Under the influence of politics, economy, ideology and culture at that time, China's paintings in Qing Dynasty showed a specific style of the times. Scroll painting has continued the trend since Yuan and Ming Dynasties, with literati painting prevailing, landscape painting flourishing and ink painting freehand brushwork prevailing. Literati painting presents two trends: worshipping the past and innovating. They have different pursuits in subject matter, ideological interest, pen and ink skills and so on, forming many styles and schools. Palace painting also made great progress in Kanggan period, showing a new look of the former courtyard. The achievements of folk painting are most prominent in New Year pictures and printmaking, showing an unprecedented prosperity. The historical process of painting development in Qing dynasty is related to the development and change of the whole society, and it can also be divided into three periods: early, middle and late.
[Early painting]
Shunzhi to the early years of Kangxi. During this period, literati landscape painting flourished and formed two completely different artistic pursuits. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Four Kings Painting School, which inherited Dong Qichang's mantle, took antique as its purpose, was valued by the royal family and occupied an orthodox position in the painting world. A group of Jiangnan painters in the Ming Dynasty, represented by "Eight Scholars in Jinling", "Four Monks" (Shi Tao, Zhu Da, Xi Shi and Jian Jiang, collectively called Shi Tao, Badashanren, Hong Ren and Xi Shi) and Xin 'an Painting School, expressed their feelings for landscape and painting, and had the spirit of pioneering and innovating in art.
The Four Kings School mainly refers to Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Yi, Wang, and sometimes Yun, which are collectively called "Four Kings and Five Clouds" or "Six Schools in the Early Qing Dynasty". Most of them take Dong Qichang's artistic thought as the golden rule, devote themselves to learning from ancient times, admire Yuan Sijia, emphasize pen and ink techniques, and pursue peace and interest. Because of their prominent social status, extensive friends and numerous students, the "Four Kings" have a great influence among literati, and their artistic purport is appreciated by legalists. Therefore, they are regarded as the orthodox school of painting, which influenced them until modern times. They have accumulated profound skills of pen and ink in artistic practice, and also summed up some regular experiences in pen and ink, composition, verve and artistic conception, especially developed the technique of dry pen dyeing ink layer by layer, which enriched the artistic expression forms of Chinese painting. However, they ignore learning from nature, avoid real life and lack concrete feelings, which makes most of their works monotonous and empty, lacking vitality and originality, which hinders them from achieving higher achievements. Among the "Four Kings", Wang Shimin, Wang Jian and Wang paid more attention to pen and ink, especially to Huang. Wang is called the leader. Wang Yi can also observe nature, is compatible with various techniques and has a variety of shapes. Later people called him the leader of Yushan Sect. From the middle of Qing Dynasty, the Four Kings School had a great influence on the ruling and opposition parties. Living in Lou Dongpai are Ding Huang, Tang Dai, Dong Bangda, Fang Shishu, Zhang Zongcang and Qian Weicheng. Yushan School mainly includes Li Shichuo, Song, Cai Yuan and Gu. In addition, there are "Little Four Kings" (Wang Yu, Wang Su, Wang Chen and Wang Jiu) and "Last Four Kings" (Wang Sanxi, Wang Tingzhou, Wang, Wang).
At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, a group of adherents painters gathered in the south of the Yangtze River showed their artistic pursuit contrary to the orthodox painting school. Gong Xian is the head of the Eight Schools of Jinling, including Fan Yin, Gao Cen, Zou Zhe, Wu Hong, Ye Xin, Xie Xun and Hu Yi. They live in seclusion in the mountains, are honest and devoted to their duties, and attach importance to learning from nature. They mainly describe the scenery around Nanjing, reveal the beauty of mountains and rivers, express their true feelings, learn from their predecessors extensively, and strive to break through the routine and create new ideas with solid skills, although they have different styles. At the same time, Chen Zhuo, Wang Yi, Liu, packer and others are also famous in Nanjing.
Cloud Shou Ping: Landscape Axis
"Four Monks" refer to Shi Tao, Zhu Da, Xi Shi and Jian Jiang. The first two are descendants of the Ming imperial clan, and the last two are adherents of the Ming dynasty, both of whom have strong national consciousness. They express their feelings of life experience and depression through painting, and pin their passion on the mountains and rivers of their old country. In art, he advocates "borrowing the past to create the present", opposes Chen Xiangyin, attaches importance to life feelings, and emphasizes expressing his own spirit. They broke through the barriers of antique painting at that time, created a surprisingly bold, open-minded and unique painting style, revitalized the painting at that time and had a far-reaching impact on future generations. Among them, Shi Tao and Zhu Da made the most remarkable achievements. Shi Tao is the most creative painter in the early Qing Dynasty. He is famous for his unique landscape, novel scenery, bold and novel composition, changeable pen and ink, and high-spirited painting style. Zhu Da is famous for his flower-and-bird paintings, inheriting the tradition of Chen Chun and Xu Wei, and developing the method of splash-ink freehand brushwork. Works are often lyrical, using symbolic, implied and exaggerated methods to create a strange image to express cynicism and the pain of national destruction. Brush and ink washing, simple and ethereal composition, fantastic scenes, cool and handsome style, reached the artistic realm of concise pen. It has a great influence on the later Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics and modern freehand flower-and-bird painting. The landscape has changed from yellow to change, with the real scene as the powder book, depicting heavy mountains and numerous waters, dense but not crowded, dyed with thirsty pen, thick but not stagnant, magnificent. Together with Shi Tao, he is called the "Second Division", and together with Cheng Zhengqi, he is called "Hill" (Taoist Qingxi). Jian Jiang's landscape is dominated by Ni Zan, who painted many famous mountains and rivers, especially the original Huangshan Mountain. The composition is simple, the mountains and valleys are strange and stubborn, the dry pen is thirsty for ink and the order is steep, the realm is desolate and quiet, full of fresh and quiet feeling, which truly shows the quality of famous mountains. Together with Shi Tao and Wang Zhirui, he is called Huangshan School, and together with Cha Shibiao, Sun Yi and Wang Zhirui, he is called Haiyang School, forming Xin 'an School.
Shi Tao: The Landscape Book is a private collection in the United States.
Shi Tao (1630- 1724), whose real name is Zhu, has many nicknames such as Zi, Old Man, Bitter Melon Monk and Blind Monk. His dharma names are Yuanji and Yuanji. He is the tenth grandson of King Zanyi of Jingjiang in Ming Dynasty and the eldest son of Zhu Hengjia, aged 55. 1645 years old (two years of Shunzhi), sixteen years old. Prompted by the fate of the country's ruin and death, he went from Guilin to Quanzhou, where he broke off becoming a monk and changed his name to Shi Tao in Xiangshan Temple.
Mei Qing: One of Huangshan Atlas.
Mei Qing was born in Xuancheng, Anhui. He was born in the third year of the Apocalypse in Xi of Ming Dynasty (1623) and died in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1697). In the eleventh year of Shunzhi (1654), Juren made friends with Shi Tao and learned from each other in painting. Shi Tao's early landscape paintings were influenced by him to some extent, while his later Huangshan paintings were influenced by Shi Tao. Therefore, both Shi Tao and Mei Qing have the reputation of "Huangshan School".
From the early Qing Dynasty to Kangxi (1662 ~ 1722), there were still some painting schools and painters, and their own abilities were still good. Yun's boneless flower paintings, which are similar in shape but not in spirit, are fresh and elegant in style and have a wide influence, and are called Changzhou School or Nantian School. Yuan Jiang's boundary paintings are exquisite in structure and magnificent. He was a famous frontier painter in Qing Dynasty. His nephew, Yao Yuan, inherited his painting style and was called Yuan School. Other local schools include Jiangxi School in romulo, Meng Lan School and Wulin School in Shen Lan. There are also painters such as Yu, Wang Shu, and Shangguan Zhou who are good at figures and portraits. Zhou□ was good at painting dragons and horses, while Fu Shan, Pu He, Fa Ruozhen and Huang Xiangjian were good at painting landscapes, all of them were famous artists at that time.
[medium-term painting]
The period of Kang, Yong and Gan was a period of social stability and prosperity in Qing Dynasty, and painting also showed a prosperous scene. Beijing and Yangzhou have become the two centers of painting. Beijing court painting was once active, rich in content and diverse in forms. In the developed commercial and economic areas of Yangzhou, the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou appeared, forming a new artistic trend.
Palace painting in Qing dynasty, during the years of Kangxi (1662 ~ 1722) and Qianlong (1736 ~ 1795), with the unification of the whole country and the consolidation of political power, the royal family not only recruited some professional painters to worship the court, but also recruited some literati painters to serve it in disguise. In addition to setting up institutions such as Ruyi Pavilion to accommodate royal painters, the palace also adopts the form of "South Study Room" to recruit painters with bachelor's degrees and court positions. Quite a few bachelors and courtiers have actually become court painters. They often draw works that serve the purpose or contribute. Most of these works have the word "minister", which are collectively called palace paintings. Its contents mainly include: portraits of queens, ministers and top leaders of ethnic minorities, palace life paintings showing queens' lives, historical literature paintings recording major contemporary historical events, landscapes and flower-and-bird paintings for decoration and appreciation, etc. The styles and appearances are more diverse. Figure painting has traditional meticulous painting and line drawing, as well as more realistic painting that absorbs western methods; Flower-and-bird paintings include the meticulous sketch of yellow and the boneless method of clouds. Landscape painting mostly belongs to the "Four Kings" school, but the principle of freehand brushwork has not been circulated in the palace. The most famous figure painters in this period are Jiao Bingzhen, Lengmei, Cui□, Jin Tingbiao, Ding and Yao. Landscape painters include Tang Dai, Xu Yang, Zhang Zongcang and Fang Cong. Flower and bird painters include Jiang Tingxi and Zou Yigui. There are also some foreign painters devoted to the Palace, such as Lang Shining, Wang Zhicheng, ignatius Szicher Bart and others. They introduced the light and shade and perspective of western painting, created a new painting style of combining Chinese and western painting, and trained many disciples, which was highly valued by the emperor. Since Jiaqing (1796 ~ 1820), court painting in Qing dynasty has been declining, and there are no painters to praise.
Lang Shining: "Eight Horses" Lang Shining is good at animal painting. During the Qing dynasty, he paid tribute to good horses many times, and Lang also created many horse paintings. "Liu Xiahui" is a masterpiece of horses with different postures and detailed descriptions.
In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou, a southern commercial city, was a metropolis in the southeast coastal area, with rich businessmen, rich people and rapid economic and cultural development. Painters from all over the world also poured in, selling paintings and performing arts, among which Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics is the most famous group of painters. "Eight Eccentrics" is not limited to eight people, but represents a group of painters with distinctive artistic personality and unique style. They inherited the banner of Shi Tao and Zhu Da, attached importance to the feelings of life and emphasized the spirit of expression. Most of their works are based on plum, orchid, bamboo and stone, and they are good at painting with splash ink. They are profound in thought, passionate in feelings, eclectic in form, wild and strange, unique in painting and innovative. The main painters are Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Wang, Zheng Xie, Li, Gao Xiang, Hua Yan, Gao, Bian Shoumin, Min Zhen, Chen Zhuan and others. Most of these painters have similar life experiences and social experiences, or their careers are frustrated, relegated, or both fame and fortune, and they are well dressed all their lives; Or born in poverty, selling paintings for a living, they have a personal experience of corrupt officialdom, cold world and the sufferings of the people, and their personality and behavior are also unique, or pedantic, or wild, or arrogant, or withdrawn, and they are attached to painting, thus forming an artistic "strangeness." They take plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, stone, wild flowers, fruits and vegetables as themes, and use fables to compare lofty character, aloof character and wild interest, so that their works have profound ideological content and stirring feelings. In terms of artistic form, Chen Chun, Xu Wei and Shi Tao have inherited the tradition of freehand brushwork in ink painting, which is eclectic, bold and unrestrained, free and unrestrained, and further developed the technique of breaking the pen and splashing ink, forming a distinctive and unique style. Among the "Eight Eccentrics", the landscape of Mo Mei bamboo characters, the orchid bamboo of Zheng Xie, the Mo Mei of Wang He and Li, the freehand brushwork flowers of Shan Li, the figures of Huang Shen and Hua Yan's small freehand brushwork flowers and birds are the most outstanding achievements, which have a far-reaching influence on later generations.
[Qing] Jiao Bingzhen's Beauty
The year of birth and death is unknown. Painters in Qing dynasty. Jining, Shandong. When Kangxi was an official, Qin Tian supervised the facial features and worshipped the imperial palace. He is good at drawing figures, absorbing western painting methods, emphasizing light and shade, drawing on the terrace and depicting seiko.
During this period, other famous painters in Zhenjiang were the Dantu School founded by Gu Heqing (also known as Jingjiang School and Zhenjiang School), Gao's school of finger painting, Shen Quan, Zhang Xining, who were good at figure painting, and the landscape painters of epigraphy, Xigang and Zhao.
[Post-painting]
From Jiaqing and Daoism to the late Qing Dynasty, with the decline of feudal society, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and new changes took place in the field of painting. Palace painting, which is regarded as an authentic school of literati painting and supported by the royal family, is declining, while Shanghai and Guangzhou, which have become trading ports, have become new painting places, and Shanghai School and Lingnan School have risen.
Shanghai has become the largest industrial and commercial city in China in the last hundred years, where literati and painters gather. In order to meet the needs of the emerging citizen class, painting has formed a new fashion in subject matter, content, style and techniques, and is called Shanghai School. Representative painters include Zhao, Xu Gu, Ren Xiong, Ren Yi and Wu Changshuo. As literati painters, Zhao and Wu Changshuo have made great progress in freehand flower-and-bird painting. They inherited the tradition of their predecessors and integrated calligraphy, seal cutting and other artistic expressions into painting. With vigorous brushwork, dripping ink, bright and strong colors and the layout of calligraphy stones, they have created a magnificent and heroic artistic image of painting, and the organic combination of poetry and calligraphy has opened up a new world for literati painting. Ren Xiong and Ren Yi are professional painters who make a living by painting. It is also called "four terms" with Ren Xun and Yu Ren. They have made outstanding achievements in figures, portraits and small freehand flower-and-bird paintings. The works are widely used, novel in conception, ingenious in conception and flexible in pen and ink, and have won the love of the general public with a fresh and lively style that appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Among them, Ren Yi's skills are comprehensive and diverse, and Shanghai style is the most famous. Xugu is famous for painting flowers, birds and insects. Good at bare front with dry pen, dry ink and light color, many lines and unique style. Their paintings have a great influence on modern times.
Ren Yi: The Three Heroes of the Wind and Dust
Guangdong Lingnan School of Painting was formed late, with Juchao and Julian brothers as pioneers, and Gao, Chen, Chen and others established a new school of painting in the early years of the Republic of China. They learned the style of combining Chinese and western painting formed by sketch and watercolor painting, and made a useful attempt for the new development of Chinese painting.
During the Daoguang period, the Qing Dynasty gradually declined and became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. With the decline of politics, literati painting based on loving feelings and nourishing nature gradually declined. In Shanghai, Guangzhou and other newly opened trading ports, more and more painters live here. In order to meet the needs of the new citizen class, new changes have taken place in theme, content, style and skills. The famous schools are Shanghai School and Lingnan School in Guangdong.
Ladies painting in late Qing dynasty
During Jiaqing and Daoguang years, two famous figure painters appeared, namely Gage and Fei. They are good at painting figures and Buddha statues, especially ladies, and are called "changing schools" and "paying schools".
Gaiqi (1774- 1829), the word Boyun, No.,alias Yuhu Waishi, was born in the Western Regions and later lived in Songjiang. He is good at drawing ladies' paintings, and also draws landscapes and flowers. The ladies' paintings are slender and handsome, and the pens are soft and smooth, creating a typical style of ladies' paintings in the late Qing Dynasty. His woodcut version of A Dream of Red Mansions has been widely circulated and won favorable comments. People and portraits are also concise and vivid. The representative works handed down from generation to generation include the scroll of mysterious poems and pictures collected by the Palace Museum. His grandson changed his style, passed on the knowledge of his family, and was also a good lady.
Fei (180 1- 1850), a native of Wucheng, Zhejiang, was born with joy. Father Fei Yu grew up in mountains and rivers, and his family was handed down when he was young. Because of his poor family, he had to attach himself to a rich family and paint for people to appreciate. Known for painting ladies, she is also called "changing fees" with Gezi. The images of ladies in his works are beautiful, with loose lines, light colors and unique style. The representative painted the portrait of twelve gold chains in A Dream of Red Mansions into a book of twelve gold chains in the Palace Museum. He is also good at portrait painting, and his later work "Old Picture of Orchard Love" was collected by Zhejiang Museum, with more mature techniques. You can also take mountains and rivers, and take the French king Yi and Yun. The artist's brother Fei Dancheng, son Fei, son Fei Yiqun and so on. His painting style has a great influence on modern ladies' paintings and folk New Year pictures.
Landscape painting in late Qing dynasty
The faction of the Four Kings gradually declined during Daoguang and Xianfeng years, and there were not many successful painters. Only Tang Yifen and Dai's landscape paintings made a breakthrough and were valued by people at that time. Also, the landscapes of Hu Yuan, Wu and Wu were full of praise for a while.
◆ Tang Yifei (1778- 1853), whose real name is Ruoyi,No. Yusheng,No. Zhou Weng, was born in Wujin, Jiangsu. Zeng Guan was the deputy general of Wenzhou Town and later lived in Nanjing. When the Kingdom of Tian Ping attacked Jinling, he died in the pool. He is versatile and accomplished in the research of a hundred schools of thought contend. He is good at poetry, calligraphy and painting, landscape flowers, pine and cypress. Influenced by Dong Bangda, its landscape inherited the mantle of "Lou Dongpai". Later, the wiping method of light ink dry pen was developed to make it moist in the dry, with its own style and dull realm. At that time, he was on par with Xi Gang and Dai, and was called "Fang Xi Tang Dai". His wife Dong Wanzhen and his children are also good at painting.
◆ Dai (180 1- 1860), whose real name is Yu 'an, claimed to be a lay man in JD.COM and a lay man in Lulin, from Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou). The assistant minister of the Ministry of War is also good at flowers, bamboo and stones. This master of landscape painting belongs to "Yushan School", and his painting style is close to "Lou Dongpai" because of the influence of Xi Gang. Its landscape, mostly wiping pens, is wet and clear, with appropriate layout, but slightly dull. The Song Yi Tu in the Palace Museum is his masterpiece. His brother Dai Xu and other literati are good at mountains and rivers.
◆ Du Qian (1764- 1845) was born in Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou). Official affairs, natural and unrestrained, with ease. Landscape, flowers and birds, figures, landscape master Wen Zhiming and his son, many fine pens, beautiful and elegant, but too thin. The central axis of Lin Qiu's Walking to the Moon in the Palace Museum reflects his typical characteristics.
◆ Hu Yuan (1823- 1886), whose real name is Gong Shou, lives in Huating, Shanghai. Selling paintings for a living. Landscape, orchids, bamboo flowers, especially plum blossom paintings. Beautiful and elegant, a landscape painting, winning with a wet pen, such as the "Summer Mountain Wants Rain" axis of the Palace Museum, near Dong Qichang. Flowers are unrestrained, such as the central axis of the Palace Museum's "Peach Blossom Map of Pine Trees", which is close to Chen Chun.
◆ Wu (1849- 1903), born in Jiaxing, Zhejiang, whose real name is Qiu Nong, lives in Shanghai and sells paintings for a living. Mountains and rivers are close to Dharma and Dai, but far from literature and Shen. The style is pale, beautiful and gloomy.
◆ Wu Qingyun (? -19 16), born in shangyuan (Nanjing), lives in Shanghai. Painting mountains and rivers with mountains, drawing lessons from western methods and depicting misty clouds and rainy scenes can produce new ideas. Handed down works include the scroll of Jiange Cloud in the Palace Museum and the four screens of Panorama of Haizhou in the Central Academy of Fine Arts.
[folk painting]
Qianlong and Jiaqing are the most developed years, especially in small towns with prosperous industrial and commercial economy. Folk painters also organized various guilds. There are mainly murals, prints, New Year pictures and other paintings. Murals are not as developed as the previous generation. There are many relics in temples, Taoist temples, ancestral halls and halls around the country, but not many can represent the times. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, folk portraits have been improved and further developed in realistic techniques and forms of expression. There are also many surviving works. Prints in Kang and Gan Dynasties once flourished, and the official "Yunnan Edition" prints had many grand systems, most of which were contributed by famous artists. Typical representative works include Plough Weaving Map by Jiao Bingzhen, Battle Map in the Rear of Pingding Command by other foreign painters, Grand Ceremony of Southern Tour by Wang and Official Tribute Map. Folk prints are also very prosperous. There are dozens of woodcut portraits and paintings drawn by famous painters, such as Liu Yuan's Hero Image of Lingyange, Shangguan Zhou's Painting Biography of Late Laughing Hall, Wang Jue's Painting Biography of Mustard Garden, Ren Xiong's Legend of Swordsman, Legend of Yue Sage, Biography of Gao Shi, Liexian Liquor Brand and so on. At the same time, there are also many excellent works in woodcut illustrations of novels, operas and other books.
[Qing] New Year picture "Harmony Map"
The woodblock New Year pictures in Qing Dynasty were the most prosperous and achieved unprecedented development. The production area covers some towns in the north and south of the Yangtze River, forming New Year pictures with local characteristics such as Yangliuqing, Taohuawu, Yangjiabu, Mianzhu and Foshan. Tianjin Yangliuqing is the center of Northern New Year pictures, which was founded in the middle of Ming Dynasty and prevailed in the early and middle of Qing Dynasty. It mainly inherited the traditions of block printing in the Northern Song Dynasty, painting in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and the Qing Dynasty Painting Academy. Draw more festive and auspicious themes, with popular content, attractive pictures, full composition, bright colors, simple modeling and strong decoration. Yangjiabu New Year Pictures in wei county, Shandong Province belong to Yangliuqing New Year Pictures System. They pay attention to the primary colors, are in sharp contrast, and have a simple style, which is more suitable for the needs of the vast rural areas. Taohuawu, Suzhou, Jiangsu, is the center of New Year pictures in the south, which was born in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and remained prosperous from the early Qing dynasty to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. While depicting traditional festivals and auspicious themes, the works also show the bustling urban landscape. The style not only has antique traditional style, but also imitates western painting with emphasis on perspective and light and shade. Sichuan Mianzhu New Year Pictures were founded in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties and prevailed in Guangxu (1870 ~ 1908) years, with simple shapes and bright colors. Guangdong Foshan New Year Pictures began in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty (1404 ~ 1424), flourished from Qianlong to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and painted many door paintings, which were sold in South China and Nanyang. In addition, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom regime also attached importance to painting creation, leaving many murals in some areas in the south of the Yangtze River, including landscapes, flowers and birds, figures, etc., and the famous one is Viewing the Tower from the River. In New Year pictures, there are Yanzi Rock and other works handed down from ancient times.
[on painting]
The number of works on the history of painting in Qing Dynasty is more than that in any previous dynasty, reaching hundreds, of which no less than 20 ~ 30 are of great value. The theoretical works on painting theory and painting method mostly discuss literati painting since the Yuan Dynasty, and focus on landscape painting to explore its historical development and artistic characteristics. Many works devoted to painting are often illustrated and presented in the form of maps. The most important painting theory is Shi Tao's Quotations of Paintings by Bitter Melons and Monks, which uses the philosophical language system of Taoism and Zen to discuss the principle of painting creation, and has many simple materialistic and dialectical thoughts. Shen Zongqian, Qin and others' Painting Theory on Jingshan, Painting Theory, Mustard Boat Painting Theory and Tongyin Painting Theory are also famous works of painting theory. This paper mainly talks about painting methods, such as Wang's Biography of Mustard Garden and the Sketch attached to the last three episodes, as well as the painting methods of landscapes, plum blossoms, bamboos, flowers and birds and figures. Gao Ding's The Secret of Portrait is devoted to portrait techniques. Zou Yigui's Landscape Painting Spectrum is the earliest monograph on flower painting in China. Gao Bing's On Finger Painting is a monograph on finger painting. Miscellaneous notes on bamboo paintings in Song Jiang. Many other works, such as drawing postscript, drawing formula, evaluation, essays and so on. , but also involves painting theory.
There are many styles of painting history, including general history, dynastic history, special history and local history; There are biographies of painters arranged by time, and there are biographies of painters arranged by surname similar to the dictionary of names.
In the long history of painting, there are Jiang Shaoshu's Silent Poetry History and Xu Qin's Ming Painting Record. Zhang Geng's "Guo Chao Hua Ji" was specially made for painters in the Qing Dynasty, including more than 450 painters from the early Qing Dynasty to the middle Qianlong period. Feng Jinbo's "Painting Knowledge of the National Dynasty" and "Painting Knowledge of Moxiangju" include more than 800 painters from the early Qing Dynasty to Jiaqing/kloc-0; Jiang's Ink Painting, followed by Mo Xiang Ju Hua Zhi, included four generations of painters 1286 people; Zhang Mingke's Painting Theory of Han Songge and the Story of Maureen Today, which included more than 330 painters from the three dynasties of Xian, Tong and Guang, were the last chapter in the dynastic history of Qing Dynasty.
Specialized historical works, divided by region, include "A Brief Introduction to the Painting Garden in the Sea" and Shao Songnian's "A Supplement to the Painting Records of Yushan Mountain", all of which are specially recorded by artists in Changshu. Wang's Record of Yangzhou Painting Garden, dedicated to Yangzhou painters in Qing Dynasty; Shanghai Jiading painter's work collection "Cheng Shan Painting Collection"; Tao Yuanzao's "Experience of Painting More" was specially selected by Shaoxing painters. Zhou Lianggong wrote in Reading Pictures that the author had to make friends with painters in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. There are also works written by categories, such as Hu Jing's "Painting Record of the National Academy", which was dedicated to court painters in the Qing Dynasty; Tang Shuyu's History of Jade Painting, a collection of female painters of past dynasties; Li Fang Eight Banners Painting Record and Manchu Painters Album; Tong Yi Yi's "Mu Mei Ren Directory" is a special collection of famous painters of past dynasties. Peng Yuncan's Biography of Painting History is the most famous biography of painting classified according to the painter's surname, and it also created a precedent for the painter's name dictionary.
In the Qing Dynasty, many paintings and calligraphy works merged together, and a comprehensive series appeared at the same time. Pei Wenzhai's Calligraphy and Painting Notes is the most important macro masterpiece, with *** 100 volumes and 1844 kinds of books cited. It is a masterpiece in the history of calligraphy and painting with complete information and rigorous style.
There are many books recorded in the Qing Dynasty. The narrative books of Neifu Collection are relatively complete, and the Secret Hall and Shiqu Baodi compiled by Feng□ during the years of Gan and Jia almost completely compiled Neifu Collection. Some editors also organize their notes into works. Such as Ruan Yuan's Essays on Shiqu and Hu Jing's Notes on Xiqing. Private collections and books recorded by connoisseurs are also common. Famous works include Mo Guan by An Qi, Summer Selling in Jiangcun Village, Summer Selling by Gengzi, Spectacular Life by Gu Fu and Grand View by Wu. At the same time, there have been a series of compilations, among which Bian Yongyu's Collection of Style Ancient Hall Paintings and Calligraphy is a representative work that records books of past dynasties.