Li Shihao
Tang Dynasty: Du Fu
At dusk, officials arrested people at night. The old man climbed over the wall and left, while the old woman went out to watch.
No matter how angry an official is, why do women cry? After listening to the woman, three men guarded Ye.
One man attached a book, and two men died. Those who drag out an ignoble existence are dead.
There is no one in the room, only a baby and a grandson. And grandma didn't go, and there was no skirt in and out.
Although an old woman is weak, please come back at night. If you are in a hurry to serve Shirley in the river and Yang, you might as well prepare the meal in the morning.
The night is long and silent, like crying and choking. Dawn will rise into the future, leaving the old man alone.
translate
At dusk, I stayed in Shihao Village, and at night, officers came to recruit soldiers. The old man fled over the wall, and the old woman went out to deal with it.
The officers shouted so fiercely that the old woman cried so sadly. I heard the old woman come forward and say, "My three sons are going to take part in the battle of Yecheng.
One of the sons sent back a message that the other two sons had just died in battle. Let the living live one day at a time, and the dead will never be resurrected!
Old woman, there is no one else at home, only a little grandson who is nursing. Because of the little grandson, his mother hasn't left yet, but she doesn't even have a good dress in and out.
Although the old woman is old and weak, please allow me to accompany you back to camp for the night. Go to Heyang to apply for a job and prepare breakfast for the troops. "
Late at night, the sound faded away, and I vaguely heard a low and intermittent cry. After dawn, I continued on my way, just to say goodbye to the old man who came home.
Du fu's poems
1, temporarily spend Albert Venn Dicey, a few Ye Shenbo. Jia Jian
2, the vegetation is late, and the river is clear of frost and snow. fire
3, the moon shadow, high pillow far from the river. Guest night
4, the first month is not high, the stars are still brilliant. Chengdufu
5, red thick horn flowers, green corner grass. Rain over the Soviet Union
6. The stars tilt down from the open space, and the moon runs from the upper reaches of the river. One night abroad.
7, the wind and the moon fall, and the clothes are clean. The village on the left of the banquet
8, flowers fall, the wind goes nowhere. News of my brother.
9. Drive the horse to rain and snow and March into the deep mountains. Seven o'clock before going out.
10, the moon hangs in the sky, making the night lonely. Later, the second part of jam
1 1, I woke up, and the low moonlight on the rafters seemed to be your face, still floating in the air. Li Bai's dream
12, dusk in Cuizhujiang Village, Baisha, sending Chai Men a new moonlight. Nanlinju
13, flying willow, cotton and duckweed in the snow, bluebirds find their way with cinnabar handkerchiefs. Two on the road.
14, the snowy river ice sheet is bleak, and the green is the bonfire bones. Sad green Osaka
15, dry skin, peeling mud, dark hair depression and snow cream. Xima line
16, midnight is soft, and the moon falls like a golden basin. To Brother Lu Qiu, a monk in Shu.
17, Liu Ran Ran Sibi, Juanjuan Stamen Red. "Answer Cen Can to fill the vacancy and see the gift"
18, fish blowing fine waves shaking song fans, swallows flying, flowers dancing. Rowing in the west of the city.
I wonder, when can we lift our cups again, just like we walked on the moon last night? . Farewell General Yan at the station.
20, red to peach tender, green to willow new. Mr. Li's early spring works.
2 1, the leaves are covered with branches and feathers, and countless gold coins bloom. Autumn rain sighed.
22, lingering in the Three Gorges Tower, Wuxi Yi * * * Yunshan. Singing the first part of historical sites
23. Cao, the official of Chixian County, combines rigidity with softness. Vote for the philosophers in Chenghua County.
24, your white bowl is better than frost and snow, and it is pitiful to send Mao Zhai. Also begging Dayi porcelain bowl in Wei place.
25, flowers and chaos wrapped around the river, taking risks and fearing spring. The second step of finding flowers by the river
26, the old poems are sloppy, and the flowers and birds in spring are not deeply worried. Briefly describe the value of water in a river like the sea.
Literary appreciation:
Li Shihao is an outstanding realistic narrative poem, which tells the story that officials go to Shihao Village at night to arrest people for conscription, and even elderly and infirm women are taken to serve, exposing the brutality of officials and the darkness of military service system, and expressing deep sympathy for the people's suffering in the Anshi Rebellion. In art, refinement is a major feature of this poem. The narrative contains lyrics and arguments, and love and hate are clear. Scenes and details describe nature and reality. Good at cutting, with a prominent center.
The first four sentences can be regarded as the first paragraph. The first sentence "cast stone ditch village at dusk", come straight to the point and tell the story directly. The words "dusk", "vote" and "village" need to be pondered, and readers can't let them go easily. In feudal society, due to the disorder of society and the desolation of the journey, tourists all "stay while it is still time", not to mention in the era of war and disaster. Du Fu, on the other hand, hurried to a small village for the night at dusk. This unusual scene is very enlightening. Either he doesn't dare to go this way at all; Or the nearby towns are empty and have nowhere to rest. In a word, a few words not only pointed out the time and place of stay, but also told the whole story about chaos, trouble and disorder, which provided a typical environment for the performance of tragedy. Pu Qilong pointed out that this poem "A tiger catches people" ("Reading Du Xin Jie") is not only about "arresting people at the official night", but also about the environment of the first sentence. The sentence "arresting people at the night of being an official" is the outline of the whole article, and the following plots all come from here. Saying "arresting people" instead of "recruiting soldiers", "counting soldiers" and "recruiting soldiers" is exposed and criticized in the truthful description. Coupled with the word "night", the meaning is even richer. First, it shows that the government's "arresting people" often happens, and people hide or resist during the day and cannot "catch" them; Second, it shows that the means of "arresting people" by county officials is vicious, and they make a sudden attack at night when the people have fallen asleep. At the same time, the poet threw himself into Shihao Village at dusk. Several hours have passed from dusk to night, and of course he has fallen asleep by this time. So he didn't take part in the later activities, but heard them through the door. The phrase "the old man crosses the wall and the old woman goes out" shows that the people have suffered from Ding for a long time and have no peace day and night; Even in the middle of the night, I still fidgeted. As soon as I heard the noise outside the door, I knew that the county officials had come to "arrest people" again. The old man immediately fled over the wall, and the old woman opened the door to deal with it.
These sixteen sentences can be regarded as the second paragraph, from "why do officials get angry when they shout" to "it is better to prepare for cooking in the morning" "Collectors call what anger! Why do women cry! " In two sentences, the sharp contradiction between "official" and "female" is summarized extremely incisively and vividly, and written vividly. A "shout", a "cry", an "anger" and a "bitterness" form a strong contrast; The two adverbials "Yihe" add more emotional color, effectively rendering the savage momentum of the county official like a wolf, and creating an atmosphere of grief and indignation for the old woman's complaint below. The two sides of the contradiction have a master-slave and causal relationship. "Why do women cry" is forced by "why do officials cry and get angry". Below, the poet no longer writes "official call", but writes "women cry" and "official call" to see himself. "Speak before listening to women" is a connecting link. That "listening" is the poet's "listening" and that "delivering a speech" is the old woman's "bitter cry" in response to the county magistrate's "angry cry". Thirteen poems with the content of "making a speech" have changed their rhymes many times, showing many twists and turns, suggesting that county officials have repeatedly "shouted angrily" and forced questions. These thirteen poems were not uttered by an "old woman" in one breath, and the county magistrate was never there to listen to them. In fact, "why do officials get angry when they call you?" Why bother if a woman cries! " It is not only the beginning of the activity, but also the end of the activity. It is the first turning point from "three people guarding Yecheng" to "the dead are gone". As readers can imagine, this is the first time that county officials have forced questions and complaints. Before this, the poet had written the trend of county officials catching people with the phrase "officials catching people at night". When the old woman went out to see it, she jumped in. The thief looked everywhere, but couldn't find a man. She closed her eyes. Then roared:
"Where have all the men in your family gone? Hand it over! " The old woman sobbed and said, "All three sons are soldiers guarding Yecheng. One son just wrote that the other two sons are dead! ..... "Tears, may not believe the county officials, also took out a letter to the county officials.
In short, "the living drag out an ignoble existence, and the dead are long gone!" " The situation is sympathetic enough, and she hopes to win the sympathy of county officials and be lenient. Unexpectedly, the county magistrate was angry again: "Is there no one else in your family? Hand it over! " She had to complain about this: "There is no one in the room, only the nursing children." These two sentences are not said at once, because there is obvious contradiction between "no one" and the following answer. The reasonable explanation is: the old woman said first: "There is no one at home!" " "At this time, hiding somewhere in the daughter-in-law's arms, the grandson was scared to cry by the roar, but it was no use covering his mouth. So the county magistrate seized the handle and threatened: "How dare you lie! Isn't there a child crying? The old woman had no choice but to say, "There is only one grandson! Still breastfeeding, very small! " "Who eats milk? There must be a mother! Don't hand her over! "What the old lady was worried about finally happened! She had to bite the bullet and explain: "The grandson had a mother, and her husband died in Yecheng, and he didn't remarry because he had to breastfeed the child. Pity her rags, how can she meet people! Do me a favor! " (There are two sentences: "Grandma didn't go, and she didn't wear it in and out.". Some versions are "Grandma didn't go out conveniently, and the official didn't wear a dress", and the county official let her out. ) but the county collectors still refused to stop. The old lady was afraid that her widowed daughter-in-law would be caught and starve her grandson, so she had to come forward: "Although the old lady is weak, please come back at night. I am in a hurry to serve food in the river, and I have to prepare breakfast in the morning. " The old woman's "speech" ended here, indicating that the county magistrate reluctantly agreed and stopped "growling".
Although there are only four sentences in the last paragraph, it takes care of the beginning, involves all the characters, and writes the ending of the event and the author's feelings. "The night is silent, like crying and choking." It shows that the old woman has been taken away, crying in a low voice when she walks, and she can't hear crying as she goes further and further. The word "night is long" reflects the long process of the old woman crying repeatedly and the county officials bullying in every way. On the one hand, the word "Ruwen" shows that the daughter-in-law was sobbing because her husband was killed and her mother-in-law was "caught", on the other hand, it also shows that the poet listened attentively and couldn't sleep all night. "Tomorrow is a sunny day, and I will be alone with the old man" is the whole article, which contains infinite affection in the narrative. The night before, both the old man and the old woman greeted the poet, but after a night, the old woman was taken away and her daughter-in-law was sobbing, so she had to say goodbye to the old man who had escaped. What the old man's mood is, and what the poet thinks, all these leave the reader with room for imagination.
Qiu said in Detailed Notes on Du Shaoling Collection: "The ancients had brothers, and only one person was sent to join the army. Today, all the able-bodied men have been driven away. They are old and weak. There is a cloud in the poem: three people guard, two people die, Sun Fangru, daughter-in-law has no skirt, Weng climbs over the wall, and women walk at night. In a family, father and son, brothers, grandparents and granddaughters are so cruel, which makes people miserable! At that time, Tang Zuo was also in danger! " That is to say, "the people are the foundation of the country". If the people are made like this, the throne of the ruler will be in jeopardy. In the face of all this, the poet Du Fu did not beautify the reality, but truthfully exposed the political darkness and issued a cry of "arresting people at night", which deserves high praise.
In artistic expression, the most outstanding point of this poem is refined. Lu Shiyong praised: "How long! What a simple statement! " That's what I said. The whole sentence narrative, no lyric words, no argument words; But in fact, the author skillfully expressed his feelings through narration and made comments, with clear love and hate and clear tendency. The combination of praise and criticism in narrative not only saves a lot of pen and ink, but also gives readers no conceptual feeling at all. The poem also uses the expression of Tibetan questions and answers. "Collectors call what anger! Why do women cry! " After summing up the contradictions between the two sides, I concentrated on writing "women" instead of "officials", but the ferocity and violence of "officials" were hidden in the old woman's speech and the turning point of the event. Poets are also good at tailoring, and there are endless meanings in the narrative. The first sentence was about staying overnight, and immediately turned to the theme of "arresting people at the night of being an official". For another example, it only wrote "the old man climbed over the wall and walked", but did not write when he would come back; Only wrote "I am sobbing", not who is crying; Only write the old lady's "official night please return", not whether she was taken away; However, the narrative and lyrical "farewell to the old man" begins and ends with care, telling readers that the old man has returned home and the old woman has been taken away; Then, the one who was afraid to cry loudly with tears in her eyes was the young widow who was nursing her child. It is precisely because the poet's pen and ink are concise and refined that it is commendable to reflect the contradictions and conflicts in life with amazing breadth and depth in a short space.
Du Fu introduced in detail.
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, is called "Du Gongbu" and "Du Shaoling" in the world. Born in Fugong County, Henan Province (now gongyi city, Henan Province), he was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu is regarded as a "poet saint" by the world, and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Du Fu and Li Bai are called "Du Li" together. In order to distinguish them from the other two poets Li Shangyin and Du Mu, that is, "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Big Du Li". He is concerned about the country and the people and has a noble personality. About 65,438+0,400 of his poems have been preserved, and his poetic skills are exquisite, and he is highly respected in Chinese classical poetry and has far-reaching influence. He lived in Chengdu from 759 to 766 and was commemorated by Du Fu's Caotang.
all one's life
As a teenager, Du Fu lived a relatively stable and prosperous life because of his superior family environment. He has been eager to learn since he was a child. At the age of seven, he was able to write poems. "At the age of seven, I thought I was strong, and I sang the phoenix with my mouth open." He is interested in "making the monarch Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure." When he was a teenager, he was also very naughty. "I remember when I was fifteen, I was a child, as healthy as a yellow calf." Pear and jujube are ripe in August before the court, and the tree day can return to a thousand times. "Du Fu roamed several times in his youth. At the age of nineteen, he traveled abroad (now Shandong), showing all his shortcomings.
family member
Grandfather Du Fu's grandfather was Du Fu, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Shen Yan is very talented, but he is proud of his talent. Shao, Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Su Weidao are called "Four Friends of Articles". In the first year of Xianheng (670), he was promoted to Jinshi and was appointed as the captain of Jicheng. Then switch to Luoyang city. In 698, in the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was demoted to Jizhou to join the army. But at this time, they offended their colleague Guo Ruona and Chief Executive Zhou Jizhong, conspired to frame Du and sentenced him to death. Du Fu's uncle, Du Bing, was thirteen years old and assassinated Zhou Ji.
Allusion: Angry at the extravagant and shameless royal family.
The Tang dynasty, especially during the reign of Xuanzong, was undoubtedly a veritable big country in the world at that time; But in this seemingly powerful kingdom, signs of collapse have been born because of collusion and many other reasons. Xuanzong Li Longji was a very successful emperor when he was young. He successively appointed Yao Chong, Song Jing, Zhang Jiuling, Han Xiu and other loyal patriots as prime ministers, and vigorously rectified the corresponding drawbacks. Social economy has made great progress, comprehensive national strength. ...
Ideological core
The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and his poetic style is gloomy and frustrated, worrying about the country and the people. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, exposed and criticized the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and was even willing to make sacrifices to save their suffering. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, with the most ...
Calligraphy achievement
Du Fu's view of calligraphy creation is very mature and profound. According to the records, his calligraphy style is cursive and cursive, with overall intention, respect for the ancient and magnificent, and emphasis on speed, rhythm, brushwork, ink method and so on. He was also a very profound calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, his praise of the official calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty and his evaluation of Cao Ba and Zhang Xu were enough to make him famous in the history of calligraphy, and his theory of "calligraphy is expensive but thin and hard" laid the foundation for Du Fu and calligraphy theory. ...
Poetic style
Generally speaking, Du Fu's depressed poems are characterized by "depression" in language. The word "depressed" first appeared in the Southern Dynasties, "the body is depressed and thinking, and the sun and the moon are beautiful". Later, Du Fu wrote the word "depressed and frustrated", which accurately summarized the language of his works. "As for depression and frustration, they are always agile, while Yang Xiong and Gomez are ordinary. A further study of Du Fu's poems shows that the formation of his poetic style is closely related to his adherence to Confucianism. ...
The influence of later generations
His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. Arts and Crafts ... Show all contents
Literary achievements
The literary work Du Fu's Poems has sixty volumes, which were lost earlier. In the second year of Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1039), Wang Zhu collected 1405 volumes and compiled them into 18 volumes, which was named "Du Gongbu Collection". Qian edited The Collection of Du Gongbu. Yang Lun said: "Since the Six Dynasties, Yuefu imitated plagiarism, and Chen Xiangyin was the most disgusting. When Zi Mei came out, she felt what she felt at that time. When she went to Benjamin, she was in trouble. The people there were very poor. She asked questions at random, trying to get rid of the stereotypes of her predecessors. The position of poetry in Du Fu's Middle Ages ... shows everything.
background
Du Fu was born in Dujia, Jingzhao, a northern scholar-bureaucrat. Its distant ancestor was Du Zhou, a famous cruel official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He and Du Mu, another great poet in the Tang Dynasty, were both great scholars and celebrities in the Jin Dynasty. However, the two tribes are far apart. Du Fu comes from Du Yu's second son Du Dan, and Du Mu comes from Du Yu's youngest son Du Yin. Du Fu's ancestor was Du Shenyan, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Shen Yan is very talented, but he is proud of his talent. Shao, Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Su Weidao are called "Four Friends of Articles". Tang Gaozong Xianheng ... Show all.
Chronological life
During the reign of Xuanzong (7 12-755), the first year of Xuanzong was Renzi (7 12). Du Fu was born in Gongxian County (now Gongyi, Henan Province) and his ancestral home was Xiangyang, Hubei Province. In the fifth year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan, Ding Si (7 17) was six years old. Taste Yancheng and watch Gong Sundaniang dance "Sword" and "Soul Tuo". Kaiyuan six years, Wuwu (AD 7 18), seven years old. Initiate poetry. In the eighth year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan, Geng Shen (AD 720) and Du Fu were nine years old. Start learning big characters ... show everything.
Memorial building
Du Fu Cottage has two Du Fu Cottage, which are located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province and Chengxian County, Gansu Province. The former is more famous. Dufu tomb in Mangling, Kangdian, Gongyi, Henan. Shaolingtai is located in Yanzhou City, Shandong Province. Dugong Temple is located in Shaoling, Chang 'an District, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. There are several ancestral temples in Dugong, and there are four ancestral temples outside Chengdu, Leiyang and Kuizhou. "Four temples refer to temples in gangwon, Zhangzhou, Tonggu and Jianmen. Today Leiyang has a key article from Hunan Province ... showing all of them.
The mystery of death
For many years, the biggest question Du Fu left for future generations was the cause of his death. The literary and historical circles put forward five theories about Du Fu's death: First, the theory of illness and death. Looking through Mo Lifeng and Tong Qiang's Biography of Du Fu, it is written in the book about Du Fu's death: "Winter came and the poet fell ill. I got sick on the boat to Hengyang. ..... a superstar has fallen in this infinite loneliness. "