1, the reconstruction process of genealogy in the early Tang Dynasty
There were three large-scale genealogies in the early Tang Dynasty. The first time was in the early years of Zhenguan. Emperor Taizong ordered Gao Shilian, Wei Ting, Cen Wenben, Jin and others to write genealogy. Gao Shilian, in other words, is to gather officials and scholars who are proficient in gentry in all directions, collect the genealogy of the world extensively, consult historical biographies and identify its authenticity. In the 12th year of Zhenguan (AD 638), he played 130 volumes of genealogy (100 volumes according to the classical records of the old Tang Dynasty and the olive records of the new Tang Dynasty). Gao Shilian and others probably didn't understand the purpose of Tang Taizong's genealogy. In order to raise the status of the new gentry and "advocate the crown of today", they still ranked the surnames of Shandong gentry Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng as the first class according to the tradition since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, which angered Tang Taizong and lost his temper. Instructions are in accordance with the "Stop taking this title and fight for rank" (Old Tang Book, Volume 65, Gao Shilian). The second time was Emperor Gaozong. At this time, when Wu Zetian was in power, Xu, the secretary in charge of secretariat, failed to record Wu Shi's genealogy in the genealogy, and Li Yifu, the official department minister, failed to record Li's lineage in the genealogy, so he asked for revision. In 659, Xian Qing was appointed as an official of the Ministry of Rites, including Kong Zhiyue, Yang Renqing, Shi Xuandao, Tai Changcheng and Lv Cai. In the Tang dynasty, anyone who won more than five titles could be selected, which greatly expanded the scope of the gentry. Book into, renamed "surname record", promulgated in the world, at the same time, Zhenguan "clan records" was confiscated and burned ("Old Tang Book" volume eighty-two "Li Yifu Biography"). The third time was during the restoration of Zhongzong. Liu Chong, a regular servant of Zuosanqi at that time, thought that Genealogy and Surnames had been published for nearly a hundred years, and the rise and fall of the gentry had changed greatly, so the above table should be revised. Wei, Xu Jian and Wu Yao were re-edited according to Genealogy. After many twists and turns, Xuanzong ascended the throne and was written into the 200-volume Record of Surnames. Later, Liu Chong and Xue Nanjin were ordered to publish (Old Tang Book, 1899 Liu Chongchuan). Since then, there has been no genealogy in the Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang dynasty, the gentry still maintained a false aristocratic social identity, so those nouveau riche wanted to use the opportunity to rebuild their genealogy to squeeze into the ranks of the gentry. From then on, it is no longer needed.
2. The genealogy of the Tang Dynasty suppressed the nature of the old gentry.
As mentioned above, the purpose of revising the score repeatedly in the early Tang Dynasty was to improve the status of the nouveau riche and cultivate a new gentry group with the royal family and heroes as the main body. In order to achieve this goal, we must belittle the position of the old gentry in rebuilding the genealogy, otherwise the position of the new rich will be impossible. The two revisions of genealogy by Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong fully showed the essence of the suppression of the old gentry by genealogy in Tang Dynasty. When Gao Shilian and others compiled Genealogy, Emperor Taizong ordered not to follow the practice of taking Shandong gentry as a noble family since the Northern and Southern Dynasties, but to take today's official property as the basis of family status. The gentry who did not become high officials in this dynasty, even Cui, Lu, Li, Zheng, Wang and Xie, had to lower their family status. Cui Mingan of Qinghe, who ranked first in the manuscript, suddenly fell to the third place, which was undoubtedly a great blow to the proud and noble old gentry. When Emperor Gaozong revised the surname record, all officials in this dynasty were classified as gentlemen, and many people born in the poor Han Dynasty were classified as gentlemen because of their military service. Although this is a bit funny, it is equivalent to saying that being an cremation is nothing, and its significance of restraining the old cremation is very obvious. Because of this, the surname record was attacked by the old gentry, saying that it was a "honour" (meaning a table about official rank), but they themselves thought it was a shame to be included in the surname record. The old gentry didn't want to be honored, but the composer insisted on taking them in and letting them sit on a bench with those who won the fifth prize for their exploits (Biography of Old Tang Li Wenfu, Volume 82), which showed that the status of the old gentry was so much, deliberately embarrassing the old gentry.
3. Genealogists and genealogists in the early Tang Dynasty
Although the genealogy of the early Tang Dynasty was also very prosperous, its function was completely opposite to that of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It is not to maintain the old gentry, but to belittle the old gentry and maintain the new gentry. Therefore, the task of genealogists has become to demonstrate the legal status of new gentry and safeguard their interests. Lu Jingchun was the first famous spectrograph in the early Tang Dynasty. He is a descendant of Emperor Gaozong and Wuhou, and he studies hard. He is famous for his research on genealogy of past dynasties, and he can trace back to the source of surnames of various gentry. He has written ten volumes of A Brief History of Surnames. The history books say that "there was only one famous person named Jingchun in the genealogy of surnames in the early Tang Dynasty", and all other factions were based on Lushi (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, volume 189, Biography of Jingchun). Another famous artist is Liu Chong, who presided over the compilation of Family Name Spectrum, and was the first person after Lu Jingchun. Genealogy of the Tang Dynasty is Liu's genealogy. Later, Liu Fang, a member of his clan, wrote Genealogy Theory, which is the first paper summarizing genealogy in theory since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and is a must-read for later generations of genealogists (New Tang Book, 1999 Liu Chongchuan). Shu Wei was also a famous genealogist in Tang Dynasty, and his position was later than that of Liu Chong. He is gentle and good at genealogy. He met Liu Chong and others in the Secret Pavilion and liked them very much. After work, he copied it himself and wrote another 20 volumes of Kai Yuan Pu (abridged version of surname records) (Old Tang Book 102 Biography of Shu Wei). Liu Fang's "On Clans", "Tang Xing, the lyricist is Jing Chun, followed by Liu Chong and Shu Wei" (The Biography of Liu Chong in the New Tang Dynasty 1999), should be true.
The genealogy of the early Tang Dynasty is the same as that of the Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and it can be divided into two types: private genealogy of single surname and official genealogy of the world. The genealogy reconstruction mentioned above refers to the latter. The genealogy of single surname in Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as many genealogies of single surname mentioned in Classic, Book of Old Tang Dynasty, Book of New Tang Dynasty and Records of Arts and Literature, has only found fragments of two originals so far (see No.64, Volume III of Unearthed Documents in Turpan, 180-65438+), and the revised "" Counties list their family surnames, ranging from three surnames (for example, Xiping County in Liangzhou) to forty surnames (for example, Jingzhao County in Yongzhou) (see Wang: Textual Research on Clan Events in the Eight Years of Tang Zhenguan, Textual Research on Wang Family Tree in Xinji, and Book of Residual Surnames in Dunhuang Stone Chambers). Huashan Pavilion Manuscripts): Dokachigoro: A Study of China's Genealogy is the first chapter of the first volume. )。 In our opinion, this is an outline of official genealogy, not genealogy. It is useless to list the surnames of several noble families in each county without listing whether someone belongs to this noble family.
4. Family and genealogy in the early Tang Dynasty.
With the decline of aristocratic family and aristocratic system, the political privileges of the old gentry disappeared, but they still maintained high social prestige. Some shameless people among the new gentry are not satisfied with their families being included in the gentry, but still cling to the prestige of the old gentry, trying their best to blend in with the old gentry, gain blood and pursue the vanity of the old gentry's noble social status. For example, Li, a new scholar from a civilian background, has been a minister in the official department for a long time, and his three wives are all Shandong Jinshi. He still thinks that his family status is not high, but he is consistent with Lee in Zhao Jun (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty and Biography, Volume 81). Officials in Li Yifu pretend to be ministers and secretariat officials, and they don't think that their family background is not high. They lie that they were born in Zhao County and Zhao Yi Mu. Li Chongde is the real Zhao Jun Li, because of Li Yifu's influence, he has to agree with this. After Li Yifu's crime was demoted, Li Chongde deleted his genealogy. Soon, Li Yifu became prime minister again, so he took root in his heart, causing people to frame Li Chongde and even commit suicide in prison (The Book of Old Tang Dynasty, vol. 82, Biography of Li Yifu). Although Du is from the Du family in Jingzhao, he has already settled in Xiangzhou with his ancestors, not directly from Du family, but in the Prime Minister's office. He still insisted on squeezing into the direct branch of the Du family. The Du family in Jingzhao disagreed, so he suggested to the emperor that the Du family (where the Du family lived) should be dug up and filled with water (Book of the New Tang Dynasty 106 Du Chuan). Wang E's rank is the same as that of Pingzhang (Prime Minister). In order to get a false hope, he shamelessly recognized the king of Taiyuan as his father and was willing to be his son, and made a deal to promote many kings as "famous ministers" (Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Volume 151, Biography of Wang E). It can be seen that they used many means to get a false family background of Shandong gentry. Emperor Taizong criticized the old gentry for being "rude" and "shameless". In fact, the new gentry went beyond this point.