(1) land

Chongqing has a total area of 8,226,900 hectares, including land area of 97.05438+0% and water area of 2.99%. The land composition is: 2,929,400 hectares of agricultural land, 2,973,900 hectares of forest land, 550,654.38 hectares of residential, industrial, mining and transportation land, and unused land15,065,438 hectares, of which agricultural land and forest land account for a large proportion, and the unused land is less than 20%. According to the dynamic data provided by the municipal land department, compared with 1997, the area of cultivated land, forest land and unused land decreased in 2000; However, the area of garden, residential area, industrial and mining land, traffic land and water area has increased to varying degrees, among which the area of residential area, industrial and mining land and traffic land has increased obviously.

65,438+0. Cultivated land As of 2000, the total area of cultivated land in Chongqing was 2,522,900 hectares, and the per capita cultivated land was only 0.082 hectares, which was lower than the national average (0. 1.06 hectares). Among them, the cultivated land with slope above 15 degrees accounts for 48.2%, and the cultivated land with slope above 25 degrees accounts for 16. 1%. Low-and medium-yield fields in Chongqing account for 60%-80% of the cultivated land area, of which most counties in the middle, east and southeast account for about 80%. The cultivated land reclamation index in Chongqing is 30.74%, and the reclamation index in five counties (cities) such as Dazu is over 50%. The intensity of reclamation in western Chongqing is greater than that in eastern Chongqing, and the land reserve resources in western Chongqing are even scarcer. Compared with 1997, the cultivated land decreased by 18400 hectares, and the cultivated land area decreased by 0.6 1000 hectares every year. Among the reduced arable land, the expansion of urban built-up areas to the periphery and the occupation of fertile land by traffic construction are more prominent.

2. Grassland In 2000, there were 238,600 hectares of grassland in Chongqing, and 342,700 hectares of grassland were unused. Compared with 1997, the grassland area in Chongqing increased by 0.04 million hectares. Returning farmland to forest and grassland and forest land degradation may be the important reasons for the increase of grassland area. The theoretical carrying capacity of grassland in Chongqing is 6.7 million sheep units, while the actual carrying capacity of grassland in 1999 is 2.5 million sheep units, which shows that there is still potential for animal husbandry development in Chongqing as a whole. However, grassland ecological protection is relatively backward. Affected by rodents and human activities, the area of degraded grassland is close to 19% of the total grassland area.

3. Woodland In 2000, the forestland area in Chongqing was 2,973,900 hectares, accounting for 36.53% of the total area. Among them, the forested area is1779,200 hectares, accounting for 59.83% of the forested area in Chongqing, and the forest coverage rate is 23. 1%. The distribution of forest land is extremely uneven, mainly distributed in the middle and low mountainous areas in the east and south, and the parallel ridges and valleys in the middle. Compared with 1997, the forestland area decreased by 2000 hectares. The main reasons for the decrease of forest land area are the occupation of forest land by towns and traffic construction, deforestation and forest land decline.

4. Soil erosion 1999 The soil erosion area in Chongqing is 52 130.27 square kilometers, accounting for 63.26% of the total area of Chongqing. Among them, mild erosion is 25. 1 1%, moderate erosion is 48.42%, intensity erosion is 19.4 1%, extreme intensity erosion is 5.80%, and severe erosion is 0.26%. The average soil erosion modulus is 426 1 ton/km2/year, and the total soil erosion in Chongqing is 222 million tons/year. The annual thickness of eroded farmland is about 7.5 mm, which is equivalent to the total surface layer of 2.3 mm in Chongqing being completely eroded. Compared with 1987, the soil erosion area has increased by 3,226.73 square kilometers, the erosion area has increased by 3.78 percentage points, and the annual expansion rate is 0.42%. Due to the management of key river basins, the area of intense erosion decreased by 12. 15 percentage points, and the area of extreme and severe erosion was effectively controlled, but the area of moderate erosion increased greatly, with a net increase of1.62 percentage points.

5. Exploitation of mineral resources According to the preliminary investigation, there are 6,474 mining enterprises in Chongqing, and the total area of land destroyed by mineral development over the years is 3,20012 hectares, including woodland 102246 hectares, cultivated land 3 164 1 hectare and grassland130.

(2) Present situation of water environment

1. Water resources The total water resources in China is 462.442 billion cubic meters, of which the transit water resources are 39,865,438+32 million cubic meters, and the local average surface water resources for many years are 5165,438+400 million cubic meters. In terms of spatial distribution, the water resources in the western hilly areas are relatively poor, and the mountainous areas in the southeast are relatively rich. Seasonal distribution, summer and autumn are more, winter and spring are less, and small and medium-sized rivers are sometimes cut off when summer is dry and winter is waterlogged.

2. Surface water quality In 2000, except for Huangcaoxia section, the water quality of the Yangtze River and Jialing River was basically maintained at the level of 1995. From February to March of 200 1 year, the water quality of the 220km section of Wujiang River has been seriously eutrophic. Among 68 secondary rivers and 160 water quality monitoring sections in Chongqing, 16.9% water quality is better than water function requirements, 20.0% meets water function requirements, and 63. 1% does not meet water function requirements. The water quality of secondary rivers in eight districts (cities) and counties in the western region, such as Yongchuan and Dazu, has been seriously polluted and cannot meet the requirements of water function. The contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is increasing, and serious water shortage occurs in some places.

3. Aquaculture 1999. The aquaculture area in Chongqing is 54,750 hectares, accounting for 20.74% of the water area in Chongqing. The area of heavily polluted reservoirs and ponds is 1060 1 hectare, accounting for 19.27% of the aquaculture area. The unreasonable development of cage and fence fish culture leads to more and more serious eutrophication of ponds, reservoirs and rivers. Since 1986, the seriously polluted areas have expanded at a rate of 20% every year, and the water quality of some reservoirs and rivers can no longer meet the functional requirements of water areas.

4. The wetland area in * * * is 1006469 hectares, mainly constructed wetlands, accounting for 83.25% of the total wetland area.

(3) Biodiversity

1. There are 5 species of national first-class protected plants, 22 species of national second-class protected plants and 25 species of national third-class protected plants, accounting for 62.5%, 4. 1% and 23. 1% of similar plants in China respectively. Rare and endangered plants are mainly distributed in Nanchuan, Jiangjin, Wuxi and Wushan, accounting for 85.4% of the rare plant species in Chongqing. There are 56 species of national key protected wild animals in the city; Among them, there are 0/3 species of first-class protected wild animals and 43 species of second-class protected wild animals. There are 120 families, 358 genera and 550 species of terrestrial plants affected by the Three Gorges Reservoir. In terms of quantity, Gramineae, Compositae, Euphorbiaceae and Rosaceae have the greatest influence. The relocation of immigrants and the movement of human activities along the submerged line in the Three Gorges reservoir area have increased the reclamation of land and destroyed the habitats of some animals.

2. Nature reserves, scenic spots and forest parks There are 3 1 nature reserves in Chongqing, with a total area of 606,992.4 hectares, accounting for 7.32% of Chongqing's land area, including 1 national nature reserves and 6 provincial nature reserves. There are 42 scenic spots with a total area of 449,290 hectares, accounting for 5.46% of the total area of Chongqing, including 4 national scenic spots and 23 provincial scenic spots. There are 49 forest parks with a total area of 606 13 hectares, accounting for 0.74% of Chongqing's land area.

(D) Agricultural ecological environment

1, chemical fertilizer 1.999 The level of chemical fertilizer use in Chongqing is 4.45.5 kg/ha, and the total annual chemical fertilizer use (calculated in pure terms) is 7 1.03 million tons. Since the 1980s, the use of inorganic fertilizers has soared. The use of inorganic fertilizers has increased by 90%, but the grain output has increased by less than 30%, and only about 9% of the increased grain output comes from the contribution of fertilizers. Due to the limited absorption of crops and soil, 176300 tons of nitrogen and phosphorus were lost from farmland throughout the year, causing non-point source pollution.

2. Pesticide 1999 The level of pesticide use in Chongqing is 10.05438+0 kg/ha, the total usage is 736 1 ton, and the converted pure amount is 2544.6 tons.

3. Agricultural plastic film 1999 The total amount of agricultural plastic film used in Chongqing is 18600 tons. Among them, the consumption of plastic film is12,800 tons, the use area is152,358 hectares, and the use level is 84.0 1 kg/hectare.

According to statistics, 1999 produced 92.63 million tons of livestock manure. Among them, 153 large livestock and poultry breeding enterprises or specialized households produce livestock and poultry manure16.78 million tons every year. A large number of large-scale farms directly discharge livestock manure without treatment, which has become the main pollution source of secondary rivers in the suburbs of the main city of our city.

5. Green food and organic food Part of the soil in the suburbs of the main city is polluted by heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury, which leads to the heavy metal content of some grain and vegetable products exceeding the food hygiene standards. However, the farmland outside the suburbs has not been obviously polluted, especially the mountainous areas outside the city have good conditions for developing green food and organic food.

6. Rural Energy The main way to use energy in rural life is to directly burn firewood and straw. According to the investigation of rural energy composition, direct burning of straw accounts for 37.22%, small coal mines account for 3 1.78%, small hydropower accounts for 17.04%, firewood accounts for 12.32%, and biomass energy-biogas accounts for 1.63%.

Second, the main problems of ecological environment

(a) serious soil erosion, land degradation, river siltation

Soil erosion is still serious. Compared with 1986, the total area of soil erosion is still increasing, and the total amount of erosion is still increasing, so the speed of control can not keep up with the expansion speed. The ecological and environmental problems caused by soil erosion are mainly manifested as follows: First, the land degradation is intensified. Soil erosion leads to soil erosion on the surface, soil thinning, rock outcrops increasing, topsoil washed away in serious places, and "fossilization" occurs, especially in sloping farmland above 25. The area of rocky desertification in Chongqing has reached 2903 square kilometers, accounting for 3.53% of the total area. Soil erosion accelerates soil nutrient loss, soil fertility decreases year by year, and land productivity decreases. For example, the content of soil organic matter in Fuling District dropped from 2.0-5.0% in 1958 to 1.3% at present. Second, the water conservancy project was damaged and the river siltation was serious. Soil erosion shortens the life of water conservancy projects and reduces the project benefits. Many rivers in our city are seriously silted, which leads to the elevation of riverbed, the reduction of flow section, the elevation of flood level and the increase of flood disasters.

(B) the decline in forest quality, uneven distribution of woodland, reduced ecological functions.

-paying more attention to construction than protection, and some achievements in ecological construction have been offset. Due to man-made destruction and other reasons, the speed of forest land destruction and degradation is faster than that of afforestation, and the area of forest land is decreasing. The reverse succession from woodland to shrub to grassland is an important sign of the decline of ecological function of some forest ecosystems.

-The forest coverage rate has improved, but the quality is not high. Because about 70% of the forest area in Chongqing is Pinus massoniana forest, and the forest land is mainly young and middle-aged forests, although the forest coverage rate in Chongqing has increased year by year, the quality of forest land is not high, and the protection benefit and forest resilience are poor.

-Uneven distribution of forest land. The forest land in Chongqing is relatively concentrated in the middle and low mountains above 500 meters above sea level, and the ecological environment quality varies greatly between different regions. There are few woodlands around densely populated cities (towns), which has a low adjustment effect on the quality of human settlements.

(3) The secondary rivers are seriously polluted, and the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is prominent.

The water quality of the Yangtze River, Jialing River and Wujiang River is basically stable, but the secondary rivers are seriously polluted, mainly with Grade IV and V water quality, and some river sections are inferior to Grade V water quality. About 63% of the monitoring sections do not meet the requirements of water function, which leads to the increasingly prominent contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the western part of our city, and the phenomenon of "water shortage" frequently appears in some places.

(d) Decline of wildlife-rich areas and threats to biodiversity.

With the continuous growth of population, a large number of forest resources have been destroyed due to serious deforestation. Coupled with the long-term use of pesticides and the discharge of pollutants to the environment, species in ecologically fragile areas are threatened, and many resources are gradually endangered or even disappeared.

-The quality of newly-built nature reserves is not high. In recent years, as a base for protecting natural ecosystems and biodiversity, the construction of nature reserves in our city has developed rapidly, but the phenomenon of approving without building or building without care is more common and the development is greater. The quality of construction and management of nature reserves is not high, biodiversity protection is threatened, and many resources are gradually endangered or even disappeared.

-The quality of newly-built nature reserves is not high. In recent years, as a base for protecting natural ecosystems and biodiversity, the construction of nature reserves in our city has developed rapidly. However, the phenomenon of approving but not building and building without care is relatively common, and the development efforts are great. The quality of construction and management of nature reserves is not high, and the protection of biodiversity is threatened.

-Progress in the protection of endangered species in the Three Gorges reservoir area is slow. In 2003, the Three Gorges Project began to store water to generate electricity. No substantial progress has been made in ex-situ conservation of rare and endangered species endemic to the reservoir area, and a large number of endangered species and endangered species are still vulnerable to human activities.

(E) Rural non-point source pollution out of control

With the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and the rapid development of aquaculture, the direct discharge of feces from large-scale livestock and poultry breeding has become the main pollution source of secondary rivers in the suburbs of the main city of our city, which has intensified the pollution of surface water and secondary rivers, and specialized households and enterprises of livestock and poultry breeding have gradually become new big polluters. Especially with the rapid development of aquaculture, the polluted area of ponds, reservoirs and rivers has developed rapidly, and a large number of feed, fertilizer and livestock manure rich in nitrogen and phosphorus have led to the increasingly serious eutrophication of surface water. Due to the lack of correct guidance and supervision, the unreasonable use of pesticides, especially the loss of a large number of effective nutrients from chemical fertilizers to the environment, has aggravated the water pollution in the Three Gorges reservoir area, polluted some agricultural products in our city and affected the protection of biodiversity.

(six) unreasonable development of mineral resources, destruction of mine geological environment.

Due to the unreasonable exploitation of mineral resources, the ecological damage of mines is serious, resulting in surface instability, collapse, ground cracks and collapse, groundwater level decline, wells, springs and ponds dry up, and local residents and agricultural irrigation are short of water. The discharge of a large number of mine water and coal washing water leads to the groundwater quality exceeding the standard, and a vicious water circulation system has been formed in some areas. Soil erosion, debris flow and water-rock flow expose bedrock in a large area, and the phenomenon of rocky desertification intensifies, endangering the safe operation of railways, highways and waterways.

Third, the consequences of ecological destruction.

Due to ecological problems such as vegetation destruction, serious soil erosion, aquaculture pollution, and exploitation and destruction of mine resources, Chongqing has suffered various natural disasters such as floods and droughts, landslides and collapses, and diseases and insect pests, resulting in huge economic losses. According to statistics, the direct economic loss caused by natural disasters in 1999 reached 3.943 billion yuan, which rose to 5.998 billion yuan in 2000, accounting for 2.64% and 3.77% of Chongqing's GDP in that year respectively. It should be pointed out that the above calculation does not include many incalculable indirect economic losses such as gene and species disappearance, while direct economic losses are only a small part of ecological damage. According to preliminary estimation, the ecological loss in our city is equivalent to the average level in the western region (13.07%). According to the survey data, since 1950s, natural disasters have generally been on the rise. After the 1970s, the area affected by floods increased obviously, and the trend of increasing the area affected by droughts and diseases and insect pests became more obvious. At the same time, it shows that the economic cost of resisting natural disasters is increasing day by day, and serious natural disasters restrict the sustainable development of social economy.

Fourthly, the causes of ecological destruction are analyzed.

(A) the population has caused a heavy pressure on the ecological environment.

1999, the population density of Chongqing was 374 people /km2, ranking first in the western region 12 provinces (cities and autonomous regions). In terms of grain level, in recent 15 years, Chongqing's per capita grain was 346-385 kg, which was lower than the grain self-sufficiency standard (400 kg per capita), and the existing population exceeded the land carrying capacity. Judging from the cultivated land carrying capacity (the minimum cultivated land area is 0.048 hectares), due to the poor quality of cultivated land, it takes 0. 13-0. 17 hectares to feed a rural population, and the actual population carrying capacity of cultivated land has exceeded its population capacity.

(2) Insufficient understanding and attention to the importance of ecological protection.

1, emphasizing resource development and ignoring ecological protection. Driven by economic interests, a few localities, departments, units and individuals often focus on the development and utilization of resources, even high-intensity predatory development and utilization, ignoring ecological protection and sustainable utilization of natural resources on the grounds of developing the economy, ensuring food security or getting rid of poverty and becoming rich.

2. Pay more attention to ecological construction than ecological protection. In dealing with the relationship between ecological protection and ecological construction, there is a lack of overall synergy to improve the quality of the ecological environment. In practical work, some ecological construction projects do not organically combine ecological elements, ecological environment problems and improving ecological environment quality; Pay more attention to the restoration and reconstruction after the destruction of the ecological environment than the protection and prevention before the destruction, showing a situation of destruction while building; Pay attention to the project construction, but not to the management after the project is completed.

(C) the traditional economic development model has increased environmental pressure

Industries that are highly dependent on natural resources such as metallurgy, building materials and extractive industries account for a large proportion of Chongqing's GDP, which not only increases the scarcity of natural resources, but also increases environmental pressure. The energy consumption of Chongqing19.99 million yuan GDP is 2.20 tons of standard coal, which is higher than the national average (10.93 tons of standard coal/10,000 yuan, 1998) and far higher than that of economically developed areas such as Guangdong and Shanghai.

(D) the macro-decision-making mechanism is not perfect

Ecological protection is a resource management system in which all departments are responsible for the division of labor according to environmental factors. In view of the fact that resource management and law enforcement are still integrated, the policy orientation of various industries is still to emphasize development and neglect protection, which is not conducive to ecological protection, and it is difficult to implement effective unified supervision and management of natural ecosystems with strong organic integrity. Due to the lack of institutional guarantee for ecological protection, there are still many development and construction projects in our city that lack restrictive measures for ecological protection. There is no ecological protection evaluation and consultation in the early stage of decision-making, ecological protection is not fully considered in the decision-making process, ecological protection supervision is lacking in decision-making, and there is no ecological protection audit or retrospective evaluation system after implementation.

(5) Imperfect policies and regulations and lax law enforcement.

A series of resource laws promulgated in China are mostly formulated for a specific factor in the natural environment, without considering the organic integrity of the natural environment and the interdependence of various natural factors, so there is a phenomenon that the development of one resource affects and destroys other related resources, resulting in the overall deterioration of the ecological environment.

In the process of transition from planned economy to socialist market economy, China has not yet established a sustainable development policy system, and the current ecological protection policy can not meet the needs of actual management. China lacks financial policies to encourage long-term investment to protect the ecological environment; The ecological compensation policy system has not yet been established. At present, some provinces and cities have begun to collect ecological environment compensation fees, but our city still lacks specific collection and use policies and has not formed an effective supervision mechanism. Lack of scientific and technological investment policy mechanism conducive to ecological protection; Environmental protection laws and regulations have strong binding force on legal persons who destroy the ecological environment, but weak binding force on individuals, especially in the process of resource development and utilization. Once the ecological environment is destroyed, the responsible person can easily escape the punishment of relevant laws and regulations.

In the aspect of ecological protection law enforcement, there is a widespread phenomenon that the law is not complied with and the law enforcement is lax, which leads to the failure to punish and sanction the illegal cases of ecological damage. In many places, it is common to replace law enforcement with fines, which affects the effect and supervision of law enforcement. Secondly, it is also manifested in the weak law enforcement force, backward law enforcement means, low quality of law enforcement team, the technology of monitoring, obtaining evidence and solving crimes can not meet the requirements of protection work, and many ecological damage cases can not be properly handled because of the low environmental awareness of public prosecutors. At the same time, there is also a serious problem of administrative intervention in ecological protection law enforcement to a certain extent.

(6) Insufficient investment

The lack of capital investment guarantee for ecological protection in important ecological function areas, nature reserves and ecological demonstration areas is the key to effectively curb the trend of ecological destruction.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Countermeasures and suggestions

(A) unify thinking, raise awareness, and solve ecological and environmental problems from the perspective of ecosystem science.

We should fully understand the urgency, long-term and arduousness of ecological environment protection and construction, enhance the sense of urgency and crisis of ecological environment, conscientiously implement the spirit of General Secretary Jiang's speech at the Central Forum on Population, Resources and Environment Work, the State Council's "National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection" and the decision of the municipal party committee and municipal government to strengthen ecological environment protection and construction, stand at the strategic height of overall and long-term development, and list ecological environment protection and construction as a major strategic issue that Chongqing must focus on, and properly handle economic construction and ecological environment protection.

The continuous deterioration of ecological environment quality is the result of emphasizing engineering construction (including ecological construction) and ignoring ecological protection. Therefore, it is the key to curb the trend of ecological destruction to correct the tendency of destruction while building, overcome the tendency of emphasizing construction over protection, and conscientiously implement the principles and policies of "giving priority to protection, giving priority to prevention and combining prevention with control" in the State Council. Ecological protection mainly uses the viewpoint of ecosystem science, aiming at maintaining the reasonable structure and complete function of the ecosystem, rather than simply relying on engineering construction and simply pursuing vegetation coverage.

(2) Strengthen leadership, implement responsibilities and establish a comprehensive decision-making mechanism for environment and development.

Under the unified leadership of the municipal government, we will implement the division of responsibilities, establish a target responsibility system for ecological protection and construction, and gradually form a track from decentralized management and coordination of multiple departments to unified supervision and management. The governments of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) should strengthen ecological protection and improve the quality of management personnel, so as to form a situation in which the municipal environmental protection, planning commission, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, land and other departments and the governments of all districts and counties (autonomous counties and cities) jointly manage * *.

Establish the environmental responsibility system of the "top leaders" of the party and government. The "top leaders" of the party and government should be responsible for the quality of the ecological environment within their jurisdiction, and take the quality of the ecological environment as an important part of the performance evaluation of leading cadres of the party and government, and conduct assessment, rewards and punishments.

The implementation of major decision-making environmental impact assessment system, natural resources development and ecological construction and other pollution-free projects must carry out ecological environmental impact assessment. For projects that may cause damage and adverse effects on the ecological environment, it is necessary to design and accept the ecological environment protection and restoration measures simultaneously with the resource development and construction projects. Projects that may cause serious damage to the ecological environment should be strictly examined and resolutely prohibited.

(three) to strengthen the legal system, strengthen law enforcement, strengthen the supervision and management of the ecological environment.

Strengthen legislation, formulate as soon as possible "Chongqing rural non-point source pollution control and management measures", "Chongqing nature reserve management regulations", "Chongqing important ecological function area ecological environment protection management regulations" and other laws and regulations, and improve the legal system of ecological protection. Formulate corresponding evaluation standards of ecological environment quality to make up for the deficiency of ecological protection in the existing natural resources law.

Strictly enforce the law, intensify the investigation and punishment of major ecological damage cases in key areas and industries, especially intensify the investigation and punishment of stone-taking behavior that seriously affects the environmental quality of cities and scenic spots, strictly control the fat and water fish farming in large and medium-sized reservoirs in Chongqing, and curb the rapid expansion of water eutrophication caused by aquaculture. According to the relevant laws and regulations of the state, it is forbidden to buy, sell and transport endangered national animals and plants and municipal protected wild animals and plants in Chongqing, and the illegal activities of poaching and reselling rare wild animals and plants are severely cracked down.

(4) Overall planning, highlighting key points and strengthening ecological protection and construction.

Do a good job in functional zoning of Chongqing's ecological environment as soon as possible, and make a unified plan for the protection and construction of Chongqing's ecological environment and its supporting special plans. According to the ecological characteristics and protection requirements of three different types of areas: important ecological function areas, key resource development areas and good ecological environment areas, classified guidance and regional promotion are implemented to guide the development of natural resources and the rational layout of industries, and promote the coordinated and healthy development of social economy and ecological environment protection.

In accordance with the principle of giving priority to prevention and protection, a number of prohibited mining areas and prohibited logging areas will be designated in batches in ecologically fragile mining areas, forest areas and important ecological functions to limit unreasonable development activities. Strengthen the environmental management of tourism resources development, prohibit the development of tourism that destroys the ecological environment, biodiversity and pollutes the environment, strengthen the environmental supervision of nature reserves, scenic spots and forest parks, and promote the establishment of ISO 14000 national demonstration zones in key scenic spots. According to the principle of paying equal attention to development and protection, mining units and individuals should take measures such as backfilling, reclamation, planting trees and grass to restore the damage caused by the development of mineral resources to cultivated land, grassland, woodland and soil and water conservation. Strengthen environmental supervision on ecological damage caused by infrastructure construction such as roads and railways.

Adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to ecological protection and ecological construction, strengthen the protection of natural forests and return farmland to forests (grass). Make full use of the advantages of abundant hydrothermal resources and high biological primary productivity in our city, and focus on strengthening key afforestation in areas with serious ecological environment damage, important traffic trunk lines, reservoir banks, key monitoring areas of soil erosion and major engineering construction areas. At the same time, by strengthening ecological protection, limiting unreasonable human activities, making full use of the self-renewal ability of the ecosystem to restore vegetation, reducing soil erosion, restoring ecological functions as soon as possible with limited ecological construction funds, and avoiding the possible negative impact of ecological construction projects.

Promote the construction of ecological agriculture, rationally apply pesticides and fertilizers, and develop and popularize biological control technologies; Strengthen the recycling of agricultural films and actively promote degradable plastic films; Strengthen the supervision and management of aquaculture and livestock and poultry breeding, strictly control fish farming with fertilizer and water, and standardize the sewage discharge behavior of farms; Vigorously promote rural biogas, small hydropower and other energy projects, reduce the harvesting of new charcoal forests, and gradually reduce the environmental pressure in rural areas.

In areas where the ecological environment is deteriorating, we should shift the simple economic poverty alleviation model to the organic combination of ecological migration and poverty alleviation, increase the intensity of ecological migration, actively guide farmers into cities and towns, improve their living and production conditions, and reduce the damage to the ecological environment caused by human production and living activities.

(5) Raise funds through multiple channels and establish and improve a long-term and stable investment guarantee mechanism.

In accordance with the requirements of diversification of investors, we should use market mechanism to raise funds for protection and construction through multiple channels and levels, effectively increase investment in ecological environment protection and construction, and especially solve the problem of investment in ecological protection. Gradually increase its proportion in the GDP of the same period, and establish the corresponding assessment and inspection system. Incorporate investment in ecological environment protection and construction into the fiscal budget and set up special funds for ecological environment protection and construction. In addition to strengthening natural forest protection projects, we should also focus on strengthening investment in nature reserves, important ecological function protection areas, ecological demonstration areas and ecological monitoring.

Adhere to the principles of "whoever pollutes, who governs" and "who benefits, who compensates", establish an ecological environment compensation mechanism, implement paid use of natural resources, and gradually collect resource development compensation fees and ecological compensation fees in the development and utilization of natural resources such as land, water and species, so as to make reasonable compensation for the restoration of damaged ecosystems; The license system shall be implemented for those engaged in collection and mining, the resource development tax shall be levied, and the disorderly activities of resource development shall be restricted by the regulation of the law of value.

(six) to strengthen publicity and education, improve the awareness of ecological environment protection in the whole society.

Extensively carry out publicity and education on ecological protection, attach importance to the supervisory role of news and public opinion, strengthen the warning education on ecological environment, strive to raise Chongqing people's awareness of ecological protection, and truly turn ecological environmental protection measures into the conscious actions of the broad masses. Fully rely on the supervisory role of people's congresses at all levels and CPPCC, enhance the sense of mission of leaders at all levels, and do all kinds of protection work around the key points of ecological protection. Carry out in-depth education on environmental conditions and national policies, and strengthen the knowledge training on ecological environmental protection.

(7) Strengthen international cooperation and exchanges.

Actively participate in international exchanges and cooperation, prepare proposals for ecological protection and construction projects in a timely manner, make full use of foreign capital, technology, information, talents and management advantages, promote the protection and construction of Chongqing's ecological environment, especially strengthen cooperation in nature reserves, important ecological function reserves and ecological disaster prevention and control.

(eight) the ecological environment problems that need to be studied and solved.

1. Strengthen the study of ecological environment problems in the reservoir area. In view of the great changes in the biological resources and geographical environment in the flooded area of the reservoir area after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project in 2003, the opportunity to collect basic data of the ecological environment in the flooded area will disappear forever. It is necessary to carry out comprehensive investigation, monitoring and rescue work as soon as possible, establish a comprehensive basic database of the ecological environment in the reservoir area, and at the same time strengthen the water environment capacity after the completion of the reservoir, the allowable discharge of pollutants in the reach of the reservoir area, the eutrophication of water bodies, the impact of the reservoir on the atmospheric environment in the main city of Chongqing, and the impact of the reservoir on people's health. It is suggested that the state should

2. Strengthen the study of eco-economic compensation policy in the reservoir area. This paper focuses on the economic cost and ecological loss paid by the construction of the Three Gorges Project in Chongqing reservoir area. It is suggested that the municipal government take the study of eco-economic compensation policy in the reservoir area as an important research topic, which is jointly completed by the Municipal Science and Technology Commission, the Municipal Academy of Social Sciences, the Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau and the Municipal Immigration Bureau. According to the principle of "polluter pays, developer compensates and destroyer recovers", it is suggested that the state should introduce an economic compensation policy for the benefit areas of the Three Gorges Project and the ecological environment protection in Chongqing from the power generation income of the Three Gorges Project.

3. At present, the research on the economic losses caused by ecological fragility and ecological destruction in Chongqing is not deep enough, and the research on the present situation, existing problems and countermeasures of ecological environment needs to be further carried out and supported by relevant municipal departments.