Scientific paper on automobile tires 1
Talking about the Maintenance of Automobile Tires
Abstract: Since entering the 2nd/kloc-0th century, China's economy has developed steadily, people's living standards have been continuously improved, and more and more people have their own private cars. However, with the continuous improvement of various vehicle systems, the cost of car use is also rising, and many people spend a lot of money on tire use fees. This paper discusses the use and common maintenance of tires in order to help them.
Abstract: Since 2 1 century, China? China's economy is developing steadily, and people live and work in peace and contentment? With the continuous improvement of living standards, more and more people own private cars. However, with the improvement of various vehicle systems, the cost of automobiles is also rising, and many people spend a lot on tires. This paper discusses the use and daily maintenance of tires, hoping to help everyone.
Keywords: automobile; Tires; Pay attention to your health
Keywords: automobile; Tires; maintain
Classification number of China Library: U463.445438+0 Document ID: A document number:1006-4311(2014) 23-0063-02.
1 Reasonable selection and matching of tires
The choice and matching of tires should vary from car to car. It is particularly important to emphasize that tires of different specifications and brands should not be mixed in the same car and coaxial. The mixed loading here has three meanings: ① The front wheel and rear wheel axle tires of the same car cannot be mixed. That is, radial tires on the front axle and diagonal tires on the rear axle are not allowed, and vice versa; (2) The same car is coaxial and cannot be mixed. That is, on the same axle, the left wheel is equipped with radial tires, and the rear wheel is equipped with bias tires, and vice versa; ③ The left and right tires of the front and rear axles of the same vehicle cannot be mixed. That is, radial tires are installed on the left wheel of the front axle, diagonal tires are installed on the right wheel of the rear axle, and vice versa; If two kinds of tires with different specifications are installed on the same axle, it will cause oversteer or understeer, which will easily lead to sideslip, affect the operability of the car and cause a car accident. On the same axle, different brands of tires cannot be mixed, because even though many parameters of different brands are the same, their tire patterns, tire quality and so on are also very different. Even though their inflatable outer edges are the same size, their sinking rate and rolling radius are different, and their respective stiffness differences cause different ground responses. Brand mixing will seriously affect the service life, handling stability, traction, ride comfort, braking and driving safety of tires.
2. Keep the vehicle in good technical condition.
Tire life has a great relationship with the technical state of the vehicle. For example, improper toe-in and camber will accelerate tire wear; If the brake assembly is too tight, the tire will rotate irregularly, leading to slipping and mopping, thus accelerating tire wear; In addition, excessive wheel imbalance, loose ball joint of tie rod, excessive king pin clearance, poor suspension quality or installation will aggravate the vibration of tires during driving and accelerate the wear of tires.
3 Check the tire pressure correctly and inflate it reasonably.
Cars mainly inflate tires according to the instructions. What needs to be emphasized here is that during the inspection, it is not only possible to judge whether the tire pressure is sufficient by observing the tire sinking amount and landing area, but also impossible to judge whether the tire pressure is sufficient by kicking or even knocking. It should be measured correctly with a barometer. When the tire pressure is too high, the contact area of the tire decreases and the unit pressure increases, which increases the wear in the middle of the tread, increases the tire rigidity, and increases the dynamic load on the wheel, which is easy to cause tire puncture. On the contrary, shoulder wear increases sharply, rolling resistance increases, fuel consumption increases, and vehicle speed is affected.
The test shows that when the tire pressure increases by 25%, its service life will be reduced by 15% ~ 20%, and the tire pressure will be reduced by 25%, and its service life will be reduced by about 30%.
4 Correct and timely transposition of tires
Due to the uneven distribution of front and rear axle loads and different left and right loads in different automobile designs, the stress on each tire after installation is definitely inconsistent, and the driving skills and environment of the owner are good or bad. After a period of use, the tire wear of each car will be different. Therefore, after the car has been used for a certain mileage, it should be reasonably transposed. It is suggested that the tire transposition time should be around1.4000 km. Usually there are crossover and circulation methods for transposition. If there are new tires, they are usually new.
[Skew tire transposition] [Radial tire transposition] [Spare tire] [No spare tire] [Spare tire] [No spare tire] [Head]
Figure 1
5 strictly control the speed while driving.
With the continuous improvement of China's expressway network and the increasing mileage of expressways, most car owners step on the accelerator as soon as they get on the expressway, hoping to reach their destination as soon as possible. Here, the owner should be reminded that the tires should be used within the maximum driving speed corresponding to the specified speed grade index, and it is best to adhere to the economical medium-speed driving. This is because when the vehicle is running at a high speed, the tire will contact the ground more times per unit time, the friction will be more frequent, and the tire deformation frequency in the circumferential and lateral directions will increase. When the speed reaches the critical speed, the vibration of the tire crown surface fluctuates and deforms, forming a static wave. This static wave can cause the tire to burst in a few minutes; In addition, the speed should be controlled in time when turning, going up and down the hill and stopping, and the speed should be slowed down appropriately when turning, so as to avoid the tire from being affected by driving inertia and centrifugal force to accelerate the unilateral wear of the tire; When the vehicle goes uphill or downhill, the driver should control the speed according to the size, length and road conditions of the slope, and shift gears in time to reduce the wear and tear caused by vehicle starting and emergency braking; When you encounter some unavoidable foreign objects during driving, you should try to control the speed, slow down and bypass, and you can't brake suddenly to avoid foreign objects such as debris from penetrating into the fetus. Therefore, in order to further ensure the safety of drivers and reduce tire wear, drivers must strictly control the speed when driving.
6 the temperature of the tire
When the vehicle is running, the tire tread and sidewall are constantly compressed and stretched, and heat is generated between rubber molecules, between rubber and cord, between inner and outer tires, and between road surface and tire due to mutual friction. This seriously damages the mechanical properties of automobile tire materials, accelerates tire wear and shortens its service life. Once the tire temperature reaches 95℃, the tire is in danger of explosion. Therefore, in hot weather, in addition to properly reducing the speed, if conditions permit, you can drive when the temperature is low in the morning and evening, or stop for a rest after driving for a certain distance to prevent the tire temperature from being too high.
7 the correct driving method
7. 1 Develop good parking habits. Whether parking on the way or on site, you must choose a flat, clean and oil-free ground when parking. Every tire should land smoothly, especially when the vehicle is loaded overnight, pay more attention to the parking place and jack up the tire if necessary. Avoid parking on roads with sharp stones. In addition, when parking, do not choose places where there are acids, petroleum products or other substances that affect the properties of rubber. After parking, the driver must not turn the steering wheel again to avoid accelerating tire wear.
7.2 Don't drive too hard. Keep driving in a straight line as much as possible to avoid sudden braking. Excessive starting, sudden braking and sharp turning on the left and right will drag the tire and the ground and accelerate tread wear.
7.3 When choosing a good road surface, try to choose the one with good road conditions.
The sidewalk. In case of road maintenance construction, drivers should choose to pass slowly at low speed to avoid tire collision and abrasion; When driving on roads with poor road conditions, it is necessary to minimize the collision between tires and the road surface, and at the same time reduce the speed to avoid tire wear caused by bumps and vibrations.
In addition, it is necessary to clean the foreign bodies on the tires at any time. After the tire is used for a period of time, it will be unbalanced due to various factors, so it is necessary to check and adjust the imbalance regularly to prolong the tire life. In addition, in the maintenance and use of tires, we should also pay attention to the spare tire and check the spare tire regularly in case of emergency.
8 concluding remarks
In a word, tire maintenance involves all aspects of knowledge and skills. As long as the owners do the above, it will play a very good role in the maintenance of automobile tires.
References:
Liu Guotao. Talking about the maintenance and use of automobile tires [J]. Science, education and cultural exchange (last issue), 20 12(04).
[2] Wang Bo. On the Wear and Effective Maintenance of Automobile Tires [J]. Automotive Practical Technology, 20 10(05).
Shen xiaoxun. Daily maintenance, wear analysis and four-wheel rotation of automobile tires [J]. Science and Technology Information, 20 12(30).
[4] Ye Huaimin. Discussion on the Use and Maintenance of Automobile Tires [J]. Science and Technology Information, 20 12(34).
Ge Jian Cause analysis of automobile tire wear caused by double-axle steering [J]. Shandong Industrial Technology, 20 13(08).
Automobile tire science and technology paper II
Use and maintenance of automobile tires
Tire is one of the most important parts to ensure the running of a car. Starting with the structure and specifications of tires, this paper makes a comprehensive introduction to tire maintenance.
Tires; Maintenance; Pay attention to your health
Many people compare the engine to the heart of a car and the tires to shoes. A good pair? Shoes? It can not only make your driving more comfortable, but also make your journey safer and more convenient. However, my shoes suddenly burst during the journey, and I can still walk no matter how hard it is. If the tire suddenly bursts, it will lead to tragedy. The importance of tires can be seen. It is very important to learn to maintain your car tires. Let's start with the introduction of tires and introduce the maintenance of tires:
1 tire profile
According to the different structure of tire carcass ply, it can be divided into three types:
Bias tire, radial tire, bias tire with belt. Because radial tires have many advantages, cars basically use radial tires, so we take radial tires as the focus of discussion.
1. 1 tire structure
The tire can be divided into the following parts:
Curtain: constitutes the carcass, bears gravity and conducts external force.
Side wall: anti-bending, improve comfort.
Belt: strengthen the carcass, stabilize the tread and prevent tire puncture.
Lining rubber: replace the inner tube of tubeless tire and cover it with air.
Traveler: High-strength traveler, which keeps the tire and rim on the same rotating surface and fixes the wheel.
The tire is on the rim.
Wear indication point position: When the tread wears to the wear indication point platform, it means that the tire has reached the service limit, and the tire must be replaced for safety.
Grip: The grip grade, from best to worst A, B and C, represents the braking performance of tires on wet asphalt pavement and cement pavement under specified test conditions.
Tire temperature: from good to bad? b？ C. Excessive temperature will affect wearing and safety.
1.2 tyre size
Such as P 195/60R 158V.
? p？ Refers to automobile tires.
? 195? Refers to the tire section width, that is, the width between two sidewalls.
? 60? Refers to the flat tire rate, that is, the percentage of tire height to tire width.
? r？ Refers to the radial structure of a tire.
? 15? Indicates the rim diameter (in inches).
? 88? Indicates the load index of the tire.
? v？ Indicates the highest speed level that the tire can withstand. The maximum speed that a V-class tire can reach is 240 km/h.
2 Maintenance and maintenance of tires
After understanding the basic knowledge of tires, we have a further understanding of tires, which is more conducive to tire maintenance and maintenance. First of all, we should start with the installation of wheels. If it is not properly installed, it is like a disease brought by a child from the womb, which is difficult to cure. No maintenance.
2. 1 tire installation
Careful friends may find that some car tires are painted with stains. What the hell is this for? In fact, this is learned: the white dot represents the minimum radial deflection point of the wheel and the red dot represents the maximum radial deflection point of the tire, and the two should be installed in alignment. The yellow dot on the tire represents the minimum mass of the tire and is usually installed in alignment with the valve. At the same time, be sure to remember to lubricate the tire mouth when installing, but don't use oily lubricant. . In addition, qualified wheels with correct specifications should be selected, and damaged or deformed wheels should not be used.
For the installation of single guide tire, be sure to land in the direction of arrow first; Asymmetric tires, pay attention to the inside and outside of the tires, and don't install them wrong. Generally speaking, the outer side emphasizes rigidity, and the shoulder lines are plump, while the inner side emphasizes drainage, and the shoulder lines are generally delicate.
2.2 wheel removal and installation
When removing the wheel, you should mark it. When installing, be sure to install the tire on the wheel hub completely according to the marks made during disassembly, and never press it casually. Because the car has been dynamically and statically balanced when it leaves the factory, if it is not installed as it is, it will destroy its balance and accelerate the wear of tires. When tightening the screws, be sure to bring all the nuts first, then turn the nuts until there is slight resistance, and finally tighten them bit by bit with a torque wrench according to the cross method until the specified torque is reached, so do it. More can't like some drivers, think that the tighter the better. In order to tighten the screw, the whole person stood on the wrench and shook it with all his strength. This is very wrong. Screw to his standard torque, too loose and easy to fall off, too tight and easy to break, these are fatal hidden dangers.
2.3 Four-wheel alignment
After loading the tires, it is best to do four-wheel alignment if conditions permit. In modern cars, wheel alignment angles are set in tires and front and rear suspension systems. That is, four-wheel alignment parameters. Wheels and suspensions should be positioned after maintenance and replacement or after collision, because these will cause changes in wheel toe angle, camber, caster angle and caster angle. The changes of these angles will not only affect the straight driving, light steering, handling and comfort of the car, but also affect the abnormal wear of the car tires. Not only will it increase the economic burden of the owner, but it may also cause a flat tire and lead to a car accident.
2.4 nitrogen filling
Some people think that as long as the air pressure is right, it is the same to charge any gas. This view is wrong. Nitrogen washing is more beneficial to tires, because nitrogen is an inert gas, which is relatively stable, and it is not easy to undergo oxidation reaction with rubber in tires, and it is not easy to meet high temperature expansion like water vapor in the air. Nitrogen flushing has many advantages:
(1) Reduce tire puncture: During driving, the tire temperature will rise sharply due to the friction with the ground, especially during high-speed driving, because the temperature of gas in the tire rises rapidly, the tire pressure will rise sharply, so tire puncture will occur.
(2) Prolonging tire life: After using nitrogen, the tire pressure is more stable, and the volume change of gas in the tire is also small, which greatly reduces the irregular friction of the tire and invisibly improves the tire life. In addition, the aging of tire rubber is due to the oxidation of oxygen molecules. Nitrogen can greatly eliminate oxygen, sulfur, oil, water and most impurities in the air, prolong tire life and reduce the occurrence of rim corrosion.
(3) Reduce fuel consumption: When driving, the tire pressure is insufficient and the resistance increases after heating, which will increase the fuel consumption of the car. Nitrogen filling can maintain a very stable tire pressure, and the low thermal conductivity and slow temperature rise of nitrogen can also effectively reduce the temperature rise of tires at high speed, thus reducing rolling resistance and achieving the purpose of significantly reducing fuel consumption.
(4) Noise reduction: Nitrogen is a diatomic gas, which is chemically inactive and has a low audio conductivity, which is only 1/5 of that of ordinary air. Therefore, the use of nitrogen can effectively reduce the noise of tires during driving, and the effect of improving driving quietness is obvious.
3 Maintain the correct tire pressure.
Keep the correct tire pressure while driving. Usually, the air pressure standards of the front wheel, the rear wheel and the spare tire may be different, and the tire pressure data provided in the vehicle user manual provided by the automobile manufacturer should be strictly followed. Usually, the tire pressure is also marked on the vehicle doorpost and other parts with labels. Air pressure problems will bring a lot of troubles to the use of tires, such as: decreased grip, decreased braking performance, decreased wet resistance, decreased comfort, and the danger of tire puncture. Therefore, the tire pressure must be appropriate.
4. Always check the usage of tires.
Check the tires regularly to see if there are bulges, cracks, cuts, nails, rubber aging at the valve and abnormal tire wear. The larger stones mixed in the tire tread pattern should be cleaned frequently, otherwise it is easy to puncture.
5. Be sure to clean the tires.
When driving, the tires may be contaminated with some corrosive substances. The urine of cats and dogs is corrosive to the tires, so be sure to clean them in time if you have time.
6 The tire wear indicator should be stopped.
There are wear indication marks at the left side of tread groove 1.6 mm depth. When the tire is worn to this mark, it must be replaced. It is very dangerous to use tires with excessive wear index, especially when driving in wetlands, because the drainage performance of tires has been greatly reduced.
7 tire transposition
In order to obtain the best tire wear condition, tire transposition is necessary. Generally 8000km or refer to the instructions on tire transposition in the user manual provided by the vehicle manufacturer. When you check the tires every month, if you find that the tires are irregularly worn, you should adjust the position as soon as possible. There are three methods for tire transposition: a) replacing radial tires with small spare tires, b) replacing radial tires with standard spare tires, and c) replacing ordinary bias tires.
Driving at high speed is dangerous.
Generally speaking, automobile tires have speed grades. It is very dangerous to exceed its speed range when driving.
There are many factors that affect tire life, but as long as we pay attention, they can be avoided well. I hope that all the friends in this article can make maximum use of the value of tires in the actual use process and improve the life of tires!
refer to
[1] Lu. Automobile four-wheel alignment [M]. Machinery Industry Press, 20 10.
[Editor: Liu Shuai]
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