Occasionally, year of creation: Qing Dynasty, author: Liu Dakui, genre: literary theory. My essay, written by Liu Dakui in Qing Dynasty, has a volume of * * *, which is contained at the end of Haifeng Anthology. Based on Fang Bao's theory of "righteousness and law", this paper further discusses the artistic problems of prose.

My article (1)

The writing is based on God, supplemented by Qi. Cao Zihuan, perilla sutra paper, mainly qi ②, is. But the qi turns with the spirit, and the spirit is muddy and tired (3). If God is far away, he will flee, if he is big, he will be angry, if he changes, he will be angry, and if he is deep, he will be flat. Therefore, God is the master of Qi. It's not wonderful to put reason first. If you don't study hard, your words will be empty (4). People who have no economy (5) are tired, but they are not suitable for use. Therefore, those rational, bookish, economical and writing realities, if writing is another matter. For example, craftsmen work hard (6) and have no civil materials, even if there is a way to do everything well (7), where are the facilities (8)? But there are many people who have civil materials and are not good at facilities, and they can't become great craftsmen in the end. Therefore, a scholar is a great craftsman. Those who have the spirit of syllables can also be craftsmen (9), and those who are righteous, curly and frugal are also craftsmen's materials.

God is a writer's treasure. The most important thing in an article is full of qi, but if there is no god in charge, then qi is not attached and I don't know where it belongs. God is the master of Qi, and Qi is the utilization of God. God is only the essence of qi. Ancient articles can only tell people the law, but can't keep it, so they will die. Wei Jiang should study at home. Li: "The article is like a thousand troops; The wind is raining and there is no sound. " (10) is the most telling sentence. Whether it has potential or not, grammar always catches people off guard.

Article is the most important rhythm; Among the numerous orchestral performances, there must be a place that steals the voice of hope (1 1).

Arrogance, the essence of literature; Syllables, the text is slightly thicker; Text is the roughest part of the text. However, if I refer to paper and text, then text can do everything. Those who cover syllables are also honored; Word and syllable moments are also (12). Air is invisible, but it is seen in syllables; The syllable is inaccurate (13) and the sentence is accurate.

The higher the syllable, the higher the air, and the lower the syllable, the lower the air, so the syllable is the trace of air. In a word, one more word or one less word; Between the lines, either use a flat voice or a shrill voice; If the same flat character is used, or the flat tone, rising tone, falling tone, rising tone, entering tone and syllable are different, then the sentence is the moment of syllable. Accumulate words into sentences, sentences into chapters, chapters into articles, read together, watch syllables, sing and show off proudly.

Wen Guiqi, the so-called "those who cherish it will be extraordinary" (14). However, there are strange words, strange meanings, strange authors (15), strange gullies (16), strange spirits and strange spirits. It is not strange to use strange words; Qi is really strange; Magic was rare in ancient times. However, even so, the words are not strange, and they are naturally literate. Yangzi's Tai Xuan and Fa Yan (17) are very good in Changli, so Changli is very curious. Strange gas is the hardest to know, it rises and falls suddenly, comes inexplicably, and goes without a trace. Reading ancient humanities, it is strange to feel unpredictable knowledge between the starting point and the end point. Odd, as opposed to flat. Although the gas is grand, it is not surprising not to go. Going on in one breath will always mention miracles. Tai Shigong's Biography of Boyi is magical (18).

Wen guijian Where the style is old, it is simple (19), meaning is true, words are simple (20), reason is simple, taste is light, qi is simple (2 1), goods are expensive, it is simple (22), spirit is far away and inexhaustible. Therefore, Jane is best suited to make a fuss. Cheng Ziyun: "What you say is what you do. Don't show off people who have no virtue. People who know virtue hate it." This language is the most interesting.

Wen Guibian said in Yi: "A tiger becomes a warm soldier and a leopard becomes a woman." (24) He also said: "Mixed, so it is called Wen." (25) Therefore, the author changed it into a word. In the first episode, the article changed, the paragraph changed, the sentence changed, the spirit changed, the environment changed, the syllable changed and the sentence changed, but Changli could do it.

Grammar is flat and strange, and it must be both. This is what a scholar can do. In ancient times, there were many real characters at the beginning of writing, but there were few in empty word. Canon Mo Gu Xun (26), how simple, but the grammar is not prepared. Time is up, empty words are well prepared, and the author has read it. The charm of Zuo Shi still exists (27), and the literary talent shines. In the pre-Qin and Warring States periods, it was even rarer (28). * * * convergence, a little strength, but the child's length is the greatest achievement (29). People in the Tang Dynasty lived in the Han Dynasty, which was steep and hard. Song lived in Qin, gained its rareness, lost its abundance and lost its stink. Wen finished his prepared words and looked out. How can we save money? The school vine is weak and lacks the heavy spirit of the ancients, which is naturally the thinning of post-humanities. The grammar of historical transliteration seems cumbersome, but it is actually old and lovely.

Reason can't be pointed out directly, so things should be understood (30), feelings can't be expressed, so things should be expressed. That is, the sense of things, the text of Zhuangzi also; In other words, things are based on feelings, and the articles of historical records are also.

The amount of writing is short and long, and there is no certain law, but there is some beauty, which can be understood, but it cannot be expressed. Scholars get pride from syllables and get pride from words, so they think more than half of them. Only when reading ancient Chinese characters do you need to speak on behalf of the ancients, whether he swallowed or I vomited. After getting familiar with it, my air is the air of the ancients, and the syllables of the ancients are between my throat kisses. The syllables of those who kissed my throat are similar to those of the ancients. They have naturally made a golden sound for a long time.

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Paragraph annotation

(1) Essay: Liu Dakui's monograph on his literary thoughts.

(2) Cao Zihuan: Cao Pi, whose thesis focuses on Qi. See his "Dian Lun Paper": "Literature is more important than qi, and qi is clear and turbid, so it cannot be strong." Su Ziyou: Su Zhe, prose writer in Song Dynasty. The paper takes Qi as the center, just as the book "Han Taiwei, a great official" said: "Those who think about literature are also shaped by Qi."

(3) vastness: vastness.

(4) The difference between words is twice: "The Analects of Confucius Taber": "Words are far worse than words." It means time, it means coming back. "Double" means "back".

(5) Economy: ideas and methods of helping people and governing the country.

(6) Master: a craftsman with superb skills. Kim: Axe.

(7) Chalk dust is a common occurrence: "Zhuangzi Xu Wugui": "If a person has a chalk dust nose, if he flies, the craftsman will stone it. The craftsman's stone has become the wind. Listen to his words without hurting his nose or losing his face. " Chalk: white clay. Slow is the same as "diffuse" and smearing. Hey: chop.

(8) Facilities: layout.

(9) Ability, skills and talents.

(10) Li Han: Yu Zi, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. As for the quotation, Li See Deyu's On Articles: "As my brother John used to say,' Articles are like a flock of horses: calm, calm and silent'." Gedio is. "

(1 1) Mm-hmm: Great.

(12) Time: marking.

(13) Du: Measurement.

(14) "Those who cherish it will be extraordinary": Han Yu's Answer to Liu: "Everything in the family depends on it, and those who cherish it will be extraordinary. What is the difference between a gentleman and a man? "

(15) Pen: brushwork, brushwork, curved pen, foreshadowing, etc.

(16) Gully: It refers to profound artistic conception.

(17) Yangzi: Yang Xiong, a writer, philosopher and linguist in the Western Han Dynasty, was engaged in the creation of Ci and Fu in his early years. Later, he thought it was "carving insects and engraving" and "a strong man broke his wrist" and turned to philosophy. He once imitated the Analects of Confucius as the eye of law, and the Yijing as too mysterious, and put forward the theory that "Xuan" is the root of all things in the universe.

(18) Tai Shigong: Sima Qian. Biography of Boyi is one of the biographies of Historical Records.

(19) Old brushwork: sophisticated brushwork.

(20) wording: accurate wording is essential.

(2 1) Yun Qi: Wen Qi is subtle and profound.

(22) expensive: the style of writing is solemn. Product, character.

(23) Cheng Zi: Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, philosophers, educators and founders of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, were known as Cheng Hao. For the quotation, see Volume II of the Complete Book of Two Cheng.

(24) "Tiger Change" two sentences: "Book of Changes": "It is said that great men changed from tigers to tigers, and their writing was brilliant." There is also: "As the saying goes, the gentleman leopard has changed and its charm has increased." "Wen handle" and ""both indicate that literary talent (originally referring to the patterns on the body of tiger and leopard) is bright and rich. "Wen Xin Diao Long The Original Way": "The posture of tiger and leopard is beautiful."

(25) "Miscellaneous phase" two sentences: the language "Book of Changes, the second part". Miscellaneous, mixed with each other

(26) Patent of Canon and Moxun: It refers to Shangshu. Canon, Moxun and patent are all names in Shangshu.

(27) Zuo Zhuan: namely Zuo Zhuan.

(28) vertical: free indulgence.

(29) Son: Sima Qian.

(30) that is, things: things, relying on specific things.

works appreciation

My essay, written by Liu Dakui in Qing Dynasty, has a volume of * * *, which is contained at the end of Haifeng Anthology. Based on Fang Bao's theory of "righteousness and law", this paper further discusses the artistic problems of prose. There are four main points in this paper:

First, it advocates that "the most unattainable part of ancient Chinese characters is only ingenious grammar", so it is more important than Fang Bao in artistic form. The ideological significance in the theory of "righteousness and law" is of course important, but "writing is another matter"

Second, take out the "spirit" as the ultimate of the article. "God" refers to the writer's powerful spirit and the angry soul of the article. "Qi" is the momentum of an article produced by "God".

Third, I invented to find syllables in words, and I was impressed by them. The so-called "seeking spirit by sound" is the key to ancient Chinese prose and the last word of Tongcheng School.

Fourthly, advocating Wen Guiqi, Gao Gui, Da Gui, returning to Yuan, Jane, Change, Jane, Flower and Change enriched the interest of ancient art in China.

Liu Dakui's career was not up to standard all his life. In Zhu Cheng Xue Xing and Liu Han Wen Jian, Fang Bao obviously prefers to carry forward the latter. Fang Zongcheng's Preface to Tongcheng Literature says that his papers and compositions all take algae as syllables, and "the meaning is not as deep as Wang Qian's, but the algae has been collected". As far as discussing the artistry of prose is concerned, my article has made important contributions.