China has a long history of grape cultivation and a vast production area. At present, it is cultivated all over the country. The following is a paper on grape cultivation techniques that I compiled. Thank you for reading.

Grape cultivation technology-grape cultivation technology

The production characteristics, development prospects and biological characteristics of grapes were expounded, and grape cultivation techniques were introduced from aspects of seedling raising, field planting, field management and pest control, so as to provide references for high-quality grape cultivation.

Grape; Production characteristics; Biological characteristics; cultivation techniques

China Library Classification. S663. 1 document identification number1007-5739 (2013)18-0094-01

China has a long history of grape cultivation and a vast production area. At present, it is cultivated all over the country [1]. With the continuous promotion of the 10 million mu forest growth project in Anhui Province, the grape planting area in Fuyang City has been increasing, but the degree of industrialization is not high and the management level needs to be improved. The production characteristics, prospects, biological characteristics and cultivation techniques of grapes were summarized for reference.

1 grape production characteristics and prospects

1. 1 has strong adaptability and wide cultivation range.

Grape is a fruit tree with strong adaptability, strong drought resistance, salt and alkali tolerance, lax requirements on soil conditions and wide suitable planting range.

1.2 is easy to cultivate, bears early fruits and has high yield.

Grape cultivation forms are flexible and diverse, seedlings are easy to propagate and the survival rate of cultivation is high. Can be cultivated in the open field, courtyard and facilities. Generally, it blooms and bears fruit in the second year after planting, and the yield in the third year is above 15 t/hm2. Early fruiting and high yield, quick effect, timely investment recovery, and low economic pressure on growers.

1.3 is rich in nutrition and widely used.

Grape fruit is rich in nutrients such as glucose, fructose and amino acids, and has high nutritional value. In recent years, resveratrol and other substances contained in grapes have been found to have anti-cancer effect, which makes grapes have good health care functions. Grape wine-making is a health drink with a long history, and the wine industry is a world-famous advantageous industry. Grapes can be eaten fresh, made into juice or dried in the sun, and many valuable substances can be extracted from their skin residue [2].

1.4 The economic benefit of planting is high.

In recent years, grapes have become fruit trees with high comprehensive benefits because of their early fruiting, high yield, good price and strong demand. In the future, the demand for grapes in China will continue to expand, and grape planting will maintain high economic benefits for a long time.

2 Biological characteristics of grapes

Grape root system is developed, mainly distributed in 20 ~ 60 cm soil layer, with strong regeneration ability and can store a lot of nutrients. Grape buds are mixed buds, which are divided into summer buds, winter buds and hidden buds. They germinate in spring, giving birth to a large number of new branches, and then inflorescences appear in the axils of the third to fifth leaves of the new branches. As long as the conditions are suitable, winter buds and summer buds can form inflorescences. The grape inflorescence is a panicle, and the flowers are divided into bisexual flowers, female flowers and male flowers. Most varieties of bisexual flowers are planted in production, and they are often pollinated by wind and insects when they bloom.

Grapes have strong adaptability, like relaxed soil, and are most afraid of light wet and sticky soil. It is very sensitive to light, and the normal growth and development of grapes need more than 60% full light intensity. Grapes are warm-loving plants. Temperature not only determines the length of each phenological period of grapes, but also plays a leading role in the comprehensive factors affecting the growth, yield and quality of grapes. Generally, the accumulated temperatures of extremely early-maturing, medium-maturing and late-maturing varieties are required to be 2 500℃, 3 300℃ and 3 600℃ respectively. Grape is drought-tolerant, and the annual precipitation of 600~800 mm is suitable for grape growth and development. Excessive rainfall has certain influence on flowering, pollination and fruit quality. Frost has a bad effect on the growth and development of grapes, and the frost-free period should be above130 d.

3 cultivation techniques

3. 1 Seedling raising

Cutting seedling raising is the main seedling raising method in current production. It takes advantage of the characteristics that vine branches are easy to form adventitious roots under suitable environmental conditions, cuttage annual grape branches with bud eyes underground, artificially create suitable environmental conditions, and cultivate the branches into new plants after a period of cultivation [3-4].

3. 1. 1 seed belt collection and storage. Generally, when pruning in winter, seed strips are collected, annual branches with strong plants, moderate internode length and full bud eyes are selected, and the seed strips are cut into 6-8 internode lengths and tied into 1 bundle every 50- 100, and the varieties and sources are indicated. Dig a ditch with a depth of 50 cm and a width of 1.2 ~ 1.5 m in a place with high terrain, good drainage and leeward, lay wet sand of about 10 cm at the bottom of the ditch, lay the seed cuttings flat in the ditch, fill each cutting with 1 layer of wet sand, and finally cover it with 5 cm. Note that before storing seed strips, you need to use 5? b？ Soak the lime-sulfur mixture for a few seconds and then sterilize it. The cut sand should be kept at 70% ~ 80% humidity, and checked every 15 d 1 time.

3. 1.2 Cutting and rooting. Take out cuttings in spring, select cuttings with strong buds and no mildew damage, and cut them into 1 cuttings every 2 ~ 3 buds. When cutting, the upper cutting distance is about 2 cm from the bud eye, and the lower cutting distance is less than 0.8 cm from the basal bud eye according to 45? There are 1 cuttings in 30 bundles of diagonal shear. Immerse the lower end of drilling cuttings in1000 ~1500mg/kg NAA solution, and then take it out.

3. 1.3 cutting. When the temperature is stable above 10℃, carry out cutting in the divided plots. Plant spacing of 20 cm? 30 cm, 2 ~ 3 lines on each side. When cutting, use chopsticks or wooden sticks thinner than cuttings to make 75? Poke a hole in the corner, and then insert the cuttings into the hole. The base of the cutting faces south, and the cutting buds are on the upper side or the south side, and the depth is suitable for the cutting buds to be flush with the ground. Fill it with water immediately after insertion.

3. 1.4 seedling management. The field management of cutting seedlings mainly includes fertilizer and water management, coring and pest control [5]. The general principle is to strengthen fertilizer and water management in the early stage to promote seedling growth, and to control core, fertilizer and water in the later stage to promote branch maturity.

3.2 Colonization

165438+ suitable1late October or early April of the following year. When planting, put the seedlings into the hole, align the row spacing, stretch the roots, fill the soil while practical, and gently lift the seedlings to make the roots stretch and closely contact with the soil. The planting depth should keep the original rhizome flush with the ground, water it immediately after planting and cover it with plastic film.

3.3 Post-planting management

The seedlings can take root and sprout about 15 d after planting. For a few seedlings that have not germinated, they can be uncovered for inspection, and the surviving seedlings should be replanted in time. After planting, in case of strong wind and drought, a small amount of fine water can be used to irrigate along the planting hole, and flooding is not allowed.

The tree shape of grapes should be adapted to the frame, so the tree cultivation method of grapes should be based on the prepared frame and choose the appropriate tree shape. There are mainly single trunk trees, multi-trunk fan trees and single trunk horizontal trees.

3.3. 1 young tree management. The young tree period refers to the period from the planting of grape seedlings to the initial fruiting, and its main task is to tie the grapes on the shelf and quickly shape them to lay a good foundation for the fruit. When the seedlings grow to 20 cm, choose an upright and strong branch as the main vine, and wipe off the remaining branches and vines. When the seedlings grow to 50 cm, erect the pole in time and tie the seedlings to the pole to promote the vertical growth of the seedlings. With the growth of seedlings, every 30 cm 1 lane. For the secondary branches within 30 cm from the ground on the main vine, leave 1 leaf for continuous coring; For the secondary branch over 30 cm, the primary branch leaves 3 leaves, the secondary branch leaves 2 leaves, and the tertiary branch leaves 1 leaf for coring. From the beginning of July, the trees were sprayed with 240 times and a half volume of Bordeaux mixture 1 time to prevent downy mildew. After entering August, the branches and vines of the tree began to age and mature, and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed in time to accelerate the tree maturity and flower bud differentiation. In mid-August, the main vine began to pick the core to promote the maturity of the branches and vines. After 10 month, apply 60 t/hm2 farmyard manure and 750 kg/hm2 calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and then water immediately. 3.3.2 Management in the second year after planting. After germination in the second year, inappropriate and dense vegetative branches on the main vine were erased. When the sprout with inflorescence on the main vine is divided into heads, select one fruiting branch every 20 ~ 25 cm, and smooth the rest. The general principle is that weak branches leave no or less spikes, strong branches generally leave 2 spikes, and middle branches leave 1 spike. If the yield is controlled at 15 t/hm2, the quality will decline if the yield is too high. 3 ~ 4 d before flowering, take out the remaining fruit branches from the 6 leaves on the inflorescence. Except for the top 1 ~ 2 elongated branch, all the other branches were erased under the ear, and the upper secondary branch took 2 ~ 3 nodes. For the ear, the secondary ear can be removed at the initial flowering stage, and the long ear tip can be pinched off, which is beneficial to the beautiful ear shape and the increase of fruit grains.

3.3.3 Full fruit management. Full-fruit period refers to the period when fruit trees have begun to bear a large number of fruits, and the yield, quality and economic value have begun to reach the best level. The fruit yield of trees is increasing year by year, and the vegetative growth is gradually weakening. If it is not managed properly, it is easy to have years. Therefore, the focus of tree management is to adjust the relationship between growth and fruiting, improve lighting conditions, maintain tree vigor, and obtain high and stable yield [6]. According to the variety characteristics, frame characteristics and tree age, the cutting intensity and regeneration mode of fruiting mother branches are determined. Generally, the cutting amount of mother branches is: 8 hedgerows /m2 and 6 scaffolding /m2. When the branches have already appeared trivia, they should be fixed according to the variety and tree potential, generally 8 ~ 15, following the principle of keeping more strong trees, less weak trees, more on the upper part of the shelf surface and less on the lower part of the shelf surface. Bud smearing is carried out in 2 ~ 3 times in the full fruit stage, and the principle is to leave sparse and dense, and leave flower buds without leaf buds.

Finally, the new buds will be cored and the secondary buds will be treated. Good water supply is needed in bud stage, berry expansion stage and before winter, and irrigation should be controlled in mature stage. Grapes need to be fertilized several times a year during the full fruit period. After the fruit is harvested, base fertilizer is applied in autumn, mainly organic fertilizer, mixed with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer are the main topdressing before germination. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are the main topdressing during the fruit expansion and color change period. In areas lacking trace elements, topdressing should be increased according to symptoms, and the last foliar fertilization should be more than 20 days after the harvest date.

3.3.4 Winter pruning. Pruning in winter is mainly to maintain the cultivated tree shape, adjust the balance between various parts of the tree body, make the branches and vines evenly distributed on the shelf surface, prevent the fruiting parts from moving out, and maintain high and stable yields year after year, mostly in winter. Pruning annual branches includes thinning branches and pruning tree tops. When pruning, cut it in the middle or above the internode, and don't be too close to the bud to avoid dehydration and drying of the cut bud. Leave 3 ~ 5 buds on the base branch of the old branch to bear fruit, and leave 2 ~ 3 buds on the lower branch to be chopped, which will be used as the mother branch for bearing fruit in the coming year. Results The number of mother branches should be determined according to the variety, structure and yield characteristics.

3.4 Pest control

In order to achieve the goal of economic, safe and effective control, it is necessary to determine different control priorities in different periods and adopt different control methods for different pests and diseases. From dormancy to germination and dew, it mainly prevents overwintering bacteria and eggs [7]. After pruning in winter, spray 1∶ 1∶200 stone sulfur mixture 1 time on the trees; When the grape buds germinate green, spray 1∶0.5∶200 sulfur stone mixture 1 time to reduce the bacterial sources of white rot, black pox and anthracnose. From leaf spreading stage to flowering stage, it mainly controls black pox; The fast-growing period of young fruit to hard-core period is the recurrence period of many diseases and moths, and it is also the key period of pest control, with emphasis on black pox, powdery mildew, downy mildew, anthracnose and moths. Berries are colored to maturity, mainly to control anthracnose, powdery mildew and white rot. 65,438+0,000 times of 50% water-soluble bactericidal powder, or 64% emulsifiable concentrate, used for preventing and treating black pox and anthracnose. 700 times solution of Mn-Zn wettable powder; Control white rot with 600 times solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1 0,000 times solution; 700 times solution of 50% junling wettable powder to control powdery mildew; Spraying 600 times of 72% carbendazim wettable powder or 1 500 times of 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder to control downy mildew; Spraying 20% Migujing EC 2 000 times or 73% Keltai EC 3 000 times to control red spiders. The prevention and control of grape diseases should focus on prevention, and pesticide varieties should be used alternately to avoid drug resistance.

4 references

[1] Zhao Changqing, Cai Zhibo, Lu Dongmei. Modern protected grape cultivation [M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Publishing House, 20 1 1.

[2] Sun Ruishan. On grape cultivation in coastal saline-alkali land [J]. Journal of North China Agriculture, 1963 (4): 49-54.

[3] Dong Yanghui, Wang Yiping. Efficient cultivation techniques of grape in greenhouse [J]. Journal of Jiangxi Agriculture, 2007 (4): 1 19, 12 1.

[4] Bao. Greenhouse grape cultivation techniques [J]. Modern agricultural science and technology, 2011(9):118-19.

Liu sihong Grape Cultivation Techniques in Naiman Sandy Land [J]. Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology, 1995 (6): 20-22.

Wang Jinghong, Wang Jian. Design of grape cultivation facilities in Jiangsu coastal areas [J]. Jiangxi Agricultural News, 2009 (1 1): 83-86.

[7] Chang, Zhang Hui, Kang Yongyi. Analysis on the causes and countermeasures of freezing injury of wine grapes [J]. Xinjiang Meteorology, 2004 (4): 27-30.

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