from livestock and poultry breeding and its control countermeasures. Pollution control technology, 200 1, 4.
[4] Liu Xing, Zhao. Discussion on non-point source pollution control in agricultural production. Pollution Prevention Technology, 2006, 1.40