1. Hypothetical reasoning: tell the causal relationship between things in hypothetical language and convince readers. It is to assume that the conditions that can achieve a certain result in the cited factual materials do not exist, and what kind of results will appear, so as to achieve the purpose of discussion from the opposite side. Make a hypothetical analysis, if the example is positive, then make a hypothetical analysis from the opposite side; If the example is negative, assume from the front. In a word, positive examples are negative and counterexamples are right. This is the simplest way of reasoning, which everyone can master. Symbolic words are usually "if … then" and "if (if) … how can". Example reference: 1, think and listen, this is the voice of many people with lofty ideals. Yu Boya and Zhong Ziqi became friends through music, which produced the feeling of bosom friends. Listening and making friends, life and success are inseparable. If Chu Huaiwang could think and listen, Qu Yuan would not throw himself into Miluo helplessly. If a loser can learn to listen, he won't suffer from failure again; If a sad person can listen to others' persuasion in quiet thinking, happy sunshine will eventually fill his hair and eyebrows. If you want to succeed, don't say "no" easily. The sweetness of success belongs only to the brave who dare to try. If a person easily says "no" to anything, then he can't seize the chance of success, let alone climb to the top of victory. In the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, China women's volleyball team will never win if it is discouraged and has no courage to challenge its opponents' confidence under the disadvantage of falling behind 0-2. (Don't say "no" easily) Taking the China women's volleyball team in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games as a positive example, the author expounds the adverse consequences of saying "no" easily, thus effectively proving the view that "if you want to succeed, don't say" no "easily. 2. Causality analysis: Causality analysis is to link arguments with arguments based on causality. If the argument States the result, then we can analyze the reason, which is called "exploring the cause"; If the argument states the reason, then the result can be deduced, which is called "research result". When we write, we can use causal complex sentences to express it. The related words are "because ... Example: 1. As the saying goes: think twice before you act, think twice before you act. Pang Juan did not think deeply, but believed in the plan set by Sun Bin, only to regret that "Pang Juan died under this tree"; Without careful consideration, Sima Yi believed Kong Ming's empty city plan, which made him regret for the ages, changed it into a heavy weapon and was defeated. It was because he thought many times and dared to deny his predecessors that he gave Archimedes a lever, so that he could pry up the story of the whole earth, and then gave Cavendish the name of a giant, who could tell the legend of the quality of the earth. The author describes two negative cases of Pang Juan and Sima Yi and two positive cases of Archimedes and Cavendish with causal complex sentences, which is not fully considered, although the case narrative is very concise and rich in arguments. 2. Break through the pressure of "burying" by struggle. Throughout the ages, many people who have made great achievements all over the world have suffered the fate of being buried. Einstein was buried in the patent office, playing the role of an ordinary clerk. But he didn't lose heart, seized every opportunity to learn and finally opened up a new world of physics. Hua once "buried" in a small shop, but he didn't feel depressed. After doing his business well every day, he seized every minute, stayed up all night, studied hard, devoted himself to mathematics, and finally became a famous mathematician. Why didn't they "suffocate" because of "burying" and make achievements? Because they are unwilling to endure the fate of being "buried", no matter how unfavorable the situation is, they never lose their courage and strength. They firmly believe that a swift horse that has never lost its ambition will eventually take off. Therefore, in the case of "burying", they did not complain about others, but worked hard and finally broke through "burying" and stood out. Third, the meaning analysis method: also known as the post-case analysis and evaluation method. It is a method of revealing and evaluating the effect, value and influence of things or events in refined language after describing factual arguments, so as to prove the arguments. Its function is to see the big from the small, and it can be highly evaluated from the aspects of "effect, value and influence", go deep into the essence and reveal the harm. The symbolic words of meaning analysis are usually "from …, find …, feel …," reveal, show, explain, show, spread, tell …. Examples for reference: 1. Viewpoint: We should face up to the history of German Chancellor Brandt. When he visited Poland in the 1980s, he knelt before the gravestones of the people killed by the Nazis. This kneeling not only shows the German people's remorse for their crimes, but also shows Brandt's noble personality charm. The Germans faced history rationally, constantly reflected, and finally completed the self-salvation of the soul. The German nation showed the power of reason to the world and won the respect of the world! 2. Viewpoint: Strong will is the cornerstone of success. Beethoven was deaf at the age of 28 and died at the age of 57. For more than 20 years, he has been struggling with terrible deafness. However, Beethoven did not give in to fate. With tenacious will, he finally wrote the most famous and combative work "Symphony No.9" in his life a few years before his death. Excuse me, what is the reason for Beethoven's success? It is tenacious will. I am sure that Beethoven's indomitable will made him indomitable, which made it possible for him to conquer the peak of world music and become the greatest musician in the world. 3. Viewpoint: It is a wise man to abandon what should be abandoned. Gorky, a world writer, didn't care about clothes, furniture, property or even life when his room was on fire. What he rescued from the raging fire were boxes of books. He abandoned the wealth in the eyes of ordinary people and kept the real wealth that enlightened the mind and purified the soul. Giving up correctly makes his personality unique. Fourth, dialectical analysis again.