Most eukaryotic cells have three parts: nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane.
Membrane is the boundary of life system and the gateway to control material exchange. quality
It is the main center of metabolism, and organelles in cytoplasm are divided in the system.
Cooperation; The nucleus is the main place where genetic material is stored and copied, and it is also heredity.
The control center of personality and metabolism is the control center of life system;
Each has its own importance and particularity, which is independent and interrelated.
Form a harmonious, unified and organic complex life system.
1. 1 Cell membrane structure and functional cells live in a liquid environment.
Membrane is the dividing line between cell membrane and external environment, which ensures the chemical reaction in cells.
The natural barrier to smooth progress is related to the structure.
The main molecular composition of (1) is phospholipid bilayer.
Skeleton, the existence of this structure must have corresponding functions.
Now, fat-soluble substances can preferentially pass through cells in a free diffusion way.
Membrane; Protein molecules are embedded in phospholipid bilayer, which is the structure.
Existence, there must be a corresponding function, protein molecule.
Can be use as a carrier for transport substances, so that that membrane has the function of active transportation.
(2) The structural and functional characteristics constitute the phospholipid of the cell membrane.
Protons and most molecules of protein can move, which determines the cell membrane.
The structural feature is certain fluidity, and the functional features of the cell membrane are as follows.
With selective osmosis, these are two different but related concepts, membrane.
The existence of fluidity can not only make various components in the membrane need to be adjusted.
The combined distribution is beneficial to control the substances entering and leaving the cells, so that the cells can pass through.
Undergo certain deformation without rupture (for example, the cells of the human body can deform and penetrate)
Through the capillary wall), it has a protective effect, thus ensuring the survival of cells.
Complete various physiological functions. The fluidity of cell membrane is selective osmosis.
Foundation, and the cell membrane of living cells has selective permeability, which is cell life.
Activity, so as to ensure that cells are absorbed according to the needs of life activities.
This substance permeates the cell membrane and other physiological functions.
Shi, but also needs the structural characteristics of cell membrane fluidity to ensure that this is
It is the unity of structural features and functional features. Fluidity is the structure of cell membrane.
Inherent properties, regardless of whether the cell has a material exchange relationship with the outside world,
Mobility always exists, and selective permeability is the physiological characteristic of cell membrane.
Description of sex, this feature only on the basis of liquidity, can complete the material exchange.
Functionally. Summarized as follows: (Attached with attached drawings)
1.2 The structure and function of cytoplasm are in the cell structure.
An important part is the main place for the metabolism of living cells, and it is also
The main places where assimilation and alienation occur. Life in living cells
Life activities, that is, the synthesis and decomposition of most substances, occur in cells.
In cytoplasm, it is the most active part of cell life activity, and it is also a cell in living cells.
Mass is in a flowing state. Under submicroscopic structure, cytoplasm is regarded as a whole.
On the whole, in fact, cytoplasm mainly includes cytoplasmic matrix and
Organelle. This part is related to the first chapter "the material basis of life"
Cytoplasm is also a combination of chemical elements and chemical elements.
Structure), especially water, inorganic salts and nuclei in cytoplasm.
Glycosides, amino acids and so on. , which further reflects the materiality of life system. should
In the third chapter, "Biological Metabolism", cell respiration and cell respiration are linked.
The key knowledge of photosynthesis, this part has the role of connecting the preceding with the following.
Mitochondria are positively correlated with cell respiration, and chloroplasts are positively correlated with photosynthesis.
In the teaching of other organelles, it is limited to textbooks and focuses on their distribution.
The structure and function of the system are briefly introduced. Finally, the double-layer membrane,
Keywords monolayer membrane, non-membrane structure, produced water, produced ATP, containing
Organelle and "four sites" of DNA. But we should emphasize an important issue.
Teaching philosophy: material constitutes structure, and structure determines function; Structure and function
Harmonious and unified discipline thought.
1.3 Structure and function of atomic nuclei This content introduces the groups of atomic nuclei.
The basic structure of prokaryotic cells, the former is mainly composed of three parts: nuclear module,
Nucleolar and chromatin, nuclear membrane separates the chemical reactions in the nucleus from those in the cytoplasm.
Open, interconnected and independent, the nuclear membrane also has selective permeability.
The sex that controls the exchange of substances between cytoplasm and nucleus has a great influence on nucleus.
The substance has a protective effect, and the nuclear pores on the membrane are beneficial to the frequency and inquiry of the nucleus.
Large-scale mass exchange between macromolecules is an ideal way of macromolecular exchange.
Channel [2]; Nucleoli have a strong refractive system, which is most obvious in eukaryotic cells.
Symbol of; The relationship between chromatin and chromosome is both important and difficult.
Very abstract and difficult to digest; All contain DNA molecules, which are primitive.
The genetic material of things also embodies the harmonious unity of structure and function.
1.4 Cytoplasmic flow experiment to guide students to use high magnification correctly.
The flow of Kuroshio cytoplasm was observed by microscope. Why do you only see leaves in the observation?
Green body, but no other organelles can be seen (chloroplasts are large and colored
), why only see the edge flow (maturation) of chloroplast black algae cells?
Most of the space of plant cells is occupied by vacuoles), which are all in experiments.
Practical problems encountered.