Abstract: The wine culture in China has a long history and is profound. It is an important part of China culture, and wine vessels are an important carrier of wine culture. We can learn about our traditional culture through wine vessels. Focusing on the glorious period of China bronze wine vessels-slave society, this paper analyzes the relationship between the emergence, development, classification and modern design of wine vessels.

Keywords: modern design and humanized design of bronze wine vessels in slave society

Whether in social etiquette or in daily life, drinking has become an important way of leisure and entertainment. Therefore, in addition to the need for convenient use, the design and use of wine sets has also become a very important aspect of etiquette in different occasions. This is inseparable from the development of wine sets. Especially in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties when bronzes prevailed, bronze wine vessels became a very important part of the works circulated in this period.

First, the emergence of bronze wine vessels in slave society

When the invention of ancient copper smelting and the use of bronzes in China began is still inconclusive. However, for a long time, from the original cultural sites and post-original cultural sites recorded in the literature in Luoshui area of the Yellow River in western Henan Province, archaeologists have regarded them as original cultural sites or early commercial sites, which makes the existence of Xia culture a bit confusing. In recent years, through the unremitting efforts of the researchers of the "Xia Shang Zhou Dating Project", the excavation of Xia culture has finally reached an open conclusion: Erlitou culture belongs to Xia culture. Accordingly, the Xia Dynasty began the prelude of the Bronze Age with China characteristics. [ 1]

Thus began the glorious period of bronze culture in slave society, and it was also a period called "cruelty and civilization coexist"

The rapid development of productive forces and the extensive sources of means of subsistence have greatly increased social wealth. There are some surplus products, clans and tribes merged, and the ruling area of alliances and tribal leaders gradually expanded. This is the social appearance when the clan society is about to collapse and the class society is about to appear. This coming society is a slave society. The oppression of the ruled by the ruler has developed production, but it has contributed to a sharp struggle. Xia Jie, the last king of Xia Dynasty, was tyrannical and dissolute, which aroused people's hatred and led to the rise of Shang Chao. The establishment of Shang Dynasty was the development of slave society, but the slave rule was cruel, and the civilization of slave society was also created under the background of cruel rule. In the tombs of slave owners of all sizes found in various places, there are a group of slaves buried with them, also known as unearthed ritual vessels, which are the crystallization of the wisdom of a group of slaves. But slaves are often buried with their owners like utensils, and slaves are just production tools such as oxen and horses hoes under the rule of slave owners. The establishment of the Zhou Dynasty was established under the social conditions of alcoholism, extravagance and waste, disregard for the national government and widespread popular support. It carried out a series of reforms on the national government, including a set of laws and regulations from political economy to culture and art. There are distinct levels of monarch and minister, father and son, and nobility and inferiority. The types and quantities of utensils used in different grades are different. Slave owners are ignorant and superstitious, worship their ancestors, and think that there is a supreme god in the sky-heaven and earth, which has a great influence on the development of culture and art [2]

In this context, bronze ritual vessels appeared. The so-called ritual vessels refer to the vessels used by slave owners and nobles to hold ceremonies when China entered the initial class society. In the process of slave owners establishing slave countries, with the establishment of slave owners' aristocratic dominance, bronzes were monopolized by slave owners' nobles. Some bronzes, which were originally articles for daily use, were endowed with special meanings, which reflected the ruling authority of slave owners, distinguished the superiority and inferiority, and became symbols of slavery rationality, so they were called ritual vessels. This function of ritual vessels was fully exerted in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties when slavery was at its peak. As an important part of ritual vessels in slave society, wine vessels experienced its glory in this period.

Second, the classification of wine vessels

There are several kinds of wine vessels in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties: cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, cellar, This part will briefly introduce the modeling and usage of several wine vessels in combination with ancient literature.

Book of rites? Ritual vessels "cloud:" Sacrifice in the ancestral temple, the honorable person raises the bow, and the humble person raises the horn. "Therefore, the horn is a drinking vessel. Some people think that the horn is used to warm wine. The earlier physical objects were discovered in Erlitou culture period, and the nipple horn now hidden in Shanghai Museum belongs to the late Xia Dynasty in time. The concave arc is open, the tips of both ends are upturned, the body length is flat, there are round holes on the false abdomen of the outer drum, triangular feet are disabled, there are chords on the abdomen, there are nails on the oblique tubular flow, and there are bronze horns in the late Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty, but the number is small. Its shape has no flow on the mouth and no column. If the wings are tails, the middle is cup-shaped, or covered or uncovered. However, speakers are used by humble people, mostly civilians. It is impossible to use a large number of luxurious bronze wine vessels, but more pottery and wooden wine vessels, so there are fewer bronze horns unearthed and circulated.

Book of rites? The ritual vessel says: "The honorable person offers the title, and the humble person offers it. "Scattered, it is a humble instrument. With the sound of the horn, it is shaped like a horn, with a round mouth and two columns on it. The original pottery was pottery, and many pottery were found in Miaodigou Phase II of Longshan culture type. Earlier bronze coffins were found in Erligang site in the early Shang Dynasty. The breast nail coffin, which is only hidden in Henan Provincial Museum, is an early Shang Dynasty artifact with an open mouth and a thick rim, with a nail-hat-shaped column, waist, abdomen and bottom. The waist is decorated with nail patterns and chord patterns, and the abdomen is decorated with five drum patterns, which is simple in shape. Bronze coffins in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty were found in archaeological excavations. These bronzes are short and thick, most of them have hooves and three feet, and some have four feet.

Shuowen said: "Jue, a ritual vessel, looks like Jue ... so the drinking vessel looks like Jue, which is enough to take its festival." Jue is a bird, so he feels that the shape is the shape of a bird. The shape of the whole appliance is quite like a bird's tail that stands up. Jue is a kind of drinking vessel, generally with a turbid mouth and a narrow mouth, with a flow in front, that is, a trough for pouring wine; The tail is slender, there are two short columns at the flow break, and the top of the column is a round cap. The middle is cup-shaped, with scorpions on the ventral side and three feet on the lower part. The original aristocratic title was made of pottery, and the bronze title also developed from it. At present, earlier titles have been found in Erlitou site of Yanshi, and the coexistence of pottery titles has also been found in Erlitou site. In archaeological work, 40 titles were found in Muhao Tomb in Yin Ruins, which is the largest group of bronze titles found so far. The more famous one is Bai Gong of the Western Zhou Dynasty. His inscription reads: "Bai Gong is the Lord of A Jin, and he uses his discretion as a meal." Confirm that Jue is a drinking device.

Shuowen said, "Hey, the rural drinking corner is also." Book of rites? Ritual vessels "cloud:" The honorable person raises the flag. "So it is used by people with identity, and the objects found in archaeology are generally gorgeous. Its shape is mostly ellipsoid, but also round, with small mouth, large neck, deep abdomen, round foot and many covers. Bronze dragons, like bronze dragons, were popular in the late Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty, and declined with bronze dragons after the middle of Western Zhou Dynasty.

The Book of Songs? Nan Zhou? "Curled Ears" said, "Let me think." It can prove that you are a drinking tool. Most of its shapes are imitations of animals, such as tigers, cows and sheep. Among them, the cow is the most representative, so it is called "in front of the altar". 1976, unearthed from No.5 tomb in Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan Province, is now in Simuxin, Institute of Archaeology, China Academy of Sciences. It is a combination of birds and animals. The first two feet are like animals' hooves and the second two feet are like horseshoes. The body is decorated with bird feathers composed of thunder patterns of dragons, tigers and beasts, which are covered with inscriptions. Bronze Fu prevailed in Shang Dynasty and early Western Zhou Dynasty.

Zun is also a vessel for holding wine. At first, the statue was made of pottery, and its shape was mostly big mouth or sharp bottom. A statue with a big mouth was unearthed from Dawenkou cultural site in Shandong Province, and some symbols were engraved on it, which attracted attention. After Shang Dynasty, bronze statues became popular. Judging from the bronze statues that have been found, their shapes are various, which can generally be divided into three categories: shoulders with big mouths and dragons and beasts. The size of the statue is smaller than that of the statue, and there are hanging beams, so the shape of the device is more complicated. Usually it has a small mouth, a lid and a long neck. There are ellipsoids, oblate bodies, cylinders and squares, as well as those made according to the shapes of birds and animals. The utensils used to mix wine are the utensils that use water and the like to mix wine into a thick or light color. At present, the earlier bronze cups are the physical objects that Erlitou culture relies on. Generally speaking, bronze cups appeared in the early Shang Dynasty and prevailed from the late Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty, and their shapes changed in different periods. In the early Shang dynasty, the bronze cups were bagged feet, which flowed on the top, and in the late Shang dynasty, they flowed on the abdomen, circled the feet, and some even had beams. The bronze cups in the Western Zhou Dynasty changed more, and square cups appeared.

The Book of Songs? Daya？ Han Yi said, "To show my father's kindness, there are 100 pots of sake." "Mencius? Hui Liang Wang Xia said, "Eat the pulp in the kettle to welcome Julian Waghann. "You can prove that this pot is a vessel for holding wine. Pots originated very early, and pottery pots were unearthed in Longshan culture and Peiligang culture in Neolithic age. Copper pots appeared in Shang Dynasty and became popular. Generally, they are small mouths and big bellies, and some have hanging beams, covered or uncovered. Yi is often used as a general term for bronze ritual vessels in bronze inscriptions, but it is called "Zunyi" together with "Zun". However, among the unearthed bronzes, one has the same characteristics-square mouth, square cover, square belly, Fiona Fang foot, leaf edge and four slopes at the top. After the Song Dynasty, the so-called man gave this artifact a special name, called "Yi", and later called "Fang Yi". Bronze Fang Yi appeared in the late Shang Dynasty. After the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, Fang Yi was scarce and seemed to decline gradually.

There are also many bronzes used as or as vessels for holding wine, such as jars, spoons, bans, etc. So I won't go into details in this article.

3. The modeling features and representative works of bronze wares in different periods of slave society.

Judging from the bronzes unearthed in the Xia Dynasty, they are mainly small tools and weapons. Bronze ritual vessels are only used by drinkers. Its shape is exactly the same as that of Tao Jue, with thin wall, flat body and thin waist. The foot is flat, the flow tail is long, the groove shape is narrow, and there are many columns at the junction of the flow mouth, which are hollowed out with a large arc, corresponding to one foot. This is the typical shape of the bronze baron in the Xia Dynasty. [3]

The shapes of Shang bronzes are mostly derived from pottery, such as Ding and Wei, which all evolved from, but they also have the style characteristics of bronzes, such as thin embryo. Generally speaking, square and round geometric shapes are the most common shapes in Shang bronzes. These geometric shapes follow the principle that the proportion of the upper, middle and lower parts of the object should be coordinated, and the left, middle and right parts should be balanced, so that the center of gravity of the object falls on the ideal position, thus achieving a calm visual effect. The arrangement of all kinds of accessories of utensils is carried out under the principle of not destroying the overall balance, so it is an effective means to adjust the balance in addition to better meeting the practical needs. In the late Shang Dynasty, there was a great breakthrough and innovation in the modeling of bronze wares, and characteristic square wares became more common. [4]

Among the Shang bronzes, the three-dimensional sculpture of man and beast is the most artistic form. All kinds of bronze sculptures are the combination of three-dimensional sculptures of people or animals and practical container shapes. Such as 1938 unearthed in Yueshanpu, Ningxiang, Hunan Province, and now in the Museum of History, Siyang Fangzun is 58.3 cm high, 52.4 cm long and weighs 34.5 kg. It has a square mouth, a big edge and a rotating neck, and the corners and the center of each face are decorated with banana leaf patterns. There is a ridge in the center of the banana leaf pattern, and all eight ridges extend out of the mouth of the organ, so that the mouth of the organ is opened. A standing sheep is cast around the statue, with its head sticking out of the statue, its big horn curled and pointed forward, and its body, legs and hooves are on the legs of the belly statue, which is integrated with the bronze statue, just like four sheep standing in all directions, facing each other and ready to come. * * * shoulders the long neck of the square statue and the mouth for eating out, thus successfully combining the three-dimensional sculpture with the container modeling.

In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, from King Wu to King Mu, the Bronze Age had both the legacy of the late Shang Dynasty and its own style. At the beginning of the week, the most important wine vessel was Zuo Hezun. Some shapes are mostly pendulous stomachs. In order to increase the stability of utensils, long horns are often decorated on both sides of the lid, giving people a magnificent and solid feeling. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the properties of bronzes changed obviously, and the general trend was that the ritual vessels were rough and rough, which was in obvious contrast with the previous period. [5]

Like the Shang Dynasty, there are a large number of bronze wine vessels in animal shapes in the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The representative works are 1988 fish-like figures unearthed in Baoji Museum, Shaanxi Province. It is shaped like a carp, covered in scales, covered with a small fish, and its fins are buckled with four feet. 1982, a bird-shaped statue unearthed in Dantu, Jiangsu Province, soon revealed a plump waterfowl with a generous hunchback and webbed feet. Because of his plain body, the mysterious color shrouded in Shang bronzes disappeared, which made him more vivid. The bronzes of the Zhou Dynasty showed his artistic charm.

Fourthly, the enlightenment of bronze wine vessels in slave society to modern design.

"Flower King Gong Ji" put forward: "Sometimes, the weather is enough, the material is beautiful, and the work is skillful. Combine these four, and then it will be fine. If the materials and artist skills are good but not good, they will not be angry from time to time. " Good weather, good weather, good materials and skillful art are the four main factors that make an excellent handicraft. [6] Our ancestors discovered natural copper in combination with the weather and local conditions. Because of its high melting point, soft texture and easy casting, bronzes gradually flourished. After long-term casting practice, craftsmen have explored the advantages of Cu-Sn alloy, gained a scientific understanding of the physical properties of bronzes, and concluded that casting different vessels requires different Cu-Sn contents to make the vessels play the best use efficiency, which is the so-called "six (seven) agents". The casting of bronzes is very strict. In the long-term casting experience, craftsmen not only mastered the alloy proportion, but also changed the shape of vessels in each process, casting vessels with various uses, and wine vessels are one of the most important aspects. Some of these artifacts are cast and molded, some are carved through holes, some are complicated ornaments, some are light and clean, some are natural shapes such as birds and animals, some are thick and huge, some are slim, novel and unique, such as four sheep statues and bird and animal patterns, which have reached a high artistic level. Weather, geography, materials, art and ingenuity are all available. How can there be no excellent design works?

The bronze wine vessel design in slave society reminds us of today's wine vessel design, which extends to modern design, and many of them abandon their origins and blindly westernize. In a nation's cultural system, craft culture often has comprehensive functions and properties, and it has a longer history and foundation than other cultures, and has become the soil for the growth of other cultures and arts. Mr. Zhang called this phenomenon of craft culture "primitive culture". [7] The originality of arts and crafts not only shows that this culture originated from human childhood, but also shows that this culture runs through the historical development of human culture. He is a towering tree, which constantly produces new branches and lush foliage in the process of growth, forming a tree of cultural life system. Just like western design, we absorb foreign culture, take foreign national culture as nutrition, absorb and integrate, and constantly enrich and develop ourselves.

Some people may question that in today's accelerated pace of life, if we imitate the design materials or decoration or modeling or workmanship at that time, we are unwilling to learn experience and nutrition from ancient bronzes. Moreover, in the slave age, most of the exquisite objects handed down to this day were used by slave owners. As a sacrifice, ceremony or banquet, it is impossible to spend so much manpower and material resources today. But it doesn't mean that there is a conflict between the design in the manual age and the modern design. No matter how different the times are, the design purpose of serving the people is the same. In the handicraft era, the design is personalized, diversified and small-batch, which embodies the purpose of serving a few people and adapts to the requirements of rulers and a few aristocratic classes to show off their power and status. With the advent of the industrial age, the emergence of machines has made mass production and standardized production the main modes of production, and design has largely changed from a luxury for a few people to a necessity for most people. The design purpose of serving people is to meet the needs of most people. This transformation not only promotes people's deeper understanding and research, but also promotes the commercialization trend of design, but it does not mean that it can be shoddy, but combines the design principles and design experience of the ancients to make the design more scientific, reasonable and perfect.

Speaking of the design of "human", the "human" mentioned here is not only a biological person, but also a social person. Therefore, people should be in harmony with things and the environment, and with society, and their core is people. Although this point has not been summarized as a design principle in slave society, many excellent designs have already embodied this feature. In bronze sculptures, there are often vessels with human-animal shapes, such as the famous Four Sheep Square statue mentioned above, which are vividly combined with animals. There is also a bronze owl statue unearthed from Fu Hao's tomb in Anyang, Henan Province. It is a proud owl crouching with its head held high. With its thick claws and tail feathers standing upright on the ground, it forms three support points, which are extremely stable and powerful. Behind the big owl, there is a small owl with open wings. It looked around, spread its wings, and tried to fly upward, getting rid of the big owl that was pressing on it. This is a big, a small, a static, a dynamic, in stark contrast, rich, steady, vivid and vivid. Without the craftsman's love for nature, there would be no such passion for creation and no such excellent works. Now everyone is talking about "green design" and "humanistic design", but they don't care about nature and kill animals, so "humanistic design" will be just empty talk. The design concept is influenced and restricted by practice. A good design should have harmony between man and nature, and the combination of "good weather and good atmosphere" can achieve the goal. As the main link of production, craft design seems to be designed for creation and production, but fundamentally speaking, design, like creation, is designed to meet people's needs, slave society is designed to meet the needs of slave owners, and modern design is designed to meet the needs of public aesthetics and use. In the final analysis, they are all designed for people, not things. Design must consider the relationship between people and things, things and things, people and the environment. In fact, the relationship between things is actually the relationship between people.

Hegel said: "man has an impulse to realize himself in the external things directly presented to him." People can achieve this goal by changing external things, engraving the brand of their inner life on these external things, and finding their own character reappearing on these external things. The purpose of doing this is to eliminate the stubborn alienation from the outside world as a free man. In the form of things, he only appreciates his own external reality. "

The making of wine vessels itself contains the element of "humanization of nature", and its sculpt decoration has obvious aesthetic consciousness and purpose, which generally reflects a new cognition of the ancestors on the relationship between self and external things, and an activity of expressing their hearts through things, so as to observe their essential strength in things. It embodies a fuller sense of creativity in artistic spirit. Although there are obvious practical utilitarian purposes and some spiritual needs, the purposes and needs it embodies are spontaneous, free, instinctive and even primitive, rather than forced, suppressed and standardized. Therefore, its art contains more requirements of human nature and is the art closest to the essence of human nature. As Gross said: "The primitive form of art sometimes gives people a strange and artistic first impression. Once we examine it more carefully, we will find that its formation is in line with the law of the highest artistic development. "