Wang Shouwu, a native of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, was born on March 19 19. Childhood often entangled with malaria, poor physical condition, intelligence was once affected. After school, frequent sick leave and continuous self-study made Wang Shouwu develop a taciturn, introverted personality and a habit of being good at independent thinking. When he was 4 years old, his father went to Shanghai to run a machinery factory with others, and his family moved. In less than two years, the factory closed down and a lot of processing tools were distributed at home, so that Wang Shouwu learned the skills of locksmith, matching keys, repairing household appliances and winding transformers at home. Wang Shouwu's powerful scientific research practice ability later benefited from the cultivation and tempering at that time. His father loves math and often tells his children some interesting math or gives them some intelligence tests to answer after work. At that time, Wang Shouwu had heard his father talk about how to find pi with his brothers and sisters. Although he doesn't understand it, the characteristic of irrational number "pi" has always been printed in his mind.
1934, Wang Shouwu's father retired and his family moved back to Suzhou. Wang Shouwu also transferred to the provincial Suzhou Middle School. In senior three, after studying trigonometry and advanced algebra, his thinking began to understand. He got the calculation method of π from the series expansion of inverse trigonometric function, and wrote the article Series Expansion of Pi, which was published in the school magazine of Suzhou Middle School, revealing his extraordinary talent in understanding mathematical theory. Since then, engaging in natural science work not only conforms to his father's hope, but also his brewing will, eager to be taught by famous teachers and to receive strict science training in famous universities.
1934 my father returned to Shanghai after retiring from the Engineering Research Institute of Beijing Academia Sinica. Later, the family moved back to Suzhou because of nostalgia. Wang Shouwu also transferred to the provincial Suzhou Middle School. Wang Shouwu's malaria relapse on the eve of high school graduation delayed the school's year-end exam and Suzhou's graduation exam. With a junior college degree, it is difficult for him to enter Tsinghua, Yanjing, Concord and other famous schools like his brothers and sisters, so he has to follow the advice of his eldest brother Wang Shoujing, who is studying in the United States, and enter the German cram school of Tongji University. A year later, he returned to Suzhou Middle School to take the exam and got a high school diploma before he officially became a student in the Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering of Tongji University.
194 1 In the spring of, Wang Shouwu became a civil servant in Kunming after graduating from the temporary school building of Tongji University in the suburbs of Kunming, where his brother Wang Shoujing was the general manager. A year later, he joined China Gonghe Fansha Experimental Factory as the director of public works. After the internship, Wang Shouwu, who was inarticulate, felt that he was not suitable for factory management, so he applied to return to his alma mater to teach, and the school has moved to Lizhuang, Sichuan.
1945 10 Wang Shouwu crossed the ocean and entered the graduate school of Purdue University in Indiana, USA, where he studied engineering mechanics under R. M. Sturm and obtained his master's degree in June of the following year. Wang Shouwu achieved excellent results in all subjects, especially in mathematics, and was praised by teachers and classmates. In order to encourage Wang Shouwu to pursue further studies, the school funded him to pursue a doctorate. At this time, the emerging quantum mechanics attracted Wang Shouwu's interest. He turned from engineering mechanics to studying the laws of motion of microscopic particles, and his tutor was H.M. James. Two years later, Wang Shouwu completed his thesis entitled "A New Method for Calculating the Binding Energy and Compressibility Coefficient of Sodium Metal" and obtained his doctorate. After the appointment of the head of the Department of Engineering Mechanics at Purdue University, he stayed on as a teacher. At this time, he and Ms. Ge Xiuhuai, who also studied at Purdue University, formed a warm family and lived a quiet and comfortable life.
1The Korean War broke out on June 25th, 950. Wang Shouwu submitted an application to return to the United States on the grounds of "returning home to serve her widowed mother". After being approved, with the assistance of the Indian embassy in the United States, the formalities for leaving the United States were quickly completed. In June 5438+the same year 10, the couple left the United States and returned to their hometown with their daughter under one year old.
At the end of 1950, Wang Shouwu had just set foot on the land of the motherland, and his superiors entrusted him with an urgent task: to design special car lights and road signs for the volunteer transport team on the front line to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, so that the "loveliest people" of the motherland could drive at night on the front line of Korea without being discovered by enemy planes and bombed. Wang Shouwu, eager to serve his country, immediately organized the researchers of his Institute of Applied Physics to design and produce. According to the principle of directional reflection of light on the cone, he made the light reflected by the specially designed lamp on the road sign only shoot at the driver's eyes, thus avoiding the possibility of enemy aircraft finding it. After the design was completed, the field test was carried out and the task was successfully completed.
195 1 After the peaceful liberation of Tibet in May, the local government found that people in Xizang was extremely short of fuel and energy, but the plateau was sunny, so it made a request to the Chinese Academy of Sciences to design and manufacture solar cookers for them. Wang Shouwu, who was appointed to be in charge of this design task, decided to adopt a reflection system consisting of multiple narrow-cone mirrors, considering the difficulty in manufacturing large-area parabolic mirrors. By adjusting the inclination of each cone, the light parallel to the main axis direction is reflected to the center of the solar cooker. After the design is successful, it can boil a pot of water in 15 minutes. This kind of solar cooker has been playing a role in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for a long time.
1In the spring of 953, China Academy of Sciences sent personnel to the Soviet Union for investigation to learn about the progress of scientific research in the Soviet Union. After returning to China, the delegation visited the Soviet Union and reported its great achievements and rapid progress in semiconductor science and technology. This information makes China scientists, especially physicists, further realize the importance of semiconductor science and technology in the cause of socialist construction, and should vigorously promote this work. Therefore, the Standing Council of the Chinese Physical Society decided to hold a national symposium on semiconductor physics 1955+0 at the end of June.
1954, Wang Shouwu, as a member of the preparatory group of the seminar, cooperated with Huang Kun, Hong and Tang Dingyuan who returned to China at the same time to translate the book Semiconductor in Modern Physics written by A.F. Yoffie, an authoritative scholar of semiconductors in the Soviet Union, which was published by Science Press in 1955. From 65438 to 0955, Huang Kun opened the course of semiconductor physics in the Physics Department of Peking University, and this new course was also taught by the four of them. 1956 1 these four experts, together with the experts who returned to China later, introduced "semiconductors" in many aspects at the annual meeting of the Physical Society, hoping to attract the attention of relevant parties. The topics of Wang Shouwu's report are "Semiconductor Rectifier" and "Theory of Electronic Voltaic Effect of Semiconductor".
During this period, as a pioneering work of semiconductor science, Wang Shouwu carried out research on manufacturing conditions and performance of selenium and cuprous oxide rectifiers, and analyzed some performance of semiconductor rectifiers in theory. Its research results have been published in the Chinese Journal of Physics.
1956 is a key turning point in Wang Shouwu's scientific research. Because in this year, Wang Shouwu was invited to Jingxi Hotel to participate in the discussion and formulation of the National Twelve-year Science and Technology Development Vision Plan presided over by Premier Zhou Enlai. Among the 57 major scientific and technological projects identified, the development of semiconductor technology is listed as one of the four emergency measures. In order to carry out this urgent task, the relevant departments of the central government decided that well-known scholars such as Huang Kun, Xie Xide and Wang Shouwu should make a surprise attack on training talents and engaging in pioneering research. Aware of the importance of this work, Wang Shouwu resolutely interrupted other scientific research projects, devoted himself to semiconductor research, and established the first semiconductor laboratory in China-Institute of Applied Physics of China Academy of Sciences.
According to the reports of foreign literature at that time, germanium is the most realistic material for making transistors. After the goal was clear, under the organization and leadership of him and his colleague researcher Wu Xijiu, more than 40 scientific workers from North China Institute of Radio Components, Nanjing Institute of Technology and other units concentrated on the research of semiconductor germanium materials. While grasping the purification of germanium materials, I personally led the design and manufacture of the first single crystal furnace for drawing semiconductor germanium materials in China, and successfully drew the first germanium single crystal in China at the end of 1957. 1958 In August, Associate Professor Wang Shoujue, who was in charge of the device group, returned from studying in the Soviet Union, which led to the alloy diffusion process and accelerated the successful development of the first batch of germanium high-frequency alloy diffusion transistors in China. As the director of the research office, Wang Shouwu participated in the development of germanium high-frequency alloy diffusion tube, and also participated in the organization and leadership work of drawing silicon single crystal, which specifically solved the problem of silicon jumping caused by too high temperature at the bottom of crucible in the process of drawing silicon single crystal.
When Lin Lanying returned to China from 65438 to 0957, Wang Shouwu personally went to her hotel to mobilize her to work in the semiconductor working group and served as the head of the material research group to implement the drawing scheme of silicon single crystal. With the joint efforts of Wang Shouwu and Lin Lanying, the first silicon single crystal in China was born in July 1965. In order to promote the research of the second generation (transistor type) electronic computer in China, under the leadership of Wang Shouwu and relevant comrades, the earliest transistor factory in China, China Academy of Sciences 109 Factory, was established in 1958 to engage in the mass production of germanium high-frequency transistors. In the case of personnel and equipment difficulties, organize the whole factory to fight. By the end of 1959, 12 varieties and 145 thousand germanium transistors had been provided for the development of 109 B computer, and the required device production was completed.
1956 is a turning point in Wang Shouwu's scientific research and a crucial era in his life. Because in this year, Wang Shouwu was invited to participate in the "Twelve-year National Science and Technology Development Vision Plan" seminar. Among the 57 major scientific and technological projects identified, the development of semiconductor technology is listed as one of the four emergency measures, which is the focus of implementation. In order to carry out this urgent task, the relevant departments of the central government decided that Huang Kun, Xie Xide, Wang Shouwu and other well-known scholars should make a surprise attack on training talents and engaging in pioneering research work respectively. Aware of the importance of this work, Wang Shouwu resolutely interrupted other scientific research projects and devoted himself to semiconductor research. Wang Shouwu, who just turned 30, gave lectures and gave lectures in the Central Auditorium of the Communist Youth League, in Beijing Library Square, in Tianjin, in Shanghai and in the north and south of the great river, vigorously popularized the knowledge of semiconductor science and enthusiastically publicized the broad prospects of semiconductor science.
In Wang Shouwu, Institute of Applied Physics, a training course on semiconductors was held for members of the electrical research group, and then the first semiconductor laboratory in China was established, with the laboratory director as the director.
According to the reports of foreign literature at that time, germanium was the most realistic material for making transistors at that time. After the goal was clear, under the organization and leadership of researcher Wu Xijiu, who later returned to China, more than 40 scientific workers from North China Institute of Radio Components, Nanjing University, Wuhan University and other units of the Second Machinery Department concentrated their efforts on the research of semiconductor germanium materials and germanium transistors. While grasping the purification of germanium materials, he personally led the design and manufacture of the first single crystal furnace in China, and successfully produced the first germanium single crystal in China at the end of 1957. In the same year,165438+from the end of June to the beginning of the following year, Wang Shouwu cooperated with his colleagues to successfully develop the first batch of germanium alloy junction transistors in China, and mastered the doping technology in germanium single crystal, which can control the electrical indexes of germanium single crystal, such as conductivity type, resistivity and minority carrier lifetime, and meet the requirements of independent production of different devices.
1958 Wang Shoujue, who led the device group, came back from studying in the Soviet Union, which attracted the dual processes of semiconductor "alloying" and "diffusion", promoted the development of transistors in the working frequency and accelerated the development of the first batch of germanium high-frequency alloy diffusion transistors in China.
As the director of the research office, Wang Shouwu participated in the development of germanium high-frequency alloy diffusion transistor, and also participated in the organization and leadership of silicon single crystal drawing, and personally solved the problem of "silicon jumping" caused by too high temperature at the bottom of crucible in the process of silicon single crystal drawing.
1957 professor chunlin Lan Ying returned from the United States and was appointed as the head of the materials research group of the semiconductor research laboratory. Under her leadership, the furnace for drawing silicon single crystal was redesigned. With the joint efforts of Wang Shouwu and Lin Lanying, in July 1958, the first silicon single crystal in China was made with the silicon single crystal brought back from abroad by Lin Lanying as the seed crystal.
In order to promote the research of the second generation electronic computer in China, 1958, under the leadership of Wang Shouwu and relevant comrades, the earliest transistor factory in China-China Academy of Sciences 109 factory was established. As soon as the factory was established, germanium high-frequency transistors began mass production. In the case of personnel and equipment difficulties, he organized the whole factory to go all out. By the end of 1959, he had provided 12 varieties and 145 thousand germanium high-frequency alloy diffusion transistors for the 109 B computer developed by the Institute of Computing Technology, completed the production task of semiconductor devices needed by the machine, and provided technical support for the task of two bombs and one satellite in time.
1960 in April, Wang Shouwu was appointed as the deputy director of the preparatory committee of the Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1960 On September 6th, the Semiconductor Research Institute was formally established on the basis of the former Semiconductor Research Office of the Institute of Applied Physics, and Wang Shouwu was appointed as the deputy director of the first business, responsible for the management of scientific research business and the establishment of pioneering branches. 1962 according to the decision of the state science and technology commission, Wang Shouwu established the national semiconductor testing center in the semiconductor institute and concurrently served as the director of the center.
1960 February, Wang Shouwu joined the China * * * production party.
With the development of science, the branch of semiconductor science is also expanding. 1962, the United States announced that the first semiconductor laser was made of gallium arsenide semiconductor material, which had a great influence in the world. This device is superior to other lasers in volume, weight and luminous efficiency, and has a broader application prospect. Wang Shouwu, a visionary, set up a laser laboratory in 1963 and served as the director of the laboratory. At that time, under the leadership of researcher Lin Lanying, the Materials Research Office of Semiconductor Institute successfully developed gallium arsenide single crystal materials, which made it possible to engage in the research and development of semiconductor gallium arsenide lasers. Under the laboratory conditions at that time, it was difficult to orient single crystals with X-rays. Wang Shouwu innovated a new method of optical orientation, which greatly accelerated the development process and improved the yield of each process. Led by Wang Shouwu, our laboratory successfully developed the first semiconductor laser in China on the eve of New Year's Day in 1964.
Since then, Wang Shouwu has not only continued to develop new varieties of lasers, but also personally guided and participated in the development of laser communication machines and laser rangefinders in order to rapidly popularize these scientific research achievements into practical applications. Soon after, China's first laser communication machine was born, which can make secret calls over 3 kilometers without wires. In order to improve the measurable distance of laser rangefinder, Wang Shouwu proposed and designed a circuit to extract signals from noise. After installing this circuit, the ranging ability of laser rangefinder can be more than doubled. These research results have filled the domestic gap and strongly supported the national modernization and national economic construction.
Just as Wang Shouwu showed his talents and devoted himself to the development of semiconductor science in China, the "Cultural Revolution" began. Although Wang Shouwu was in the humiliating position of supervised labor, he never forgot his scientific career. After he was dismissed from his leadership position, he stayed in the research room to help transform tools and repair instruments. In order to make up for the lack of means to analyze laser characteristics in the laser device laboratory, he designed and developed a laser divergence angle distribution tester successfully.
1968 In the spring, the then leader of the Science and Technology Commission specially asked Wang Shouwu to urgently complete a weapon dissection task brought back from the Vietnamese battlefield. Wang Shouwu boarded the ship to Xi 'an without hesitation. In the late period of the Cultural Revolution, Premier Zhou Enlai called for "attaching importance to basic theoretical research". Facing the difficult situation that the research team of basic theory in Semiconductor Institute was severely damaged by the Cultural Revolution, Wang Shouwu took active actions and started the research of basic theory, and made an in-depth study of the avalanche relaxation oscillation of the newly discovered domain in Geng Shi devices. Based on this work, the paper was read at the annual meeting in american physical society on 1975, which was well received by foreign colleagues and published in China Science that year. On this basis, he began to use computer simulation technology to analyze the high-field domain dynamics in Geng Shi devices, and obtained a series of achievements and published many papers.
1978 10 the leading comrades of the Chinese academy of sciences invited Wang Shouwu to the office and asked him to come out and change the status quo, and be fully responsible for the research of 4000-bit MOS random access memory, a large-scale integrated circuit.
Wang Shouwu started with stabilizing the process, carefully checked every working procedure of the process line according to the flow of the film, and worked out their respective operating procedures in detail. He started with the development of 256-bit medium-scale integrated circuits, which was not difficult to test the stability and reliability of the process. When the finished product rate reaches more than 97%, Wang Shouwu allows the projector to trial-produce 4000-bit DRAM. 1September 28th, 979, the batch yield of this kind of integrated circuits reached more than 20%, up to 40%, which was the highest level in the development of large-scale integrated circuits in China at that time. This research achievement won the first prize of China Academy of Sciences 1979 scientific research achievement. 1980~ 198 1 year, under the personal guidance of Wang Shouwu and Lin Lanying,16,000-bit LSI was successfully developed. This important achievement won the first prize of China Academy of Sciences 198 1 Scientific Research Achievements.
65438-0973, leading the research on high-field domain dynamics and domain avalanche of semiconductor lasers. 65438-0978, leading the research and development of semiconductor large-scale integrated circuits and their processes.
/kloc-won the honorary title of national model worker at the end of 0/979.
1980 Just after the Spring Festival, the superior asked Wang Shouwu to be the director of Chinese Academy of Sciences 109, to promote 4,000 large-scale integrated circuits and conduct large-scale integrated circuit production experiments, so as to improve the yield and reduce the cost. When Wang Shouwu arrived at the 109 plant, the design scheme of the plant expansion project was revised according to high standards. With little capital and not too long, the old factory building was transformed into a high-purity standard factory building with a cleanliness of 1000 to 10000, with certain humidity control and temperature control. The production line of Chinese Academy of Sciences 109 factory with an annual output of one million medium and large-scale integrated circuits was announced to be completed under the careful management of Wang Shouwu, and its products also entered the market, which was tested by many users. During the period of 1985, hundreds of domestic experts gathered together to conduct technical appraisal on the integrated circuit mass production experimental line designed and built by Wang Shouwu. This achievement won the second prize of 1985 China Academy of Sciences for scientific and technological progress.
While carrying out large-scale production experiments with the original domestic equipment, Wang Shouwu also led and participated in the construction of another pilot production line introducing modern integrated circuits. 1988 this production line has passed the acceptance of famous domestic experts such as the state planning commission, the state science and technology commission, the Ministry of electronics industry, the Beijing academy of sciences and the China academy of sciences, and won the second prize of 1990 China academy of sciences for scientific and technological progress.
At the initiative of Wang Shouwu, in June 5438 +0986 65438+ 10, the whole team of semiconductor research institute engaged in large-scale integrated circuits was merged into the factory 109, and the "Microelectronics Center" of Chinese Academy of Sciences was established. Wang Shouwu, who is very old, was appointed honorary director for life. Wang Shouwu left her present job and devoted herself to academic research.