Lin Zexu is a representative figure of smoking ban in China. When Daoguang discovered that the silver in the national treasury had dropped from 70 million taels to less than100,000 taels, Lin Zexu was appointed as a smoking ban. When Lin ordered the confiscation of opium, Yi Yi ordered the British businessmen to hand over all 20,283 boxes of opium without asking for instructions and bargaining with London, and promised to compensate the British businessmen for their losses on behalf of the British emperor. This move surprised and satisfied Lin Zexu, but angered the British ruling and opposition parties. Only the traditional propaganda in China did not mention the decisive role of individuals in collecting opium; On the other hand, Britain ignored his role in ceding Hong Kong. Up to now, it has not even been mentioned in the dictionary of British celebrities. It was the mantle that first proposed the cession and occupation of Hong Kong.
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After the first stage of the First Opium War, the Law of Righteousness was submitted, but it was not approved by London. The main requirements of this treaty are: a, ceding Hong Kong to Britain; B, compensation of six million yuan (this is the figure advocated by Qishan); C. British and Chinese officials treat each other as equals; D, limited to (184 1 year), Guangzhou's trade will be resumed within ten days after the Spring Festival. The treaty only needs the emperor's approval to cede Hong Kong, and everything else needs to be approved. But the British government is not satisfied. They think it is more important to open the trade blockade against China and gain the free trade rights of all China. 184 1 August, Yale was dismissed and took over. Queen Victoria called the Law of Righteousness "a person who completely disobeys instructions and strives for the shortest term". Yi Li was transferred to Texas as the British agent in North America, even though Lin Zexu was exiled to Xinjiang.
It is not bad to say that opium was the trigger of the Opium War. But the essence of this war is not opium. Opium is a display agent, exposing the corruption of China's autocratic rule; Opium is also a corrosive agent, which makes this already corrupt system more corrupt. As Marx said: "The corrupt practices that saturated the whole bureaucratic system in China and destroyed the pillars of patriarchal clan system were smuggled into China together with opium boxes moored on British barges in Huangpu." A brave man, represented by Lin Zexu, cares about the country and the people. Although Fan Wenlan respects Lin Zexu as "the first person to see the world", as far as their energy is concerned, they are powerless.
Lin Zexu finished collecting opium in May 1839; Destruction began on June 3. At this time, only more than twenty merchant ships in Britain were protected by the only small frigate, HMS Larne. Lin Zexu did not insist that these opium dealers sign contracts to stop the opium trade; When the righteous law ordered the merchants to hand over all opium according to the official requirements of China, they were satisfied. British businessmen James James Matheson and Chatton sued the British government because some China officials secretly told them, "Six or seven thousand boxes are enough."
When destroying opium, Lin Zexu invited American businessman C.W.King and American missionary Elijah Bridgman to attend. Jin told Lin Zexu that the steam gunboats sent by Britain were on their way at the request of those businessmen. Lin Zexu obviously didn't pay enough attention to this information. He didn't realize that he only destroyed opium, but he didn't destroy the huge opium market in China, let alone the profiteering desire of opium dealers. Nor did he take enough measures to distinguish legitimate businessmen from opium smugglers. Until July 7th, a group of British sailors rowed to a pub in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, drank too much, destroyed a shrine of villagers, and caused a fight. As a result, the villager Lin died of his injuries. Lin Zexu asked the boatswain to pay for his life according to the Qing law; Yili agreed to compensate the families of the deceased and punish all the sailors involved in the incident, but refused to take the lead and sentenced only one of them to death. The Qing law conflicts with English law here, which is also the origin of extraterritorial jurisdiction later.
The two sides deadlocked, Lin Zexu issued a notice to all "overseas foreigners", ordering them to obey China. /kloc-in August of 0/5, Lin banned all trade, blocked all foreign enterprises in Guangzhou and sent troops to Macao. The righteous law ordered British businessmen from Hong Kong and Macao and their families to board the ship and leave the coast; Lin also ordered villagers not to provide any necessities to British ships, and sent warships to intercept British ships. Once the foreigners who landed were found, they were all punished on the spot. On September 5, Iraq sent Karl gutzlaff, a British businessman, as a special envoy, one of the letters to Lin, demanding that the blockade of British ships be lifted and normal trade relations be restored; Secondly, it is required to prevent villagers from throwing dirt or even poison at places where British ships get fresh water. Lin refused. At two o'clock in the afternoon, Yiyi issued an ultimatum, which was ignored. At 0300 hours, British warships opened fire on the blocked China warships in an attempt to break through the blockade. Time magazine called it the first shot of the Opium War. In fact, this is at best a local armed conflict, not any war.
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The following are the reasons for the passivity caused by the diplomatic mistakes of the China administration before the war.
183 1 year, the British government abolished East India under the impact of free business spirit.
The company has monopolized China's trade for 200 years. Commercial trade has become a dynamic private activity.
Dynamic, reflecting a more free spirit of business competition, which is undoubtedly a table of social progress.
Now It turned out that the semi-official business relationship between China and Britain disintegrated, leaving the Qing officials who were used to official business activities.
Know what to do. 1830, Li Hongbin, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, learned that the East India Company was about to be dissolved.
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Interest rate, the British Shang Dynasty wrote back, asking Britain to send "officials" to deal with Sino-British trade, so
The British government officially sent a "business representative in China" headed by Laube to establish diplomatic relations with China.
A "peaceful and equal trade relationship", according to the "General History of the Qing Dynasty", "Before a woman leaves"
The hand of the king warned China that whenever there was a dispute between the British, China and other outsiders,
When properly mediated, ensure a peaceful settlement between the two. If you have a dispute with China officials, you should be moderate.
Attitude, don't threaten or use military action. As for observing the laws and customs of China,
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Especially important. "British Foreign Secretary John Balmaizun also made special instructions, warning laws, laws, laws and laws:
First, under normal circumstances, taking the laws of China as the criterion, diplomatic rights cannot be exercised casually; two
Respect China's laws and regulations prohibiting foreign warships from entering China's inland waters.
Sadly, such an opportunity to mend Sino-British relations is understood by two completely different cultures.
It turned into a tragedy that triggered the final showdown between China and Britain. Britain believes that at the request of China officials,
The "officials" sent by China should become the official diplomatic representatives of Britain.
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Therefore, before he left, the Foreign Minister also told the law: "When you arrive in Guangzhou, you should send an official letter immediately.
Knowing the governor of China, however, China officials actually think that coming to China is like
Like the tribute envoys from North Korea, Vietnam, Myanmar and Tibet, they came before the great powers of China, namely.
Later, I learned the identity of the legal business representative and regarded him as a person who had no other business debts with the past.
Debtor ",so wait for the law to submit formal credentials to Lu Kun, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi in the form of international diplomacy.
Lv Kun scoffed at him. Lv Kun said in his report to the Qing Emperor: I wonder if there is any law.
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No official position, even if it is actually a state official, can not be parallel with the letters of officials in Xinjiang, China, which is related to the state system
If you don't care at all, you will be despised. "It is in such a serious inequality?
Cultural misunderstanding makes the contact between the two sides, and the dialogue between the two giants becomes one.
Yes, both deaf people think the other is a "barbarian". The end result of this is that foreign accounts in Britain.
The official residence was investigated, and the law was taken hostage by Qing officials and then deported, so that
Even he got sick and died in Macao.
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Zero-sum game: there is no choice but war.
The Qing court's "victory" over the law made the Qing dynasty even more arrogant, saying
Emperor Guangdi and Governor Lu Kun are increasingly convinced that when there is a conflict between China and foreigners, only foreigners should be.
When the business hall is blocked and the diplomatic envoys of the Yi nationality are taken hostage, these Yi people will listen to their heads and ears.
Trouble doesn't matter. Let the world's only central power continue to enjoy its peace and prosperity.
. In all commercial disputes and diplomatic conflicts between China and foreign countries after 1839,
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The Qing court always used this effective "convention" to deal with foreigners without hesitation, and she also learned a lesson from it.
I have never thought about what consequences this "ignorant private law" will bring to international diplomacy.
I have never recalled that in China's ancient teachings, there is another basic principle of observing "the two countries are at war and do not make war".
About.
According to the "Diplomatic History of the Chinese Empire" published in Britain, the British government and Chinese businessmen in China have followed
The lesson drawn from the Franco-Franco-Franco-Franco incident is: "We only now realize that the past and China."
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When dealing with officials, the most unwise thing for China government is to accept its humiliation and discriminate unfairly.
The treatment of resignation will not only damage the dignity of the country, but also hurt us.
Doubt of prestige ",although the tipping point of the Sino-British war was Lin Zexu's ban on smoking, between China and Britain,
Due to the fundamental differences between the two cultures, the accumulated contradictions and conflicts have buried the inevitable war.
The foundation of.
In Britain, the initial reaction was mild. They refused to go to war because China banned opium, because if China people went to Britain to sell opium, they would be put to death. The British Foreign Office informed Charles that "Her Majesty's government cannot support immoral businessmen." Refused to order warships to enter the Pearl River, and ordered Charles to settle disputes by peaceful means. This instruction put Charles in a dilemma. However, when the British government learned that Manning had ordered a permanent ban on trade, people below Queen Victoria, including the opposition party in Parliament, were very excited.