On protracted war is a speech made by 1938 at the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Research Association in Yan 'an from May 26th to June 3rd.

The first carefully studied paper. Put aside ideological content, military topics and historical background, and study this article from the perspective of argumentative writing. Learn the overall framework design, argumentation process and argumentation method of the author's thesis.

On protracted war is a speech made by 1938 at the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Research Association in Yan 'an from May 26th to June 3rd.

The first carefully studied paper. Put aside ideological content, military topics and historical background, and study this article from the perspective of argumentative writing. Learn the overall framework design, argumentation process and argumentation method of the author's thesis.

In logical order, first ask questions, describe the historical background and present situation, then analyze the characteristics of China and Japan, get the basis of the questions, that is, arguments, and finally get the views. Because of the time, I only looked at the basis of the problem and refuted the theory of national subjugation, which are the two most important parts, seeing the big from the small.

In the question-based part, the author points out the essence of war, and then analyzes the characteristics of China and Japan. This paper mainly analyzes the factors that affect the war: military power, economic power, political organization power, and the nature of the war (progressive, retrogressive and barbaric). These factors are compared and analyzed in Japan and China respectively. It is concluded that Japan's military strength, economic strength and political organization are strong, but the war is backward and barbaric, the manpower and material resources are insufficient and the international situation is unfavorable. On the contrary, China's military strength, economic strength and political organization are relatively weak. But it is in a progressive era, its war is progressive and just, and the conditions of having a big country are enough to support a protracted war. Most countries in the world will help China. The basis of the question is based on the characteristics of the things to be discussed, so it is a very convincing basis. The analysis is incisive.

Calm down and start to refute the theory of national subjugation. The author does not refute directly, but adopts a step-by-step rebuttal method. List the general arguments of the so-called theory of national subjugation, then state your own opposition basis, then continue to cite the more powerful basis of the theory of national subjugation, and then cite the targeted basis. In the debate, thinking is the key basis to grasp the needs of the debate-Japanese retrogression lacks help, while China progress helps more. Grasp the one-sidedness and subjectivity in the basis of the theory of national subjugation (mainly analyzing the differences between China's present situation and Indian and Abyssinia, which shows that the basis of the theory of national subjugation is untenable), and at the same time provide their own comprehensive and objective arguments (China's present situation has the conditions for victory). The argument is incisive, hierarchical and convincing. The theory of contradiction is widely used in argumentation to firmly grasp the fundamental contradiction and the main aspects of contradiction in the development of things.

In short, this paper is a model for general papers, so study hard.

Example 2

Today, I read the article On Protracted War written by Comrade Mao Zedong. After reading it, I understand better that the fundamental reason why Comrade Mao Zedong insisted on a protracted war against Japan in the early days of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was the nature of the war and the actual situation of the Chinese and Japanese armed forces. It was undoubtedly a sobering agent for the two extreme arguments prevailing in China at that time: the theory of national subjugation and the theory of quick victory.

Chairman Mao's article was written in May 1938. At that time, the first anniversary of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was coming. 1937 "July 7" Lugouqiao Incident In the past year, the people of the whole country have been United, persisted in the war of resistance and the United front, and waged an arduous struggle against Japanese imperialism. This war is unprecedented in the history of the East and great in the history of the world. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of people all over the world. It can be said that everyone in China who suffered from the disaster of war and struggled for national survival is eager for an early victory in the war. So, what is the process of the war? If it is a protracted war, then why is it a protracted war? How to carry out a protracted war? What was the result of the war? With the outbreak of the war and the deepening of the war process, these problems are constantly emerging and lingering in the hearts of many people. Especially since the battle of Xuzhou, some problems have become more prominent and acute. 1937 to 65438+February to 1938 May, China army and Japanese aggressor army launched a large-scale battle, namely Xuzhou Battle, which experienced three stages: initial defense along Jinpu Road, Taierzhuang Battle and Xuzhou Breakthrough. At the end of the second stage, that is,1April 7, 938, China's army won a great victory in Taierzhuang, destroying the main force of the 5th and 12 elite divisions of the Japanese army and annihilating more than 20,000 enemy troops. This is the biggest victory of the Kuomintang battlefield in the frontal battlefield since the Anti-Japanese War. However, this victory has carried away the minds of some people in the Chiang Kai-shek clique of the Kuomintang, and made them form a mentality of quick victory, thinking that as long as they win a few Taierzhuang-style victories, they can resist the Japanese army without mobilizing the broad masses to carry out the war of resistance. Having said that, I want to say that their ideas are very wrong, because only by mobilizing hundreds of millions of people across the country and forming an indestructible iron wall can we resist the Japanese aggressors and win the final victory of this anti-aggression war. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in his article, "Since the Lugouqiao Incident, 40 million people have made concerted efforts, and the final victory was won by China", and it is also essential to mobilize and unite 40 million compatriots to resist Japan, because "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the United front can persist because of many factors: national parties, from the * * * production party to the Kuomintang; People all over the country, from workers and peasants to the bourgeoisie; National army, from the main force to the guerrillas; Internationally, from socialist countries to people who love justice in all countries; On the enemy side, from some anti-war people at home to anti-war soldiers at the front. To sum up, all these factors have played a role in our War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to varying degrees. ""We producers, together with other anti-Japanese parties and the people of the whole country, have only one direction, which is to unite all forces and defeat the evil Japanese aggressors. "

It can be said that Comrade Mao Zedong's statement is quite incisive and correct. Because only the people of the whole country can unite as one and win the final victory of this anti-aggression war. It is particularly important to fully unite all forces and mobilize all positive factors. However, after the victory of Taierzhuang campaign, some people in the Kuomintang were carried away by the victory, thinking that only the army could resist Japan, and that the Japanese aggressors could be driven away by a few victories without mobilizing the broad masses of the people to join the army. The theory of quick victory lies in the words that "this battle is the last struggle of the enemy" and "if we win, the Japanese army will lose its position mentally and only wait for the doomsday judgment" They think that this Japanese devil is vulnerable and will win after a few battles, which will drive the Japanese invaders back to their hometown. For a time, the "quick victory theory" became popular. However, the development of things does not depend on human will. With the development of the war, these illusions of the Kuomintang were quickly shattered. On May 19, Xuzhou fell. At this time, defeatist sentiment within the Kuomintang and capitulationists' arguments of "not winning" and "fighting again and dying" began to spread again. The theory of quick victory and the theory of national subjugation also had a certain influence within the party and among the masses. Some people take chances, underestimate their enemies and fantasize about a quick victory. However, some people lack confidence in the war of resistance and are pessimistic and disappointed. The quick war theorists represented by Wang Ming are superstitious about the regular war of the Kuomintang, despise the strategic position of the people and guerrilla warfare, and disapprove of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's protracted war. It can be said that both the theory of quick victory and the theory of national subjugation are extreme and unscientific. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, "One is China's theory of death, and the other is China's theory of quick victory. The former tends to compromise, while the latter tends to underestimate the enemy. The way they look at problems is subjective and one-sided. In a word, it is unscientific. " It can be said that Comrade Mao Zedong's words really hit the nail on the head, because no matter when and under what circumstances, we should look at the problem dialectically and scientifically. Only in this way can we really proceed from reality and seek truth from facts, and we can draw correct conclusions and formulate correct principles and policies. However, some people just can't do this. Therefore, Comrade Mao Zedong wrote this article in time, with the purpose and starting point of denouncing the theory of national subjugation, sweeping away the theory of quick victory, theoretically arming the whole party and people, persisting in protracted war and upholding the belief of victory.

In the article, Comrade Mao Zedong answered two questions many times: Will China perish? Will not die, the final victory is China's; Can China win quickly? No, the war is protracted. Protracted war and final victory are the general and basic laws of China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. This law is obtained by comprehensively and objectively analyzing the characteristics of both sides of the Sino-Japanese war. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, "The Sino-Japanese War was not another war, but a deadly war between semi-colonial and semi-feudal China and imperialist Japan in the 1930s, which was the basis of all problems." It can be said that Chairman Mao's words really hit the nail on the head, because, first, Japan is a big imperialist country, while China is a semi-feudal and semi-colonial weak country; As far as the enemy's military, economic and political strength is concerned, it ranks first in the East and is one of the five or six famous imperialist countries in the world. At that time, our country was obviously inferior to each other in military, economic and political organization. From this point of view, the Japanese invasion of China is inevitable, and it is impossible for China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to win soon. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, "On the Japanese side ... it is a powerful imperialist country with first-class military strength, economic strength and political organization in the East, and it is also one of the five or six famous imperialist countries in the world. This is the basic condition of Japan's war of aggression. The inevitability of war and the impossibility of China's victory are based on the Japanese imperialist system and its powerful military, economic and political organizations. Secondly, the enemy's war is retrogressive and barbaric, while our anti-aggression war is progressive and just. This is the main basis for the inevitable failure of the Japanese war and the lasting and final victory of China's war of resistance. As Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized, "Although China's military, economic, political and cultural strength is not as strong as that of Japan today, it has more progressive factors than China itself. The production party of China and its army under its leadership are the representatives of this factor. China's liberation war today is based on the keynote of this progress, and it has won a protracted war and the possibility of this victory. China is a rising country, contrary to the decline of Japanese imperialism. "Yes, China, a backward semi-feudal and semi-colonial country, has brought us Marxism-Leninism every time after the Opium War, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the Qing Dynasty, especially the October Revolution of the Soviet Union. 192 1 7. The establishment of the * * * Production Party in China has brought dawn to our troubled country. After the Northern Expedition, Agrarian Revolution and other revolutionary civil wars, our party and people have become more mature in theory and practical experience. At the same time, it has also trained a group of people with lofty ideals who can devote themselves heroically to the liberation of the motherland, laying a good foundation for our final victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, "We are a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country. From the Opium War, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911 to the Northern Expedition, all revolutionary or improved movements aimed at lifting the semi-colonial and semi-feudal status suffered serious setbacks, so they still retained this semi-colonial and semi-feudal status. We are still a weak country, inferior to the enemy in military strength, economic strength and political organization. The inevitability of the war and China's inability to win quickly are based on this. However, the liberation movement in China in the past hundred years has accumulated to this day, which is different from any historical period. ..... at the same time ....... (also) exercised the people of China ",yes, the people of China, who have been exercised from the revolutionary practice of saving the country and the people, will certainly realize the cruelty and long-term nature of this anti-aggression war, so as to fight this long-term anti-aggression war more firmly until they win the final victory.

Although, in terms of national strength, we are not as good as Japan at that time, we can't ignore this point, that is, our enemy Japan is a small country with small land, few goods, few people and many serenades, which can't stand the long-term war. Moreover, internationally, it is helpless for the enemy to get in the way, and we are helped by the way. This is determined by the nature of war. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, "Although Japan can get assistance from fascist countries, at the same time, it has to meet international aid forces that surpass it. This latter force will gradually grow, which will not only offset its former aid force, but also put pressure on Japan itself. This is the law of getting lost and giving little help. From this point of view, strength, size, progress, retrogression, more help and less help are the basic characteristics of the Sino-Japanese war contradiction. These characteristics stipulate all political policies and military strategies and tactics of both sides, and determine that the durability of the war and the final victory belong to China, not the Japanese. War is a game with these characteristics. Observing the Sino-Japanese War, if we forget these characteristics, we will make mistakes.

At that time, in addition to the theory of quick victory, there was a more pessimistic argument, that is, the theory of national subjugation. So, how did this theory of national subjugation come about? To really investigate the reasons, we have to start with the battle of Xuzhou, the front battlefield of the Kuomintang. From February 1937 to May 1938, the Kuomintang army and the Japanese army launched a large-scale campaign in the north and south of Jinpu Road with Xuzhou as the center. This is what historians later called the "Xuzhou Battle". At the beginning of the battle, at this time of the Kuomintang, the defeatist sentiment within the Kuomintang and the capitulator's theory of national subjugation of "losing the war" and "losing the war" began to spread again. In this regard, Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that "the national subjugation theorists only see the characteristics that the enemy is strong and we are weak. In practice, the tendency of compromise caused by the theory of national subjugation can be said to be "no different from defeatism". Both of them are very harmful, so don't underestimate this "two theories", which is the key to whether we can win this anti-aggression war. If we can't understand and overcome it well, then our war of resistance will not be smooth, let alone win the final victory. Therefore, in order to overcome the "theory of national subjugation" and "theory of quick victory", Comrade Mao Zedong emphasized that "on the issue of war, only by opposing the tendency of idealism and mechanism and examining the war from an objective and comprehensive point of view can we draw a correct conclusion on the battlefield". Yes, idealism and mechanism are both metaphysical views. Only through in-depth practice can we draw a correct conclusion and guide us to move from victory to victory in this anti-fascist war.

In addition, just now we mentioned the theory of national subjugation. It is no accident that someone can put forward the theory of national subjugation. It is also related to our historical development. Think about it, guys. From the 1840 Opium War to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, we fought against any imperialist country, and we lost one battle after another! Apart from our military and economic backwardness and lack of strength, what is more important is the corruption and incompetence of the China government and rulers at that time. Otherwise, we can sign so many unequal treaties in a few years! But today, this is very different. Although Chiang Kai-shek, the Kuomintang, was unwilling to resist Japan, the 400 million awakened people all over the country persisted in resisting Japan, especially the China Producer Party, who was willing to sacrifice their lives and blood for the people's benefit. The most determined depth charge in the war of resistance awakened millions of people who were unwilling to be conquered people. This anti-Japanese wave is really like an avalanche. Although we are not as good as the enemy in economic strength and weapons and equipment, the awakened people of China, under the correct leadership of the China Production Party, will eventually defeat the Japanese aggressors. Because we have a good leader, we won't worry about defeating the Japanese. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, "Our war is not another war, but a war between China and Japan in the 1930s. As far as our enemy is concerned, first of all, it is a dying imperialism, and it is already in a retrogressive era, which is not only different from the era when Britain was still in the era of capitalist progress when it destroyed India, but also different from Japan during the First World War 20 years ago. This war was launched on the eve of the collapse of world imperialism, first of all, fascist countries. It is precisely for this reason that the enemy held this risky war and waged a final struggle. Therefore, the result of the war is not necessarily the demise of China, but the demise of the Japanese imperialist ruling group. From this point, we can easily see that the demise of Japanese imperialism is inevitable, but it requires us to persist in the war of resistance, and we must persist in the war of resistance for a long time. As we mentioned earlier, because Japan's military strength and economic strength were stronger than China's at that time, it could be violent for a while, and we need to spend more power and longer time to finally destroy it.

As we mentioned earlier, the enemy's military strength, economic strength and political organization were first-class in the East, and it was also one of the five or six famous imperialist countries in the world at that time, while China was inferior to the enemy in military strength, economic strength and political organization, which was the reason why the Japanese war of aggression was inevitable and China could not win the Anti-Japanese War quickly. However, this is not important. Although the enemy has surpassed us in strength, the war of aggression it launched is retrogressive and barbaric, while our war of anti-aggression is just and progressive. This is the main basis for the inevitable failure of Japanese imperialism and China's protracted and final victory in the War of Resistance. Moreover, Japan is a small country, with little land, little materials and little serenades, and can't stand a long war. But we (the country) have a vast territory, rich resources, a large number of people and a large number of soldiers, which can support a long-term war. In addition, internationally, it is helpless for the enemy to get lost, and we are helped by the way. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, "Although Japan can get assistance from international fascist countries, at the same time, it can't help but encounter international opposition forces that exceed its international assistance forces. This latter power will gradually grow, which will not only offset the former's aid power, but also lose the pressure on Japan itself. This is a helpless law. " From this point of view, strength, advancement, retreat, more help and less help are the basic characteristics of the Sino-Japanese War. These characteristics stipulate all political policies and military strategies and tactics of both sides, and determine that the durability and final victory of the war belong to China, not to Japan. War is such a distinctive game. When we observe the Sino-Japanese War, if we forget these characteristics, we are bound to make mistakes. As Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out, this theory of national subjugation only sees that the enemy is strong and we are weak, exaggerates it, and takes it as an argument for all problems, but fails to see other characteristics; On the other hand, the quick victory theorists simply forget the contradiction that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and exaggerate other characteristics. Both of them look at the problem in an unscientific way, that is, they are subjective and one-sided, and their conclusions are wrong. In practice, the theory of national subjugation tends to compromise, while the theory of quick victory is "because the estimation does not conform to the facts, the action can not achieve the goal;" Reluctantly defeated the army and perished the country, and the result was tantamount to defeatism. Therefore, both are very harmful. In order to overcome the theory of national subjugation and quick victory, Chairman Mao pointed out that "on the issue of war, only by opposing the tendency of idealism and mechanism and examining the war from an objective and comprehensive point of view can we draw a correct conclusion on the issue of war".

In short, after reading the article "On Protracted War", I feel even more that Chairman Mao's views, strategies and tactics expounded in this article are sharp ideological weapons for us to completely defeat Japanese imperialist aggression. Starting from the basic national conditions of China and Japan, he irrefutably demonstrated the objective inevitability of the two historical propositions: "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is enduring" and "the final victory is China's". He profoundly criticized and thoroughly refuted the wrong arguments such as "national subjugation theory" and "quick victory theory", and on this basis, he scientifically predicted all stages of the war of resistance, formulated a set of strategic principles and tactics for a protracted war, greatly armed the anti-Japanese military and civilians throughout the country, and pointed out the correct road and direction for winning the final victory of the war of resistance. In the later practice of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China followed this great strategic thought and fought wit, courage, hardship and tenacity with Japanese imperialism, and finally won the final victory of this protracted anti-fascist war. This article by Chairman Mao can be said to be a shining example of combining the universal truth of Marxism with the concrete practice of China's revolution. He creatively applied Marxist standpoint, viewpoint and method, successfully revealed the special laws of China's national war and national liberation, and formed a unique set of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression theory, which occupied an extremely important position in Mao Zedong's military thought. At the same time, On Protracted War is an outstanding Marxist military theory work. Starting from the special laws of China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, this paper systematically expounds the general military principles and laws of Marxism, such as the concept of war, war and politics, weapons and people, and the initiative in war, especially in view of the special war phenomenon that the enemy is strong and weak, and the enemy is superior and inferior, and profoundly discusses the strategic thinking of protracted war. The people's war thought of universal and in-depth political mobilization and the flexible strategic thought of turning disadvantages into advantages have greatly enriched Marxist military theory and provided valuable experience for people all over the world to learn from in the anti-fascist war. Besides, On Protracted War is a Marxist philosophical work. This paper analyzes the antagonistic and contradictory factors between China and Japan, discusses the development process of the war and many complicated strategies and tactics, and reflects on the laws of unity of opposites, mutual change of quality and the dynamic revolution of Marxist philosophy, trusting and relying on the masses. The idea of freely mobilizing the masses has been creatively applied and thoroughly exerted. It can be said that this masterpiece of Chairman Mao shines with the ideological light of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and it can be called an outstanding Marxist "applied philosophy" and "practical philosophy". For today, it still has great practical significance. Generally speaking, it successfully answered the major historical questions at that time, and provided us with a general methodology to combine the universal truth of Marxism with the concrete practice of China Revolution, proceed from reality, discover and reveal objective laws in practice, and win. This is what we must follow in the practice of understanding and transforming the world at present and in the future. Otherwise, no career can be successful. Specifically, the military theory expounded in the book On Protracted War has an important guiding role for us to carry out military scientific research, build national defense modernization and deal with the possible war of aggression today. In particular, we have repeatedly stressed that we should be well prepared for military struggle, and strategy and tactics are the fundamental and key to military struggle preparation. Therefore, many viewpoints and methods in On Protracted War still have important guiding role for us today. Because China has a large population and a weak foundation, it will take a long time to improve its economic strength and national defense modernization. Therefore, for a long time to come, there will be a big gap between our army's equipment and that of western developed countries. If there is a war of aggression, we will still be at a disadvantage in military equipment. Therefore, Comrade Mao Zedong's strategic thought on protracted war and a set of specific strategic principles and tactics are not out of date, and they are still important ideological weapons to guide us to win the war against aggression. Moreover, this article by Chairman Mao still has practical guiding significance for the socialist modernization we are engaged in today. It can be said that in terms of economic construction, our country has experienced several ups and downs in the decades since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the road it has taken can be said to be quite tortuous. The main reason for this problem lies in not correctly understanding the national conditions and violating the objective laws. Therefore, in order to avoid making similar mistakes in the future, I think it is undoubtedly beneficial for us to study Chairman Mao's article "On protracted war", scientifically analyze the contradictions of objective things and formulate strategies according to the national conditions.

I hope the landlord likes it ...