Steps to write an outline: (1) Determine the abstract of the paper, and then supplement the materials to form a summary of the full text. Abstract is the prototype of the content outline.

General books and teaching reference books have abstracts reflecting the contents of the whole book, so that readers can know the general contents of the book as soon as they turn over the abstracts. When writing a paper, we also need to write an abstract first.

List the title, headline and subtitle of the paper before writing, and then delete the selected materials to form a summary of the content of the paper. (2) Distribution of pages of manuscript paper After writing the abstract of graduation thesis, we should consider the length of the thesis and how many words should be written in each part of the thesis according to the content of the thesis.

If you plan to write an original paper of 20 pages (300 words per page), you can consider using 1 page for the preface, 17 page for the paper and 1-2 page for the conclusion. Part of this theory will be reissued. If this theory has four items, the first item can be 3-4 pages, the second item can be 4-5 pages, the third item can be 3-4 pages, and the fourth item can be 6-7 pages.

With this allocation, it is convenient to equip and organize materials, and writing can be more planned. The length of graduation thesis is generally 5000-6000 words, because it is too short, it is difficult to tell the problem thoroughly, and it should not be too long as a graduation thesis, which is determined by the theoretical basis and practical experience of ordinary college and undergraduate students.

(3) The outline of writing an outline paper can be divided into a simple outline and a detailed outline. A simple outline is highly generalized, which only shows the main points of the paper, and how to develop it is not involved.

Although this outline is simple, it can be written fluently because of its thoughtfulness. Without this preparation, it is difficult to write fluently while thinking.

Take "Reflections on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example, a simple outline can be written as: 1. Foreword 2 This theory (1) is the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market. (2) The basic situation of the current construction labor market. (3) The countermeasures for cultivating and perfecting the construction labor market. (3) The conclusion is to list the main arguments and development parts of the paper in detail. If you prepare a detailed outline before writing, you will be able to write more fluently.

Let's take "Thoughts on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example to introduce the writing of the detailed outline: 1. Preface 1. Put forward the central topic; 2. Explain the writing intention. Second, this theory (a) the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market 1. The establishment of the market economic system has created a macro environment for the emergence of the construction labor market; 2. The formation of construction product market puts forward realistic requirements for the cultivation of construction labor market; 3. The deepening of urban and rural system reform provides a reliable guarantee for the formation of the construction labor market; 4. The establishment of the construction labor market is the inherent requirement of the employment particularity of the construction industry.

(2) The basic situation of the current construction labor market 1. A buyer's market where supply exceeds demand; 2. An invisible market with a market and no market; 3. It is easy to enter the deformed market that is difficult to exit; 4. Spontaneous market of disorderly trading. (3) Countermeasures for cultivating and perfecting the construction labor market 1. Unify thinking and understanding, and change spontaneous trading into conscious supervision; 2. Accelerate the establishment of rules and regulations, and change disorderly transactions into standardized transactions; 3. Improve the market network and change intangible transactions into tangible transactions; 4. Adjust the management structure and change personal flow into team flow; 5. Deepen employment reform and change one-way flow into two-way flow.

Third, the conclusion 1 outlines the current situation of the construction labor market and our tasks; 2. Echo the preface at the beginning. The simple outline and detailed outline mentioned above are the skeleton and main points of the paper. Which one to choose depends on the author's needs.

If you are thoughtful and meticulous, it is not a big problem to use a simple outline; However, if the investigation is not well thought out, a detailed outline must be used, otherwise it will be difficult to write a qualified graduation thesis. In short, it will be much more convenient to write an outline before writing a graduation thesis.

Third, how to draw up the outline of graduation thesis How to draw up the outline of graduation thesis? First of all, we should grasp the drafting principles of graduation thesis outline. For this reason, we should grasp the following four aspects: (1) We should have a global concept and check the status and role of each part in the thesis as a whole. See whether the proportion distribution of each part is appropriate, whether the length of each part is appropriate, and whether each part can serve the central argument.

For example, there is a paper on the dialectical unity of deepening reform and stability in enterprises. Taking an enterprise in * * City, Zhejiang Province as an example, the author said that as long as cadres set an example in the reform and share joys and sorrows with employees, they can gain the understanding of most employees. From the overall concept, we can find that we only talk about how to reform the enterprise to be stable, but we have not discussed how to deepen the reform, change the operating mechanism of the enterprise, improve the economic benefits of the enterprise, increase the income of employees, and finally achieve social stability.

(2) From the central point of view, decide the choice of materials, and abandon materials that have nothing to do with the theme or have little to do with it without regret, even if these materials are collected by yourself. If you lose something, you can gain something.

A piece of wool is so precious that it can't be cut off, so it can't be sewn into a suitable dress. For ready-made clothes, unnecessary parts must be cut off.

Therefore, we must always bear in mind that materials are only used to form the arguments of our own papers. Without this, even the best materials should be abandoned. (c) Consider the logical relationship between the parts.

Beginners often make mistakes in writing papers, that is, arguments and arguments are not necessarily related, and some are limited to repeatedly expounding arguments without practical and powerful arguments; Some materials are many and the arguments are not clear; Some parts do not form an organic logical relationship, so this graduation thesis can not meet the requirements, and this graduation thesis is not convincing. To be convincing, there must be virtual reality, arguments and examples, the combination of theory and practice, and the process of argumentation has strict logic. We should pay special attention to this point and check it when drafting the outline.

Here is a brief description of the writing method of graduation thesis outline: 1. Draw up the title first; 2. Write a general argument; 3. Consider the overall arrangement of the whole paper: from several aspects, in what order to discuss the general argument, which is the skeleton of the paper structure; 4. After the big projects are arranged, consider the lower arguments of each project one by one until the paragraph level, and write the argument sentences of paragraphs (paragraphs); 5. Consider the arrangement of each paragraph in turn and code the materials to be used for writing; 6. A comprehensive inspection is necessary.

Is there a template for the graduation thesis outline format?

1. Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.

2. Table of Contents: A table of contents is a brief list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)

3. Abstract: It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and pithy content. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words.

4. Keywords or subject words: keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, and are words with substantive significance to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract".

Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, the paper should have a theme, and according to the indexing and collocation rules, it should be converted into standardized words in the subject glossary.

5. Text of the document:

(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.

(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:

A. Propose-demonstrate;

B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;

C. solving problems-demonstrations and steps;

D. conclusion.

6. The references of the paper refer to the main documents listed at the end of the paper that can be referenced or quoted in writing. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Description Rules of References at the End of Documents".

English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date): Author-Title-Publication Information

The requirements of the listed reference documents are:

The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.

(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.

How to write the outline of undergraduate graduation thesis? Attention, it's an outline.

Cover (write title, school, department, student number, name) abstract (page 2) Keyword text (part I, part II, part III) Conclusion The above English abstract is the format of undergraduate graduation thesis.

Sample of graduation design (thesis) outline format: generally, the topic is determined first.

For example, (but the label is wrong), and then describe the title a little.

Our school usually introduces the catalogue of task books. ...................................................................................................................................... The meaning and scope of civil servants in China, ............................ ... the number of civil servants and the proportion of college students. ................................................................................................. Hot job competition in ..................................................................... ............................................................................ The mechanism of survival of the fittest in ................................................................................................. market economy and the continuous expansion of colleges and universities have led to a severe employment situation for college students. Catalyzed the overheating of civil service examinations. ........................................................................................................................................ civil servants. The "iron rice bowl" has great attraction. So there was a "civil servant craze" ............................................................................................................................................ Fairness ... Stability in ................... .............................................. 18 3.3.2 Civil Service Insurance, Comprehensive ............................. 1 9 3.3. Generosity ... Because ... ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.3 Improve the welfare and security system related to other posts to attract more people's attention and prevent the "herd effect" of blindly following the trend.

Model essay on thesis outline

Countermeasures to optimize the capital structure of listed companies in China Abstract: The capital structure of enterprises is the main factor affecting the corporate governance structure.

At present, China's enterprise reform is advancing in depth, and whether the capital structure is reasonable will directly affect whether the enterprise can achieve long-term development in the market. Therefore, it is urgent to optimize the capital structure.

Taking China's state-owned listed companies as the research object, starting with the factors that affect the capital structure of enterprises, this paper investigates the present situation of their capital structure, analyzes its causes and consequences, and on this basis, thinks about the optimization of capital structure, and puts forward some opinions and suggestions. ? Keywords: listed companies; Capital structure; Optimization? 1 criteria and influencing factors of modern capital structure optimization? As an enterprise itself, the goal of its operation is to maximize profits, and the purpose of investors investing in enterprises is also to maximize investment income.

Therefore, the optimal capital structure of enterprises should be to maximize the profits of enterprises and investors. Taking the maximization of market value as the goal of evaluating enterprise capital structure, the implicit assumption is that the maximization of enterprise market value is unified with the maximization of enterprise profit and the maximization of investor investment income.

However, due to the blindness of the securities market, the changing directions of stock prices and corporate profits are often inconsistent, and in modern enterprises characterized by the separation of the two rights, the goals of enterprise investors and operators are not consistent. Therefore, this assumption is untenable.

? In addition, the market value of an enterprise consists of stock market value and bond market value. However, China's securities market is still underdeveloped. In this case, it is difficult to correctly determine the market value of most enterprises.

Therefore, it is not feasible to evaluate the capital structure of enterprises with the market value as the standard. ? It can be seen that the maximization of enterprise market value cannot be the standard of enterprise capital structure optimization, and the optimization of enterprise capital structure should be based on the unity of double standards of enterprise profit maximization and investor investment income maximization.

? From the standard of capital structure optimization, enterprises should have the best capital structure, but it is difficult to find this optimal structure accurately in reality. Because the optimization of capital structure is influenced by many factors.

The first is the cost of capital. One of the fundamental purposes of capital structure optimization is to make the comprehensive capital of enterprises the lowest, and the capital cost of different financing methods is different.

The second is financial risk. In the process of pursuing financial leverage, enterprises will inevitably increase the intensity of debt financing, which will increase the financial risks of enterprises.

Therefore, we must fully consider how to control the financial risk within the tolerable range of enterprises. The third is the long-term stability of enterprise management.

The use of financial leverage by enterprises must be limited to the range that does not endanger their long-term stable operation. The fourth is the profitability of enterprises.

Enterprises with higher profitability use less debt capital because they can solve the financing problem through more internal accumulation. The fifth is the enterprise asset structure.

Enterprises with different asset structures have different abilities to use financial leverage. There are more mortgage loans for real estate companies and fewer technology development companies. ? 2. What are the current situation and reasons of capital structure of state-owned listed companies in China? 2. 1 High bank loan ratio? Before 1980s, the main source of funds for enterprises in China was financial allocation. After the implementation of "allocating loans instead of loans", bank loans became the only external financing method for enterprises, and it was not until the end of 1980s that there were financing methods of stocks and corporate bonds.

Banks have very low loan requirements for state-owned enterprises. Later, although the requirements for mortgage loans were strengthened, bankruptcy procedures were rarely implemented for enterprises that could not repay loans, and the soft constraints of banks on loan enterprises led to high debt ratio of enterprises. ? 2.2 High proportion of stock financing? The cost of capital is the rate of return that investors are willing to provide after considering the status quo.

The necessary rate of return of any investment is the lowest rate of return that investors are willing to provide funds for the current investment. The capital cost of bank loans is the lowest, followed by corporate bonds and stocks.

However, due to the short history of China stock market, the share price of the secondary market is overvalued most of the time. Enterprises often regard stock financing as a free lunch and only regard its cost as a dividend to be paid. ? 2.3 Small proportion of internal retained earnings? Like most developing countries, China's internal financing ratio is lower than that of developed countries. During the expansion period, China's internal accumulation is not much, and its asset-liability ratio is generally high.

In the growth period of enterprises, the rapid expansion of enterprises requires a lot of external funds, and enterprises will rely more on financial institutions such as banks, so the proportion of debt financing is high. ? 2.4 Small proportion of bond financing? The cost of bond financing is lower than that of stocks, and the tax law stipulates that bond interest should be paid before going to bed, so bond financing can also bring tax avoidance benefits to enterprises and increase after-tax profit per share.

However, due to the unbalanced development of China's stock market and bond market, the development of bond market is seriously lagging behind, and the issuance of bonds by enterprises is controlled by * * *, which makes the space for enterprises to raise funds through bonds very small. 3 Suggestions on optimizing the capital structure of listed companies in China? First of all, we see that there is asymmetry between debt ratio and capital profit rate.

A certain proportion of liabilities can bring tax avoidance effect to enterprises, as well as positive effects such as constraints and incentives to operators. But the higher the debt, the better, and it must be controlled within a certain proportion.

Several factors should be considered when determining this range. The basic premise for enterprises to choose projects is to ensure profitability or at least balance, which requires that the expected profit rate of borrowed funds should not be less than the loan interest rate.

In addition, in order to ensure that the overall capital of an enterprise remains profitable or at least flat after borrowing a certain amount of funds, the expected profit rate of enterprise borrowing is required to be greater than or equal to the weighted average cost of capital rate. ? Secondly, state-owned enterprises have an excessive preference for equity financing.

Enterprises generally believe that issuing stocks is different from issuing bank loans and bonds, and there is no need to repay principal and interest at maturity, which can increase profits and improve business efficiency. Therefore, China's state-owned enterprises generally regard stock financing as the first choice of enterprise financing, and strive to expand the issuance quota, and the dividend distribution policy is mostly based on allotment.

? But we must see that there is no such thing as a free lunch, especially in the capital market. Excessive equity ratio will seriously affect the operating efficiency of enterprises.

Creditor's rights are a hard constraint for enterprises, while the equity constraint is relatively soft and the equity ratio is too high.

Who can give me an example of a three-level outline of a paper?

The outline of graduation thesis is a report submitted to the tutor by students before they formally start writing their graduation thesis, which reflects the basic idea and overall structure of the thesis. In order to strengthen the management of this work link and ensure the smooth development of thesis writing, this requirement is formulated.

First, the graduation thesis outline structure and standard format

The outline of undergraduate graduation thesis includes (in order): cover, content summary, keywords and outline content.

(a) cover, abstract and keywords

For the structure and format requirements of the cover, abstract and keywords in the outline, please refer to the specific requirements of the three contents in the Writing Specification for Graduation Thesis of Theoretical Research.

(2) the content of the outline

1. structural description: the outline of the paper requires that the paper should have at least three titles, namely chapter, section and title, to reflect the structural framework and logical level of the paper; In addition, there should be concise written expressions after the titles at all levels of the thesis outline, and the contents covered must be expressed accurately, clearly and reasonably.

2. Format requirements

(1) Contents and text of the outline: For the requirements of the contents and text of the outline, please refer to the specific requirements of "Text and Text" in the Writing Specification for Graduation Thesis of Theoretical Research.

(2) The title of the outline content:.

For the format requirements of the first, second, third and the following headings in the outline, please refer to the specific requirements of "headings in the text" in the "Code for Writing Graduation Thesis of Theoretical Research".

Second, other format requirements for graduation thesis outline

Please refer to the specific requirements of the corresponding content in "Writing Standard for Graduation Thesis of Theoretical Research" for the paper type and the format requirements of margins, layout, text, punctuation, unit of measurement and page number, in which the page number of the outline content refers to the page number of the text.

How to write the outline of college graduation thesis?

How to write the outline of graduation thesis The outline of graduation thesis is actually the outline we need to write a composition when we are in middle school. Writing the outline of graduation thesis is mainly to provide ideas for our thesis writing and list the framework structure of the thesis, which is convenient for us to write the outline of graduation thesis. How to write a graduation thesis outline can be divided into simple outline and specific outline. A simple outline is similar to the catalogue of our papers. As long as the main topics are listed, the specific outline requires us to write the main contents of each section on the basis of a simple outline. Generally speaking, we just need to write a simple outline The following is a summary written by myself for reference only. Thesis outline Thesis topic: Comparison of the causes and effects of rural population migration to cities in Germany and China Introduction: Introduce the theme of the thesis through a cartoon.

Then summarize the purpose, main points, research direction, previous research and so on! Theory: 1 definition of rural population flowing to cities, Current situation of rural population mobility in China and Germany 2. 1 reasons for rural population mobility in Germany 2.2. 1 influence of rural population mobility in Germany on cities 2.2.2. influence of rural population mobility in Germany on cities 3. 1 reasons for rural population mobility in China 3.2 influence of rural population mobility in China on cities 3.2./ Kloc-0/ Impact of Rural Population Migration on Cities in China 3.2.2 Impact of Rural Population Migration on Cities in China 4 Similarities and Differences of Rural Population Migration to Cities in Germany and China 4. 1 Similarities and Differences 4.2 Differences 5 Summary 6 References 7 Thanks.

Find the template of graduation thesis model format

1. The writing order of graduation thesis format is: title, author category, author's name, instructor's name, Chinese abstract and keywords, English abstract and keywords, text and references.

2. The header of the schedule in the graduation thesis should be written at the top of the table and centered; The titles of the attached drawings should be written at the bottom and center of the drawings. Number tables, charts and formulas according to the order in which they appear in the paper.

3. The writing format of references in graduation thesis is strictly in the following order: serial number, author's name, book title (or article name), publishing house (or periodical name), publication or publication time. 4. Font of paper format: all kinds of titles (including "references" titles) are bold; Author's name, instructor's name, abstract, key words, chart name and reference content are in italics; The text in the body, chart, header and footer is in Song style; English uses Times New Roman font.

5, the font size of the paper format: the title of the paper is in the third font, centered; The first-level title is in font number four; Small four fonts are secondary titles and tertiary titles; Headers and footers use small five fonts; Others use font number five; The chart name is centered. 6. Print the page number of formatted text, with the bottom centered.

7. Paper size for paper printing: A42 10 * 297mm. 8. In the page setup option under File Options, select the default number of characters for "Character/Line"; The margins are set to top: 3 cm; Bottom: 2.5 cm; Left: 2.8 cm; Right: 2.8 cm; Binding line: 0.8 cm; Location of binding line: left; Header:1.8cm; Footer 1.8 cm.

9. In the paragraph setting option under the format option, select 0 cm as indentation, 0 point as spacing, 1.5 times as line spacing, select (none) as special format, blank as right indent adjustment, and blank as grid for determining line height according to page setting. 10. Print the words "xxXX-level XX professional academic year thesis of XX College of XX University" in small five font on the header, and align it to the left.

1 1. Software used: Microsoft Word 2000 or above. Templates are everywhere. I don't think you know anything either. Therefore, you can go to HC Paper Service Network to help write, and Alipay can guarantee very security.

How to write the outline of graduation thesis? Do you have a template?

Let's take "Thoughts on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example to introduce the writing method of the detailed outline:

I. Introduction

1. Put forward the central topic;

2. Explain the writing intention.

Second, this theory

(A) the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market

1. The establishment of the market economic system has created a macro environment for the emergence of the construction labor market;

2. The formation of construction product market puts forward realistic requirements for the cultivation of construction labor market;

3. The deepening of urban and rural system reform provides a reliable guarantee for the formation of the construction labor market;

4. The establishment of the construction labor market is the inherent requirement of the employment particularity of the construction industry.

(B) the basic situation of the current construction labor market

1. A buyer's market where supply exceeds demand;

2. An invisible market with a market and no market;

3. It is easy to enter the deformed market that is difficult to exit;

4. Spontaneous market of disorderly trading.

(C) countermeasures to cultivate and improve the construction labor market

1. unify thinking and understanding, and change spontaneous trading into conscious supervision;

2. Accelerate the establishment of rules and regulations, and change disorderly transactions into standardized transactions;

3. Improve the market network and change intangible transactions into tangible transactions;

4. Adjust the management structure and change personal flow into team flow;

5. Deepen employment reform and change one-way flow into two-way flow.

Three. conclusion

1, outlining the current market situation of construction services and our tasks;

2. Echo the preface at the beginning.

How to write the outline of the paper?

It is relatively easy to write an outline of a paper. From my own experience, first of all, you have to determine the topic. Choosing a topic is very important. You should feel that you have something to say and your own opinions to elaborate. Personally, I prefer hot and focused things to those that are poorly written.

After the topic is selected, go to find the information. You can search for relevant information on the Internet, and you'd better go to the periodical network of the school library. I will sort out the information and print it out after the search, because it is very tiring to watch it on the computer.

After printing, you can look at the information and see how others wrote it. If you have any new ideas and creativity, you can mark the number on each material to show the difference. Ok, then I'm ready to write. The thesis is divided into three parts: raising questions, analyzing problems and solving problems.

You can make an outline when reading the material. You can make an introduction like this. First, the concept and characteristics of XX. Second, the advantages and disadvantages of XX. The value of (1)XX. (2) the disadvantages of 2)XX. (3) the solution to the problem. (1) (2) (3) (4) conclusion what I wrote to my classmates, the teacher said it was well written. Hehe, the basic format is like this. I study law, but.