Scientific and rational thinking. Historical reflection and connotation of scientific rationality If ancient rational thinking gave birth to the embryo of science, then modern rational thinking is a process of shaping scientific myths, and modern rational reflection means the beginning of overthrowing scientific myths. The relationship between science and rationality is the relationship between knife and blade, salary and fire, rationality is the scale and soul of science, and science is the cultural expression of rationality and the result of rational thinking. In the history of philosophy, western philosophers have a rich and colorful understanding of reason. The rational spirit of ancient Greek philosophy stipulated the thinking tradition of the west in the future, and the rational spirit became the starting point for western philosophers to embark on their ideological journey. Since Thales initiated the western philosophical thinking, the genius ideas made by western philosophers on the origin of all things in the world are all shining with rational wisdom. Rationality is bred and developed in the ontological thinking of western philosophers, and as a thinking tradition runs through the long river of western ideological history and cultural history. As a principle of order or arranging order, Nous first existed in ancient Greek mythology. Logos is the embodiment of rational spirit and the follow-up of the movement and change of all things. Plato believes that knowledge gained through reasoning is inevitable, and only opinions can be obtained without reasoning. Plato saw the role of reason in cognition and divided rational cognitive ability into thinking and understanding. Aristotle distinguished rationality from irrationality, and regarded rationality as a noble and sacred speculative activity. "Rational life is the highest happiness." (1) In the early Stoic school, "Punuma" was rational and existed as the origin of the world. However, Western civilization did not only benefit from ancient Greek civilization, but the long-term blending of ancient Greek civilization and Hebrew civilization promoted the formation of Western civilization. In the Middle Ages under the shadow of Christian civilization, there was a debate between belief and reason. Theologians maintain the supremacy of faith and set a logical starting point for the development of reason. In the struggle between reason and belief, reason gradually walks out of the shadow of belief and moves towards independence. "The germination of new ideas grows under the surface of scholasticism." (2) Religion suppresses new ideas and promotes the emergence of science. During the Renaissance, classical humanism and theology were tit for tat, emphasizing the value of human beings, praising human nature, establishing the dominant position of human beings and trying their best to restore the dignity of reason. Their admiration for rationality is a great progress in the history of human understanding and opens the source of modern rationalism. Since the Renaissance, the western world has entered an era of advocating science. People praise rationality and believe that science and technology can bring a bright future to mankind. Bacon's slogan "knowledge is power" resounded throughout Europe. During this period, both empiricism on the British island and rationalism on the European continent paid attention to the effectiveness of knowledge. Empiricists advocate acquiring real knowledge through empirical methods, while rationalists emphasize bold doubts and rational inferences. They all promoted the rational spirit and developed scientific rationality for the development of philosophy in epistemology. However, the issues of life and value are excluded from the field of philosophy. Because people are too persistent in rationality and superstitious about science, science and technology has become an objective force that stifles people's value and significance. At this time, romantic humanism came into being, struggling desperately with empiricism and rationalism, trying to save people's spirituality submerged by industrial civilization and people's way of thinking immersed in scientific rationality. Pascal, a humanist philosopher, is deeply aware of the crisis of rationalism. He is deeply aware of the unreliability and limitations of reason in the process of human understanding of nature and self. He believes that rationality can only be effective for science, but it is powerless to understand human nature and solve the ultimate problem of life. He put forward the mind logic in view of the scientific logic that rationalism pays attention to life problems. Rousseau sharply criticized the extinction of human nature and the suppression of human nature by science. In his view, in the world where scientific rationality is paramount, "there is a consistency of evil and hypocrisy in our fashion, and everyone's spirit seems to be cast in the same mold." (3) Romantic Humanism After Pascal and Rousseau, when rationalism and empiricism rejected the theory of life and value and only focused on epistemology, they all pursued a passionate romantic poetic world and the harmony between man and nature. They start from people's real feelings and experience the external world and spiritual life on the basis of people's spirituality. The theme of this romantic humanism has a great influence on the later irrational humanism. Modern western philosophers believe that human reason can acquire reliable knowledge, and regard the enthusiasm for human reason as an unquestionable pursuit of scientific method (logic), thus finding self-evident propositions in all parts of human knowledge. Spinoza put forward that "the essence of rationality lies not in thinking that things are accidental, but in thinking that things are inevitable." (4) Kant banished belief from the scientific field and exiled God to the moral field. He analyzed and integrated the strengths and weaknesses of empiricism and rationalism, and made painstaking efforts for the unification of experience and rationalism. Kant's contribution to scientific rationality lies in emphasizing the role of human subjectivity and improving the status of rationality. He pointed out that human rational legislation (philosophy) has two major goals, namely, nature and freedom. [5] He believes that rationality is not only a tool in the field of thinking, but also a legislator in the world, so rationality is not only the rational ability of human beings to understand the laws of nature, but also the reason for natural inevitability and human freedom. In Kant's view, reason becomes the source of all inevitability, whether in the field of science or morality. Accordingly, Fichte put forward the principle that "rationality is essentially practice". Hegel, on the other hand, devoured everything with reason and declared that "reason dominates the world" [6]. He believed that the world was a spiritual logical world, and Hegel pushed reason to the altar. The following passage from Hegel's Philosophy of History is enough to prove the author's point of view: "Reason ... is an infinite power and entity, an infinite substance and infinite form of all natural life and spiritual life-that is, something that promotes content, and reason is the entity of the universe. "At one time, although there were different opinions on the provisions of rationality, as the inherent requirement of scientific spirit, as the central principle of scientific undertakings, as a normative value orientation, rationality had some universal provisions. Mainly manifested in the following aspects: ① As a scientific attitude, rationality takes advocating objective truth as its internal requirement. Although there have been various bold speculations and hypotheses in the history of scientific and technological development, with the development of human understanding, the hypothesis that does not conform to the objective reality was finally abandoned by the times. The objectivity advocated by reason is the objectivity of facts and impersonal objectivity. Universalism and collectivism are rational principles that science must follow. Rationality begins with a firm belief in the knowability of nature and seeks to determine reliable knowledge. On this issue, Einstein once pointed out: "With the help of thinking, all our sensory experiences can be sorted out. This is a fact that makes us gasp in admiration ... It can be said that the eternal secret of the world lies in its understandability. Without this intelligibility, assumptions about the real external world are meaningless. "(8) Rationality insists on endless understanding and exploration of nature. Rationality is not only the soul of science but also the essence of human nature. Ancient sages began to explore the origin of all things simply and rationally in human childhood. Even in the Middle Ages under the shadow of faith, reason was radiant. From the Renaissance when reason broke through the darkness of the Middle Ages to the development of modern science, reason always insisted on exploring the world. As a unique way to grasp the world, rationality has clarity and special effects. Hegel said: "Reason appears in the world, and it has absolute confidence to establish the identity of subjectivity and objectivity, and can improve this conviction and make it true. "The object grasped by reason is universal in space and inevitable in time. The task of science is to reveal the universal inevitability and regularity of the research object, and the operation mode of science is to apply rationality to the purpose of "demonstration", so science constitutes the most direct and basic expression form of rational spirit. ③ In the category of methodology, scientific rationality is embodied in systematic scientific methods. As early as Aristotle's time, rationality existed in the basic logical thinking form of induction and deduction. The debate between nominalism and realism in the middle ages made ideological preparations for empiricism and rationalism. Bacon and Descartes, as the ancestors of modern scientific rational methodology, created two distinctive methodological traditions. Bacon systematically summarized the historical achievements of experimental research in the late Middle Ages, and put forward the methodological principles of experimental scientific research and the systematic theory of empirical philosophy. Descartes made his deductive methodology famous through the rich development of Plato and Aristotle's deductive reasoning and the creation of analytic geometry. Newton is a master of the methodology system of modern scientific rationality, and his mathematical research methodology system integrates induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, which has become the source of great charm of modern scientific rationality. In modern times, Einstein pushed the development of science to a new peak, and the spirit of scientific rationality was further carried forward by him. In the sense of methodology, rationality pays attention to the method of logical thinking, pursues the characteristics of knowledge verifiability and emphasizes the tendency of expression accuracy. Einstein pointed out: "The development of western science is based on two great achievements, namely, the formal logic system invented by Greek philosophers (in Euclidean geometry) and the possibility of discovering causality through systematic experiments (in the Renaissance)." ⑽ ④ Rationality, as a kind of intellectual character, transcends materialism and idealism. As the basis of human nature, it is only a subject's ability, and there is no specific regulation on the relationship between subject and object. Reason is the sublation of truth and falsehood, right and wrong. Really great scientists are full of lofty scientific rational spirit. They diligently pursue the truth and maintain a rational spirit of modesty and pragmatism. When Einstein received the good news that the general theory of relativity was confirmed, he took it in stride, because he thought that if the theory of relativity was inconsistent with the later facts, he should give it up. At present, the academic circles are keen on academic speculation and boast about each other, which is contrary to the spirit of scientific rationality. It is urgent to carry forward the spirit of scientific rationality. As a guide to human understanding and action, scientific rationality once showed its power in human history. The prosperity of science broke people's superstition and blind worship, criticized and cured ignorance, once drove away the shadow of human spiritual field, made human beings increase their passion for controlling and transforming nature, and gave people a confident, optimistic, enterprising and upward ideological tone. The scientific and technological civilization bred and developed by scientific rationality advocates fairness and standardization, tolerance and criticism, innovation and strictness, efficiency and cooperation, making scientific and technological culture a relatively independent subculture system and the cultural fundamental frequency of modern society. Two. With the emergence of scientific achievements, scientific rationality has gradually surpassed and generalized. This phenomenon began to appear in modern times and became increasingly acute in the contemporary era. When Newton appeared in the hymn as Moses in the new era, the whole western world rang with the vibration of the holy spirit note. Newton, as a representative of scientific rationality, went to the altar of human wisdom. Rationalism deviates from its task of liberating human nature and overthrowing divinity, and its development moves towards arbitrariness and becomes a process of reshaping myths. In rationalism, rationality has become the new authority to replace God, the only standard to measure the existence and rationality of all natural and social affairs, and the fundamental means to understand things and reveal inevitability and universality. On the theoretical level, the arbitrariness of rationality has broken through the limited vision of rationality, and the arbitrariness of scientific rationality has been generalized into scientism. Scientism is the supremacy of science, which casts a sacred aura on science. In front of the sacred science building, non-science only has the freedom of worship. Scientism consistent with Christianity is a kind of "scientism" with science as God. As Owen said: "As a result of the improvement of scientific status, people who are considered to be omniscient and omnipotent human saviors are gradually worshipped." ⑾ Scientism promotes and improves rationality, at the same time, it makes scientific rationality go to its opposite side, and scientific rationality exists as the object of belief. Wemos made a clear explanation in this regard. He pointed out: "The meaning of scientism can be understood as a belief that only science in the modern sense and scientific methods described by modern scientists are the only means to acquire knowledge that can be applied to any reality." ⑿ On the practical level, scientific rationality is summarized as the omnipotence of science and technology. Scientific rationality is effective and practical in means. Modern science is like a double-edged sword, with the edge of scientific rationality inserted into the rational field, with the edge of technical rationality cut into the real world. With the help of technology, scientific rationality has brought great benefits and great progress to mankind, thus enabling mankind to establish a sense of superiority over technology. The omnipotent theory of science and technology regards science and technology as a powerful means to conquer, transform and control nature, as a great force to improve human living environment and obtain secular happiness, and as an important lever to solve social problems and promote social progress. It is concluded that science and technology can not only promote the increase of human wealth and wisdom, but also promote the perfection of human nature and the realization of freedom. In a word, technology is omnipotent. The exaggeration of scientific rationality to rationality is actually a departure from the spirit of scientific rationality and a manifestation of the lack of scientific rationality. The view that scientists deify science and technology is extremely irrational in nature. Although it recognizes the significance of the value system of science and culture, it shows an irrationality and religious fanaticism by generalizing and deifying this value system. Well, Cassirer declared in On Man that "science is the last step of human culture", "it is the highest and most unique achievement of human culture" and "it is the culmination and acme of all our activities. "His preference and enthusiasm for science and technology is essentially full of humanistic passion and irrational creative spirit. Based on the one-sided expansion of scientific rationality and the abnormal development of reality, people doubt, reflect and deny rationality itself. The expansion of scientific rationality leads to the separation of scientific and technological culture and humanistic culture. The non-scientific class adopted a servile value orientation before the tide of science, which led to its own alienation, and scientific rationality crossed the border and entered the humanities field. This servile value orientation has aroused great antipathy among modern thinkers, making them find another way out for philosophy. Schopenhauer first put forward will in the field of metaphysics, which is higher than knowledge, while Nietzsche further put forward voluntarism. He realized the shortcomings of science itself, and he pointedly pointed out: "The development of science has finally felt its own narrowness, and modern people feel anxious. Some great men with extensive nature tried their best to use the tools of science itself to explain the boundaries and conditions of cognition, thus firmly denying the requirement that science is universally effective and serves as a universal purpose. Because of this proof, the idea that you can delve into the deep essence of things through the law of cause and effect is considered as delusion for the first time. "Nietzsche announced the birth of rationalism tragedy, and he tried to replace the scientific spirit of rationalism with the Dionysian spirit of irrationalism. Husserl used phenomenological "suspension" and "suspension judgment" to explore the crisis between Europeans and science, while existentialism tried to make up for the rigidity and inevitability of reason with irrational contingency, fuzziness and transcendence. Due to the current environmental crisis, ecological crisis, energy and resources crisis, information explosion and population explosion, people are strongly dissatisfied with rationality. Because cold reason rejects people's emotional will, people oppose the suppression of personality by reason and emphasize the role of subject. Faced with the lack of reason and the helplessness of reason to many problems, people feel lonely and empty, which leads to the widespread popularity of irrationalism. It can be seen that scientific rationality is not self-sufficient, which constitutes the limit of rationality. Rationality means denying mysticism, intuition and epiphany, and denying any subjective factors. This feature of rationality in epistemology will inevitably belittle the subjective position of human beings and exclude the inspiration in rational thinking. Tindal, a British scientist, once said, "Science itself often finds its motivation from super science. Many great scientific discoveries are inspired by non-scientific ideals. "Rationality means order, unity, regularity and inevitability. The result of exaggerating this ontological feature of rationality is bound to suppress human personality, exclude people's role in nature, and deny the sociality of human nature, which leads to the simplification of the interpretation of human nature and makes human nature lose its colorful connotation and necessary depth. In short, the inevitable result of exaggerating rationality is to "replace living complex reality with simple and therefore false abstraction." [14] On the limit of rationality, Bohr clearly pointed out: My rationalism is not self-sufficient, but depends on irrational belief in rational attitude, which I think cannot be surpassed ... or in a word, I believe in people. ⒂ Scientific rationality is based on respecting facts, seeking truth from facts, respecting different opinions and not being superstitious about authority, so it only has the provisions of means and methods, but does not have the role of value orientation. The task of scientific rationality is to pursue truth, not to praise goodness. As a revelation of the inevitable connection of the whole structure, scientific rationality itself does not have any possibility of value choice. As Einstein said, "Science is a powerful tool. How to use it, whether it brings happiness or disaster to mankind, depends on people themselves, not tools. Knife is useful in human society, but it can also be used to kill people. " Reason is the logic of things, and value is the logic of people. Under the correct value orientation, mankind will realize the harmonious unity of reason and value through the rational use of reason. Three. As the thinking scale of external heteronomy, the destination of scientific rationality is one-dimensional, and it cannot foresee the purpose of human beings, let alone appeal to value judgment. The split between modern scientific culture and humanistic culture and the rise of scientism and humanism show the opposition between scientific rationality and humanism: one emphasizes scientific rationality and the other emphasizes human nature; One focuses on objective facts and the other on value; One emphasizes the strictness of law and the other emphasizes the absolute freedom of will. Once science replaces protagoras as the criterion of all things, once scientific rationality is alienated, all humanistic values will be obscured or even cancelled, and human production and life will gradually become a mechanical procedure; The conceit of scientific rationality will obliterate national traditions and cultural diversity and make the whole world dull. The snowstorm of science can't fill the gap between different cultures, and the rest is endless snowfields, which is the kingdom of science. On this issue, Marcuse once said: "Technology itself has become a systematic science, and it has been carefully arranged to rule people and nature." "All freedom ... is subordinate to the management requirements of modern industry." ⒄ Reflecting on the 20th century, scientific rationality has been greatly improved, and knowledge and technology have made rapid progress. However, under the condition that scientific rationality loses its value orientation, human beings have suffered great disasters, such as world war, fascist atrocities, genocide, growing ecological crisis, environmental disaster and resource depletion. When dealing with the relationship between man and nature, we have encountered the bad luck brought by profligate rationality more than once, which has caused the destruction of nature by science and technology. It is worth noting that the application of cloning technology has brought people unprecedented bioethics confusion, and these consequences brought by scientific rationality deserve our rational reflection on science. In the information society; Scientific rationality helps people forge new ideas and new cultures, establish new ways of thinking, give full play to their autonomy and initiative, expand the boundaries of freedom and enjoy a high degree of selectivity and equality. However, the technical reality of informationization and networking not only creates "critical weapons", but also sows the seeds of "weapon criticism". The popularization of scientific rationality in the information society has brought great negative effects on human culture: ① The humanization of computers has directly led to the alienation of human beings, and the spiritual world of human beings has been greatly destroyed. With the comprehensive and thoughtful service of computers, computer culture has entered our spirit inexorably, subtly changing the way of thinking and even the emotional way of human beings. Materialization, simplification, superficiality, loss of meaning, sense of morality, sense of history, aesthetic creativity and love have led to another crisis of human existence, that is, the crisis of spiritual and cultural space. Developed scientific rationality and advanced information technology can't save the loss of life value and the exhaustion of life ideal. "Modern people have conquered space, the earth, disease and ignorance, but all these great victories have just turned into a drop of water in the spiritual melting pot." ⒅ ② Information pollution corrodes people's minds and destroys the value system. In the information society, human's profligacy of scientific rationality is especially manifested in the abuse of information technology, which leads to a series of social problems such as computer pornography and computer economic crimes, which will fundamentally lead to the extinction of human nature, the decline of value and the true fading. It can be seen that whether in the 20th century with advanced science and technology or in the information society with digital existence, scientific rationality is only the way and means for people to grasp the world, not the only one, not all. In the era of knowledge economy, people should not only use scientific rationality to create new knowledge and technology, but more importantly, they should rationally locate scientific rationality, correctly guide the value of scientific rationality and master human wisdom to guide knowledge and technology. In the history of human culture, there was a brief harmony between scientific and technological culture and humanistic culture, which appeared in the Renaissance. During this period, scientific rationality and humanistic value were in a perfect state of unity, which promoted the innovation of culture and thought and the rise of modern science. During this period, great scientists advocated scientific rationality and promoted human nature; While defending scientific truth, it carries forward humanistic values and shows great personality strength. Bruno died in a raging fire for the truth, but the fire ignited a scientific volcano and produced fiery magma. During this period, science and literature and art were married, which was highlighted by Leonardo da Vinci. In his view, "science and art form a happy marriage, and philosophy is printed with a perfect and harmonious kiss." But the development of the scientific revolution deviated from the original intention of the Renaissance, and the Mona Lisa became a machine. In the real society, how to achieve the harmony between scientific and technological culture and humanistic culture, the unity of scientific rationality and humanistic value, and solve the problem of rational destination? (1) Towards a new harmony between man and nature. Scientific rationality only provides a possible premise for the perfection and transcendence of human nature and the harmony between man and nature, and it cannot achieve such a grand goal by itself. Only social science and social revolution can shoulder this heavy responsibility. Under the guidance of the value of social science, human beings can correctly handle the relationship between man and nature, and then they can be fully developed and completely liberated and integrated with nature. ② Enriching science, technology and culture with humanistic spirit. To realize the integration of the two cultures, we must realize the scientificity of humanistic culture and the humanism of scientific culture. To change the dominant position of any culture, we must change the educational model. Fundamentally speaking, it is necessary to strengthen quality education, implement comprehensive education, and give up liberal arts education and over-specialized education. ③ Give full play to the reflective function of philosophy. Scientific rationality lies in solving doubts and explaining facts; Philosophy shows the meaning and expresses what should be. The unknown field of human beings is always known. Scientific reason cannot exhaust all the mysteries of the world, but there is always an impulse to get to the bottom of it and explain the world once and for all. Scientific rationality can meet people's rational needs, but it is difficult to move people, to move people with kindness, and to sanctify people. Philosophy reflects on scientific knowledge, transcends concrete, empirical and limited knowledge, sympathizes with others and establishes the ultimate relationship between man and the universe. Due to the limitations of scientific rationality, we can't "be partial". We must give full play to the reflective function of philosophy and find a reasonable destination for scientific rationality. (4) Re-examine human existence. We must deeply understand the power of human beings. With its scientific and rational spirit and human wisdom, human beings are gradually moving from ignorance to civilization and from primitive to modern. We must also acknowledge the fragility of human beings, who can't stand the revenge of nature and the negative influence of civilization, let alone lose their "spiritual home". In today's megatron universe, we should straighten our position, not exaggerate human ability, not indulge human desire, not blaspheme human spirituality and obliterate human achievements. Instead, we should know ourselves, return to ourselves and rebuild human dignity in the process of exploring the relationship between man and other things. In short, we must reposition human beings and complete the sublation of reason. ⑤ Science and technology culture in the era of great science. Big science is synonymous with science as a whole. Here, natural science and technology and humanities and social sciences have formed a complete system. In the great scientific era of "science and technology are the primary productive forces", science and technology culture is prosperous, humanities culture is prosperous, and science and technology culture develops in harmony with economy, politics and education. Conclusion Scientific rationality has experienced a negative process in the history of human culture. In this process, while carrying forward the spirit of scientific rationality, human beings are also reflecting on the non-self-sufficiency of rationality and seeking a reasonable destination of rationality. Only by realizing the unity of science and value can we find a reasonable destination for scientific rationality. Shandong University Law School Wang Bin

Satisfied, please adopt.