/kloc-a French poet and writer in the 0/7th century, once worked as a lawyer and director of a royal architectural firm. 167 1 year, he was elected to the French Academy. Because he violated the orthodoxy of the feudal dynasty, he was left out by the court and lived in seclusion in his later years.
/kloc-at the end of the 0/7th century, there was a "dispute between classicism and modernism" in French literary and art circles, and Perot was the initiator of this debate. He believes that human culture has been developing since ancient times, and modern people should not blindly worship the ancients, but should surpass them. It can be said that Perot was a representative of the reformists in French literature at that time. Through this debate, Perot found a new source of literary creation from folklore and collected many fairy tales. 1697, when Perot was almost seventy years old, he published his beautiful collection of fairy tales "The Story of Mother Goose or the Story of the Past with Moral Lessons" in Paris.
His most famous works are Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood and Sleeping Beauty in the Woods.
Charles perrot's main fairy tales include Little Finger, Blue Beard, Cat in Boots, Donkey's Skin, Fairy and Tufted Hair.
/kloc-France in the 0/7th century was in a transitional period between feudal society and capitalist society. On the one hand, the feudal monarchy fostered the bourgeoisie, encouraged industry and commerce, promoted overseas trade, pursued colonial policies, and promoted economic development in order to strengthen the monarchy financially; On the other hand, it also safeguarded the privileges of the nobles, thus safeguarding the feudal nobles' attachment to the royal power. At that time, the strength of the emerging bourgeoisie was still relatively weak, and it also hoped to seek development under the protection of kingship. Therefore, the autocratic monarchy in France in the17th century was the result of mutual compromise between the bourgeoisie and the feudal aristocracy under the adjustment of kingship.
Consistent with absolute monarchy and political centralization, classical literature flourished in France in the17th century. Before that, there were two schools of French literature. One is baroque literature, the other is humanistic literature. French baroque literature is a popular salon literature among nobles, also known as living room literature. Astoria, the pioneering work of living room literature, tells a tortuous and touching love story of a young shepherd man and woman, interspersed with myths and legends and discussions about love and politics, and is full of wonderful imagination and description of aristocratic social life. The story has a slow development, loose structure and delicate psychological description, which has a great influence in aristocratic salons.
The humanistic literature represented by Charlie Soller's novel The Interesting History of francine, through the fantasy of francine, the son of a grocery store owner, condemned the disconnection between the noble salon novel and reality. francine read Yu's novels and looked for his own astrid story everywhere.
French classical literature was formed in 1930s and 1940s, and reached its peak in 1960s and 1970s, with dramatic achievements being the most prominent. Tragic writers represented by Gao Naiyi and Racine and comic writers represented by Moliere appeared. Besides, La Fontaine's fable and boileau's theoretical works are also worth mentioning.
Gao Naiyi (1606- 1684) is the founder of French classical drama. Most of his works praise heroes who advocate rationality from the front, and he is good at depicting the inner conflicts of characters with dramatic scenes. His poems are sonorous in rhythm, magnificent in momentum and unique in style. He wrote more than 30 plays in his life, among which the most important works are Sid (1636) and Horace (1640).
Sid is the first classical tragedy in France. This five-act play is based on the script Sid's Youth written by Spanish dramatist Castro. The tragedy describes the love between Roddick and the young Spanish nobleman Shimana. Schmanna's father beat Roddick's father in an argument. In order to maintain the honor of the family, Roddick and Schmanna's father fought a duel and killed each other. My father got revenge, but my love was lost. The king then ordered Roddick to resist the Moors who invaded Spain. Roddick won the victory and won the glorious title of "Sid" (General). Schmanna also married Roddick under the guidance of the king. This tragedy shows the conflict between personal feelings and family honor, and the conflict between family honor and national interests. The dramatic conflict was successfully resolved due to the intervention of the wise monarch, which showed both the victory of reason and the victory of love. It showed that Gao Naiyi obeyed autocratic sovereignty on the one hand and reserved on the other, and it had the characteristics of the French bourgeoisie in the period of compromise.
Racine (1639— 1699) is a tragic writer in the prosperous period of French classicism. He * * * created 1 1 tragedies, including andromache and Fidel. The style of his works is different from that of Gao Naiyi, who focuses on exposing the darkness and evil of the feudal ruling class and is more realistic. His writing is delicate and euphemistic, full of lyrical charm, and he is better at analyzing the psychology of characters.
Andromache is based on the works of euripides, an ancient Greek tragic writer, and refers to the relevant plots in the epics of Homer and Virgil. The play is divided into five acts. According to records, after the Trojan War, Hecktor's widow andromache and her son became slaves of King Elipius. In order to save their son's life, they were forced to promise to marry him, but after he swore to ensure his safety, they were ready to commit suicide. The king's fiancee Amelia, out of jealousy, instigated Orestes, the Greek hero who pursued her, to assassinate Peleus. After Pias was killed, Emilia drew his sword and committed suicide. Orestes went mad with fear and sadness. This tragedy criticizes the sins caused by Pierus, Emilia and Orestes's disregard for national interests, irrational indulgence and lust, and praises andromache's fearless and rebellious spirit in times of crisis. In andromache, reason and emotion are unified.
La Fontaine (1621-1695) was an outstanding French fable poet in the 7th century. Fable Poetry is Lafontaine's masterpiece, with 239 poems, most of which are taken from Aesop's fables, Indian fables and French folk stories. These works refer to human society with the animal world, expose the darkness of feudal dynasty, condemn the tyranny of aristocratic class, describe the suffering of working people, and reflect the reality of French feudal society in the second half of the17th century. For example, "Wolf and Sheep" and "Animals Suffering from Plague" wrote that animals discussed how to stop the epidemic of plague. As a result, although animals such as the cold and hypocritical lion king and the fawning fox committed heinous crimes, they forced the honest and innocent donkey to make sacrifices. La Fontaine's fables have greatly broken through the old restrictions in length, and the longest is 562 lines. In narrative, he pays great attention to the integrity of the story. Many fables describe the scenes of the characters in detail. Some fables are just a small script with opening, development, climax and ending, and the structure is detailed and clear.
Boileau (1636—1711) is a French poet and literary theorist. His masterpiece The Art of Poetry is a classic of classical literary theory. This poetic work comprehensively expounds the classical artistic principles of tragedy, comedy, epic and other poetic genres (such as pastoral, elegy, sonnet, etc.). ), the scattered classical poetic theories since the end of 16 are centralized and sorted out, and finally the theoretical construction of classicism is completed. Boileau believes that all works should be based on rational expression, and only rationality can bring value and light to the works, and only by studying, observing and imitating nature can poets achieve the fundamental purpose of understanding and expressing theories. He regards ancient Greek and Roman literature as an eternal model and thinks that learning from the ancients is a shortcut to artistic success. He also divided literary genres into high and low levels according to the aesthetic requirements of the aristocratic class. The high-level is epic and tragedy, and the low-level is fable and farce. In terms of content, he rejected the works reflecting urban and rural life as "dirty" and "barbaric". Most importantly, he formulated the "three unifications" for classicism. He said, "We should arrange the development of the plot artistically and keep the stage perfect from beginning to end with a story completed in one place in one day." The art of poetry has greatly promoted the popularization of classical theory. Some of boileau's theories have a certain influence on the development of realistic aesthetics, but his theories also have certain one-sidedness and limitations, which easily fetters the writer's creation and even embarks on the road of formalism.
Section 2 Moliere and the hypocrite
I. Life and creation
Moliere (1662— 1673), formerly known as Jean? Batiste. Boquelin, the greatest comedian of French classicism, is another peak in the history of European drama after Shakespeare. 1622 65438+1October 15 was born in Paris, the eldest son of his family. His father was a shrewd tapestry dealer and court decorator, and he bought the title of "Royal Attendant" with money. His mother was born in a tapestry dealer's family, well educated and sentimental, and died in Moliere at the age of 10. Father had hoped that he could inherit the family business and become a businessman, but Moliere loved drama since childhood and often went to the theater with his grandfather. 1635 entered Claremont middle school, an aristocratic school, where he received a good education, studied Latin, got in touch with philosophy and classical literature, and was especially interested in school drama activities. 1643, Moliere broke through the resistance of his family, organized the "Guangyao Opera Troupe" in Paris with a few like-minded friends, and personally played the leading role in the tragedy. However, the troupe soon closed down because of the failure of the performance, and Moliere was sent to prison by his creditors. After his father redeemed him, he refused to admit defeat, joined another troupe, toured all over France for thirteen years, and finally became an excellent comic writer and comedian. 1658, he led a troupe to perform in Paris, which was appreciated by King Louis XIV and stayed in Paris from then on. As the boss, screenwriter, director and actor of the troupe, Moliere led the troupe to stand out from the fierce competition and presented a wonderful comedy to the audience. The stressful life has seriously damaged his health. 1673, 17 In February, he endured the illness and appeared in his own play "Groaning without Disease" and died. Because he didn't repent and gave up his profession of blasphemy, he couldn't be buried in a regular cemetery. However, boileau, Lafontaine and other close friends of Moliere walked at the forefront of the funeral procession with torches, followed by a large group of fans who loved him. Moliere was not elected to the French Academy before his death, but after his death, a stone statue of him was erected in the hall of the French Academy with the inscription: "As far as his glory is concerned, there is nothing missing; As far as our glory is concerned, there is no him. "
Moliere wrote more than 30 plays and several poems in his life, among which satirical comedy is the most outstanding achievement. His drama creation has gone through three stages:
The first stage (1659- 1663) is the pioneering period of Moliere's comedy. His main works are: Funny Witch (1659), Fu Xue (16 1) and Wife Xue (65668). The Wife's School marks the maturity of Moliere's comedy creation. It tells the story of bourgeois Anoff who adopted an orphan girl, anis, and sent her to a monastery in order to cultivate her into her ideal simple-minded and obedient wife. However, when anis grew up and came home from the monastery, she fell in love with Horace, the son of a friend in Anoff. Anoff tried everything to stop it, and everything will be fine. Because this drama raises serious social problems, it is considered as the beginning of modern social problem drama.
The second stage (1664- 1668) is the heyday of Moliere's creation. His main works are: hypocrite (1664- 1669), Don Juan (1665) and Hate the World. Miser is one of Moliere's representative works, and its theme is taken from the comedy A Bucket of Gold by Plautus, an ancient Roman playwright. Abagong, the hero of the miser, is a stingy and greedy usurer. He sacrificed his children's marital happiness for money, and only agreed to their marriage when his in-laws expressed their willingness to bear all the costs of marriage. This image is highly generalized and reflects the distortion of human nature by material desire. Therefore, Abagong has almost become synonymous with miser and miser in western languages.
The third stage (1669- 1673) is the later stage of Moliere's creation, and his main works are: Mr. Bu Saunac (1669), Ordinary People Obsessed with the Noble (1670) and Scaban's Tricks (. The plot of Scarbana's Trick was born out of the ancient Roman comedy Formio written by Catalonia. Scarbana, a witty and brave servant, is portrayed in the play. In order to help his young master and his friends get love, he designed to defraud huge amounts of money from their stingy father respectively and take severe revenge on the old master who insulted him. At that time, France was hierarchical, and Moliere praised the servant as a positive image, which was commendable.
Moliere's comedies are full of rich flavor of life and show a strong sense of democracy. He believes that playwrights have the right to interfere in social life and to expose and satirize bad habits. "The best serious moral model is usually not as powerful as satire ... When we list those bad habits and are laughed at by everyone, we just give them a heavy blow." At the same time, he opposed the concept of hierarchy, praised the wisdom and virtue of the lower class, and became a pioneer of enlightenment literature.
In art, Moliere was not completely bound by the creative principles of classicism. On the one hand, he can skillfully master these principles to portray characters and express themes, such as being good at using highly generalized techniques to shape typical characters and organizing concentrated and compact drama conflicts. On the other hand, he often breaks through these principles, absorbs the artistic techniques of folk comedies (especially burlesque), adds tragic factors to comedies, and integrates ballet and drama to make his comedies rich and eclectic.
Moliere made great contributions to the development of drama, and was called "the father of French classical comedy" by later generations. Dramatists such as Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, Voltaire, Richard Brinsley Sheridan and Gordoni benefited a lot from it. His comedies have been translated into many languages and staged all over the world, among which "hypocrite" is the most staged one, and he represents the highest achievement of Moliere's comedy creation. The comedies of China playwrights Li Jianwu and Jiang Yang were also influenced by Moliere.
Second, "hypocrite"
The hypocrite (also known as Dahl) is Moliere's masterpiece. This is a poetic comedy in five acts. Defoe, the hero, is a declining aristocrat. He pretended to be a devout Catholic and tricked the wealthy businessman Olgun and his mother into becoming their spiritual mentor. Olgun not only regarded him as a guest of honor, but also wanted to marry his daughter, but Doop was insatiable. He secretly seduced Olgun's beautiful young second wife, Omir, and was discovered by Olgun's son Damis. Damis reported his scandal to his father, and Doop's sophistry made Olgun drive away his son in a rage and gave him all the inheritance rights of the property. In order to let her husband see clearly the true face of Dove, Omir made a clever plan to let Olgun hide under the table and hear with his own eyes how Dove courted him. When I answered Telford's question, my lost face was immediately exposed. He not only wanted to seize the property of Olgong's family, but also told the king that Olgong had secret documents of political prisoners and came to catch Olgong himself. Thanks to the wise king's insight into everything, he forgave Olgun and arrested the moral man.
The story of the hypocrite is directly or indirectly influenced by the story of the birth of the Buddha in India. The liar Bunsen tells the story of a hypocritical ascetic who cheated the trust of a rich man and was generously treated. When he learned that one hundred gold coins were buried in the rich man's house, he took them out for himself a few days later. Before leaving, he specially gave the rich man a straw, saying that it fell from the roof of his house to show that he wanted to give it, not to take it. This happened to be heard by the Bodhisattva. He instructed the rich to look at the buried gold coins. The rich man found that the gold coin was stolen, took the Bodhisattva to chase the ascetic back, forced him to hand over the gold coin, and then taught him a lesson. Judging from the story of "A liar is born", it is very similar to the story of "A hypocrite". Both rich people were blinded by the superficial behavior of religious swindlers and almost suffered heavy losses. Fortunately, with timely help, they can see through the true face of hypocrites and make up for their shortcomings. The difference is that Moliere moved the background of the story from India to France, enriching the content. Not a bodhisattva, but a maid, Dorina, and the wife, children and brother-in-law of wealthy businessman Olgun. The answer is that Dave's harm is obviously greater than that of Indian swindlers. The object of the author's praise is no longer a bodhisattva, but a wise king.
Hypocrite wrote in 1664. At that time in France, the church was very powerful, especially the holy experience in Catholicism. Sheng Hui was founded in 1627, and its organizations at all levels are all over the country. Participants include religious elites and secular dignitaries, and their behind-the-scenes supporters are the mother of King Louis XIV. On the surface, Santi is engaged in charity, but in fact it is a religious spy agency, which specializes in persecuting progressives. This organization often appoints some people to pretend to be devout priests and act as so-called conscience teachers for believers, with the purpose of spying on their words and deeds in order to prepare materials for the Inquisition. Louis XIV was wary of the Holy Spirit, because the Holy Spirit tried to escape from the kingship, hoping to weaken its power and consolidate the kingship. Because the hypocrite is aimed at the holy experience, its performance can be described as twists and turns.
On May 1664 and 12, the three-act edition (the first edition) of hypocrite was first staged at Versailles. Addicks, dressed in cassock, appeared as the embodiment of all the nasty behaviors of the church, and was soon besieged by reactionary forces. They accused Louis XIV of denying religion and cursing Moliere. Louis XIV liked the play very much, but under the pressure of the opposition, it was temporarily suspended. Moliere did not lose heart. He revised the script three times, presented Chen Qingbiao to the king twice, and read the script of Hypocrite to curious princes and ministers. 1664165438+1October, at the invitation of Prince Conde, the whole drama "hypocrite" was performed for the first time in the private residence of the prince, from the original three acts to five acts. 1666, Louis XIV's mother died, and the situation gradually improved. The play was staged in August 1667. This time, Moliere changed the name of the play to Liar (second edition), changed the name of the protagonist to Balfour, and changed him into secular clothes, wearing a small felt hat on his head, a big scarf around his neck, lace and long hair. It was not until the Pope promulgated the imperial edict of "church peace" that religious persecution was restrained and Moliere was finally informed of the lifting of the ban. The hypocrite (third edition) finally recovered its true colors and premiered again on1February 5, 669. The performance was a great success, unprecedented.
The hero in the play, Adifu, is a representative of feudal aristocrats and church monks, which embodies the characteristics of hypocrisy and is highly typical, so Moliere regards him as the object of full satire and exposure. He used to be a ruined aristocrat from other provinces. Because of his profligacy, he squandered all his possessions. Desperate, he pretended to be a devout believer and swindled everywhere. This time, he cheated Olgun, a wealthy businessman, and his mother, and became the guest of honor and spiritual mentor of this family. Through the exposure of Dorina and others and a series of performances by Dofu, the screenwriter showed the true face of this villain to the audience step by step. He has repeatedly advertised himself as an ascetic who does not attach importance to material comforts. In fact, he "ate two bamboo chickens and half a leg of lamb cut into fine powder" at one meal, and then returned to his bedroom, "lying in a warm bed and sleeping peacefully until the next morning", raising himself "fat and red-faced"; On the surface, he doesn't care about money. When Olgun gave him money, he always said "too much money" and "paid part of it politely", and sometimes he gave it to the poor face to face. But secretly, he tried every means to possess all the property of Olgun; Dressed up as an ascetic, he met Dorina in a low-cut dress and took out a handkerchief to cover her chest. In fact, his heart is full of lust. While wanting to possess Marianne, he drools over Omir's beauty and seduces each other shamelessly. When his disguise was completely exposed, he revealed his cruel nature and ungrateful killing of the Olgun family. At this point, readers and viewers have thoroughly seen his hypocrisy. It is said that as soon as this work came out, someone pointed at this man suspiciously and said that he looked like the answer to a question. In fact, in the words of Russian drama master stanislavski, "The answer to a question written by him (Moliere) is not just the answer to a question, but the sum of the answers of all mankind."
The drama hypocrite embodies Moliere's achievements in comedy art, creatively uses the rules of classicism and makes a breakthrough. According to the requirements of "Three Unification", Moliere kept the time of the story within one day and night, and the place was always arranged at Olgun's house. The plot revolves around the "hypocrisy" of Answer Diefu, which is concise, compact and clear. There are two highlights: First, Goethe called it "the greatest and best opening in existence". Although Answer Diev did not appear, the audience felt the existence of Answer Diev from Olgun's different comments on him, which paved the way for his later appearance, and also showed the conflict between the main characters in the play and their position and position in the conflict, killing two birds with one stone.
Secondly, in the fourth act of the play, Omir sets up a clever plan to educate the stubborn Olgun, and asks Olgun to hide under the table and let him see Dofu's true face with his own eyes. This arrangement of Tibetan under the Table is very clever, which not only makes full use of the environment, meets the requirements of the "three unifications" for the venue, but also enhances the artistic effect of the comedy.
Adding tragic factors to comedy is Moliere's breakthrough to classical principles. In the play, Olgun forces Mariana, who already has a sweetheart, to marry Answer Diefu, but Mariana refuses to obey and wants to escape into a monastery. Answer Diufu bites the hand that feeds him, trying to destroy the Olgun family ... These tragic factors make the plot ups and downs and exciting, and at the same time, they also highlight Answer Diufu's sinister and vicious and Olgong's stupid paranoia. In addition, Moliere also absorbed the artistic nutrition of many folk dramas. For example, slapping and hiding people under the table are the usual methods of folk comedies. Family quarrels and father's forced marriage are the usual methods of traditional dramas. The addition of these exaggerated and hilarious elements avoids the conservatism and rigidity of classical drama and makes this comedy lively and elegant.
The hypocrite also has some limitations in thought and art, such as the life it reflects is not extensive enough and the characters are simple. But this does not affect the position of the play in people's minds.