Zhuge Liang (18 1 ~ 234), also known as Wei, Wu and hegemony in the Three Kingdoms, was a strategist with outstanding achievements. When he was only 27 years old, Liu Bei invited him to be his highest strategic adviser with the gift of "visiting the thatched cottage". Zhuge Liang put forward the plan of "dividing the world into three parts" to Liu Bei, and worked tirelessly for this goal all his life. In 22 1 year, Shu Han was founded, and he became prime minister. After Liu Bei's death, he devoted himself to assisting Liu Chan and enhancing his national strength. In 227, he became a teacher and engaged in the Northern Expedition. Six out of Qishan, the old wish failed. In 234, he confronted Wei Jun and died in Wuzhangyuan. Zhong Da, the enemy general, visited the camp of Shu army after their retreat and praised Kong as a military genius. Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem praising: "Zhuge Zhiwei is superior to the earth. This poem is about Zhuge Liang's hard struggle and lofty spiritual character all his life, which has had a far-reaching impact on later generations and has been admired and admired by people for thousands of years. In the early Qing Dynasty, Prince Guo received this poem from Du Fu and wrote the inscription "Famous for the Universe" with vigorous brushwork, which is still hung on the front porch of Zhuge Liang Hall in Wuhou Temple in Chengdu. The ruling class and people of past dynasties may view Zhuge Liang's contribution in history from different angles, but they have one thing in common, that is, Zhuge Liang's loyalty to the world and his dedication are really admirable. Although Zhuge Liang's lifelong pursuit of world unification failed, he was still greatly admired and admired by people. No politician or strategist can be highly praised and praised by contemporary and later generations like Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang's death caused people's infinite mourning at that time. In the following years, temples and shrines were built for him in many places, which fully illustrated this point. There is an old saying in China: "Two heads are better than one. "Even three mediocre people, if Qi Xin can work together and brainstorm, will certainly be able to put forward better opinions than Zhuge Liang. This sentence regards Zhuge Liang as the benchmark of wisdom, and also shows Zhuge Liang's lofty position in the eyes of China people. Zhuge Liang was born in Yang Du, Langya County (now Yishui County, Shandong Province) in A.D. 18 1. His ancestor, Zhuge Feng, served as a captain at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his father, MG, served as a county official in Taishan at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother died when he was very young, and his father died when he was 8 years old. Later, he lived on his uncle Zhuge Xuan and went to Jingzhou immediately, but his uncle died soon. Zhuge Liang built a thatched cottage in a place called Longzhong on the outskirts of Xiangyang and lived a sunny life. During this period, he made friends with Cui from Boling, Xu Shu from Yingchuan, Shi Tao and Xu Jian from Jiangnan, and often exchanged ideas and learned from each other. At that time, Kongming often called himself Guan Zhong and Le Yi, famous figures in the Warring States Period, and they were ambitious. In troubled times, Kong Mingyuan didn't want to leave his hometown, but he meant to "retire to plow the fields, nourish his heart and enjoy the Tao". Later, his teacher Tan Jiu advised him: "It is not humane to take this material and not save people, but the source must be correct. So I decided to be born (note 1). Xu Shu recommended to Liu Bei, a descendant of the Han Dynasty: "Zhuge Liang is the underground Wolong. Does the general want to meet him? " "Liu Bei said," I'd like to see it. Can you bring him here? Xu Shu said: "This person can see it, but he can't be wronged; The general should condescend to visit. Therefore, Liu Bei visited the cottage and was finally seen by the third force. This is the famous Liu Xuande's "three visits to the thatched cottage" in history. Liu Bei met Kong Ming and asked him for advice on "saving bad luck", and Kong Ming also offered "one-third of the world's plan". Zhuge Liang first analyzed the situation and geography, and thought Jingzhou was a key hub for spying on the world and using troops. Liu Biao, who was dormant at that time, was a mediocre and incompetent person, and this place was a base given to him by God. Secondly, Yizhou (now Sichuan) is surrounded by mountains, and the situation is dangerous. It is a "land of abundance", but now Liu Zhang, which is on the defensive, is weak and unpopular. Therefore, Zhuge Liang said: "If we can lead the soldiers of Jing and Yi to attack Wan and Luo (Nanyang and Luoyang); The general led the Yizhou department out of Hanzhong. How can the people not welcome the general when they eat pot pulp? If so, the great cause can be revived. He said, "The general wants to be the master, Cao Cao dominates the sky in the north, and Sun Quannan occupies land, so the general can occupy peace. Take Jingzhou as home first, and then take Xichuan as the foundation, so as to become a foothold, and then you can take the Central Plains. (Note 2) Liu Bei hired Kong Ming as his military adviser. At that time, Liu Bei was 49 years old and Zhuge Liang was only 27 years old. At the beginning, Liu Bei regarded Kong Ming as a gift from his master and was deeply dissatisfied with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. However, Liu Bei made it clear that Kong Ming was like duck water. Two people have to let go. Later in 20 14, Liu Bei captured Chengdu in Yizhou, mastered Bashu, and truly stood among the "Three Kingdoms" with Cao Cao and Sun Quan. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei ascended the throne in Chengdu with the support of ministers. He was called "Shu Han" and Kong Ming was also appointed as Prime Minister. Unfortunately, at this time, Liu Bei insisted on crusade to avenge the killing of Guan Yu, his allied brother, by Sun Quan, and heard that Zhang Fei was assassinated by Sun Quan's subordinates. Under this unfavorable situation, he sent his troops, was trapped by Wu Jun's strategy and tactics and failed, and fled back to Baidicheng. Liu Bei died here in 223 at the age of 63. Before Liu Bei died, his son Liu Chan was mediocre and incompetent, and was left alone in Kongming. Listening to his father's last words and always following his instructions, and assisting Liu's late master, can also be described as doing my best. In 234, Kong Ming sent troops to the Northern Expedition for the fifth time, amounting to 654.38+10,000 yuan, and set out from Gu Jie to the west. Wei Jun fought against Sima Yi, but at the same time, he also adopted a strategy of persistent non-fighting. Kong Ming remembered his previous failure experience and set up a wasteland in Wuzhangyuan to prepare for a long-term battle. So the two armies confronted each other for more than a hundred days. At this point, Kong Ming has made a reservation from overwork. In a word, Zhuge Liang has been working hard for the survival of Shu Han all his life, but he finally answered what he said in "The Example": "Do your best until you die. Therefore, although he is not a strategist who achieved the great cause of reunification, it is really not easy for a small Shu Han to compete with Wu and Wei with his strategizing. Therefore, his legendary life has always been the object of imitation by military strategists, and his loyalty is also worth learning by modern people. _______________________________________

First look at Du Fu. In Du Fu's poems, there are more than 20 poems praising or mentioning Zhuge Liang, such as "The third time he was summoned to focus on state affairs, he gave his heart to two generations, but before he conquered, he was dead, and heroes cried on their coats". "A few wild cry home smell war, a few foreign songs fish wood. Wolong, flying horse, are not generals now, they are dust, and the personnel are slow and lonely. " "Zhuge's prestige transcends the earth, only the reverence for his face, but his will, in the Three Kingdoms War, will always be a feather in the sky. Seeing the equality between them, if the conductor decides to lose, Fu will move to Hanzuo. Determined to be a good soldier. " Du Fu met the Anshi Rebellion and missed his homeland all the time. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to Shuchuan again, and naturally Zhuge Liang, who was based in Shuchuan in the Three Kingdoms and restored the Han Dynasty in five northern expeditions, was indispensable. "He stayed in the Han Dynasty for a long time and fought against the veteran in the Central Plains. He was tireless in miscellaneous repairs and vomited blood. " Du Fu also hopes to meet a democratic master like Zhuge Liang. I visited some relics about Zhuge Liang, heard some stories about Zhuge Liang, and regarded Zhuge Liang as a model in my heart. Du Fu, as a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, had a great influence on later generations, which in turn influenced the admiration and love of later generations' literati for Zhuge Liang. In Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Du Fu's poems were also quoted to praise Zhuge Liang, while Su San (Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Xuan) praised Zhuge Liang, but with more derogatory colors. If we don't attack from defects, the world will be a strong enemy. Gao Han was worried about Ji Xiang, but he adopted Jiujiang, Wei, Han, Zhao, Qi and then Ji. The state of Qin is very worried about the six countries, the smallest and most hidden ones will be taken first, and the strongest one in Chu will be taken last. When Zhu Gekongming came out with his soldiers, it was appropriate to die. "This is criticizing Zhuge Liang for going his own way. Zhu Gekongming abandoned Jingzhou for Western Shu, and I know that he is incompetent. " (Ha ha, this is depressing, and Su Xun is just talking nonsense. ) In Nostalgia for Red Cliff, Su Shi praised Zhou Lang to the extreme (I admire Zhou Lang the most), but I don't admire Zhuge Liang very much. In a paper, he wrote: Take it as righteousness, use it as righteousness, Zhou Ye, take it as fraud, use it as fraud. The reason of Kong Ming's defeat. Kong Ming won because he only won the victory with his humble loyalty and inspired the hearts of the world. Liu Biao was lost in Jingzhou, and Kong Ming wanted to attack and kill his orphan, but he could not bear it. Later, Liu Zhang went to Shu with good intentions. Within a few months, he choked on his words and took his country, so he was different from Cao Cao. It is to run the army, to be a teacher of benevolence and righteousness, to drive Dongxiang, and to serve the world, which is difficult to hide. "Su Shi means that Zhuge Liang is similar to the treacherous Cao Cao, accusing Zhuge Liang of killing his son to seize his land when Liu Biao was in new mourning, but Liu Zhang put himself in, but he bit back. This runs counter to the traditional loyalty and loyalty. What Su Shi said is much more reasonable than what his father said, and I feel the same way. I don't think Zhuge Liang is a good candidate to deal with Yizhou. At that time, the rest of the world was robbed, and these two places were pieces of fat, which was much easier to pick up. If you want to take advantage of yourself, you must take advantage. If you don't take it yourself, others will take it. Su Xuan wrote in a paper: Liu Bei's entry into Jingzhou and Shu is not his position. He shouldn't use Zhu Gekongming to govern the country, but when he rushed in. Not enough gas. " Su Shu means that Zhuge Liang's working methods are not desirable, and he should do everything himself. To put it bluntly, I feel that I am too strong and impatient. Personally, I think Su Xun's speech is terrible, while the other three people are more reasonable. Zhuge Liang's first achievement was his loyalty, and other aspects, such as military ability, political ability and ingenuity, have both good and bad sides.

Literary Achievement "A Model" In the fifth year of Jian Xing in Shu Han Dynasty (227), Zhuge Liang led the army to Hanzhong in the north to prepare for a crusade against Cao Wei. Before he left Chengdu, he wrote a letter to the late ruler Liu Chan, which was called an "example" by later generations. The "model" analyzes the critical situation faced by Shu Han, and exhorts the latter to inherit the legacy of the previous dynasty, sincerely remonstrate, and clearly distinguish rewards and punishments, especially to be close to sages and ministers and stay away from villains. Zhuge Liang also expressed his lifelong ambition, that is, to set the Central Plains in the north and revive the Han Dynasty, in order to repay the kindness and trust of the former emperor. This piece of music is sincere and touching, and Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long in the Southern Dynasties praised it as "an outstanding scholar". Zhuge Liang is diligent in thinking and good at manufacturing. He invented the eight-array diagram, wooden ox and flowing horse (handcart) and improved crossbow, which can fire ten arrows at the same time. Legend has it that he also invented steamed bread to replace the sacrificial head during the Southern Expedition. . These inventions not only improved the fighting capacity of the Shu army at that time, but also had a great influence on later generations. However, due to the age, the historical records are vague and its specific content is not clear. Therefore, there are many attached legends in later generations, which cast a mysterious color on them. Because of the speculation of later generations and the exaggerated rendering of opera novels, the eight-array map is covered with a mysterious color. In fact, the eight-array diagram is just an ancient array method, which appeared in the Warring States period. There are remnants of eight arrays in Sun Tzu's Art of War unearthed in Linyi County, Shandong Province. Because there are many mountains in Shu, the army is mainly infantry and is used to fighting in the mountains. Once you go north to the Central Plains, it is difficult to compete with Wei's cavalry. In order to improve the combat effectiveness of the Shu army, Zhuge Liang improved the ancient "eight-array map", which was later called the eight-array map. Eight arrays are arranged vertically and horizontally, with chariots as the main bunker and drums as the command signal, and many arrays can be evolved. However, the specific content of Du Fu's Eight Arrays is not clear. The use of the crossbow's eight-array diagram must be coordinated with the crossbow, that is, after the enemy rushes into the array, it will be melee at close range and rely on the powerful crossbow at far range. A crossbow is a kind of bow and arrow that can be fired continuously. Zhuge Liang improved on the basis of his predecessors, and he could shoot up to ten bows at a time. In recent years, a bronze crossbow machine was unearthed in Pixian County, Chengdu, which was made according to Zhuge Liang's legacy and required seven or eight crossbowmen to launch it. Zhuge Liang invaded Cao Wei from Hanzhong to the north, and it was very difficult to transport grain over mountains and mountains. In order to solve this problem, Zhuge Liang improved the old-fashioned vehicle, calling it "wooden ox and flowing horse". The existing Zhuge Liang Collection has the method of "making wooden cows and flowing horses", saying that wooden cows and flowing horses can carry 20 miles of grain a year in one day, and flowing horses have two bags, each of which can hold two tons of rice and three buckets. It can be seen that the load of "Mu Niu Liu Ma" is not only shouldered, but more importantly, it can walk on rugged mountain roads. In some novels, "Cowherd" and "Liu Ma" are great. In fact, the "Cowherd" is a car with a front axle, and the "Liu Ma" is similar to the unicycle of later generations, and it still needs the promotion of manpower. Kongming Lantern, also known as Kongming Lantern, is said to have been created by Zhuge Liang (Kongming) during the Three Kingdoms period. At the beginning, in order to transmit military information, we used the principle of hot air rising to let lights float in the air, causing false "astrological" information and deceiving Sima Yi's army. Later, it gradually spread to the people and became a medium for mortals to make wishes and pray for heaven. On the Lantern Festival, lanterns are placed to "listen to the sky" and pray for heavenly officials. According to Pingxi's elders, the tradition of casting lanterns began in Daoguang period, and Anxi immigrants arrived in Wenshan area one after another to reclaim land. At that time, bandits rioted and harassed the settlement, so Pingxi people had to take refuge in the mountains. After the crisis, the strong men in the left-behind villages used lanterns as signals to inform the villagers to go home. Later, although the situation was stable, the sky lantern remained and became a local folk custom. The principle of sky lanterns floating is the same as that of hot air balloon, which uses the buoyancy of hot air to lift the sphere. So as long as the air in the ball is heated, a part of the air in the ball will overflow from the ball due to thermal expansion. At this time, the air density inside is smaller than that outside, and the ball full of hot air can fly.