Environmental safety and health paper 1000 words 1 When there are a lot of fine particles floating in the air, the visibility of the atmosphere will become smaller and the sky will look gray. Meteorology calls this phenomenon? Hazy days? And PM2.5 is the biggest culprit in the formation of haze weather. At the turn of autumn and winter, smog weather often occurs in northern China. Is this called smog? The culprit? Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has attracted unprecedented attention, and China's current air quality grading standards have also triggered a series of hot discussions.
I. About PM2.5
In aerodynamics, PM2.5 particles refer to particles with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in the atmosphere, also known as particles that can enter the lungs, and their diameter is less than 1/20 of the thickness of human hair. Sometimes, scholars will equate PM2.5 with aerosol. The so-called aerosols and fine particles actually refer to fine particles with a diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 microns in the atmosphere, referred to as PM2.5 for short. ?
Second, the source and composition of PM2.5
There are three ways to form PM2.5: 1, and the primary particles are directly discharged in solid form; 2. Primary condensable particles which are discharged in gas state at high temperature and condensed into solid state during plume dilution and cooling; 3. Secondary particles produced by gaseous precursor pollutants through atmospheric chemical reaction. Although natural processes also produce PM2.5, its main source is man-made emissions. Humans not only directly emit PM2.5, but also emit some gas pollutants, which are converted into PM2.5 in the air. Direct emissions mainly come from combustion processes, such as the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, gasoline and diesel), biomass (straw and firewood) and garbage incineration. The main gaseous pollutants converted into PM2.5 in the air are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds. Other anthropogenic sources include road dust, construction dust, industrial dust and kitchen smoke. Natural sources include dust in the air, volcanic ash, forest fires, floating sea salt, pollen, fungal spores and bacteria. The source of PM2.5 is complicated, and the composition is naturally complicated. The main components are elemental carbon, organic carbon compounds, sulfates, nitrates and ammonium salts. Other common components include various metal elements, such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminum and iron, and heavy metal elements such as lead, zinc, arsenic, cadmium and copper, which are mainly caused by human pollution.
Third, the harm of PM2.5
Compared with atmospheric coarse particles, PM2.5 is small in particle size, rich in a large number of toxic and harmful substances, and has a long stay time and long transportation distance in the atmosphere, which has a great impact on human health and atmospheric environmental quality. PM2.5 mainly causes harm to respiratory system and cardiovascular system, including respiratory irritation, cough, dyspnea, decreased lung function, aggravation of asthma, and premature death of patients with chronic bronchitis, arrhythmia, non-fatal heart disease and cardiopulmonary disease. The elderly, children and patients with heart and lung diseases are sensitive groups of PM2.5 pollution. If the concentration of PM2.5 in the air is higher than 10 μ g/m3 for a long time, the risk of death will start to rise. With the increase of the concentration of 10 μ g/m3, the total death risk increased by 4%, the death risk of heart and lung diseases increased by 6%, and the death risk of lung cancer increased by 8%.
Fourth, the monitoring status of PM2.5
The United States, Japan, Germany and other countries have included PM2.5 in the monitoring scope. At present, there is no international standard for monitoring PM2.5, and the monitoring standard of PM 10 in the Environmental Air Quality Standard issued by 1996 has not been adopted in China. In the recent revision of the standards of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, only the reference limit was set for PM2.5 With the great changes in the quantity and types of pollutants, the problem that the standards lag behind the reality has gradually become prominent. On October 20116543810, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the draft of Technical Regulations on Ambient Air Quality Standards and Daily Ambient Air Quality Index, which included PM2.5 as a general evaluation item. The new monitoring project will be on June 20th1165438. 20 12 65438+ 10/8, the Ministry of Environmental Protection issued "National Environmental Protection? Twelfth Five-Year Plan? The plan proposes to monitor ozone and PM2.5 (particulate matter that can enter the lungs) in key areas such as Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. China's PM2.5 standard will take effect on 20 16. If we only look at the standard values, the new standard to be issued in China is consistent with WHO transition goal 3. 20 12 to be held in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei.
Monitoring of fine particles and ozone will be carried out in key areas such as the Triangle and Pearl River Delta, as well as municipalities directly under the Central Government and provincial capital cities. Monitoring will be carried out in 1 13 key environmental protection cities and national environmental protection model cities in 20 13, and all cities above prefecture level will be covered in 20 15.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Measures to reduce PM2.5
(A) the implementation of circular economy development model to promote industrial energy conservation and emission reduction
Follow the principles of reduction, reuse and circular economy, and rationally plan the construction of industrial parks. Through reasonable layout, enterprises entering the zone will be guided to form an input-output network system, and the intensive application and management level of energy consumption and emission will be improved.
The first is the integration of products and projects. According to the upstream and downstream relationship of petrochemical, coal chemical and chlor-alkali chemical product chains, the industrial chain of circular economy is constructed. According to the relationship between upstream and downstream of the product chain, we will strive to make upstream products, by-products and wastes continue to produce new downstream chemical products as raw materials, and gradually form a development pattern in which products are raw materials and markets are markets, so as to reduce, reuse and maximize resources.
The second is the integration of public works. Through the implementation of comprehensive planning, public works such as cogeneration, industrial gas, sewage treatment plant, hazardous waste disposal center, liquid chemical wharf and pipe gallery, natural gas pipe network and so on will be centralized, and traditional enterprises will be changed to build scattered and small-scale supporting facilities, so as to realize the resource sharing of production supporting facilities and waste treatment facilities.
The third is environmental protection integration. Environmental protection has always been placed in a very prominent position. At the beginning of development, a regional environmental assessment was carried out to control the source from the planning and minimize the impact on the environment. The development zone has established an environmental monitoring system covering the whole region, which is interconnected with the relevant departments at higher levels, realizing real-time monitoring of enterprise sewage discharge. The proposed hazardous waste disposal center will be the biggest pollution source in the development zone. A solid, a liquid? Hold it firmly in your hands and realize it? Zero emissions? .
(two) the implementation of industrial transformation and upgrading, promote the connotation of consumption reduction.
Industrial energy conservation and emission reduction need to promote transformation and upgrading, from high energy consumption and high pollution to low energy consumption and low pollution, improve energy utilization efficiency, reduce emissions, and accelerate the transformation from structural consumption reduction to connotative consumption reduction. When making industrial layout, we should comprehensively consider the energy consumption per unit output of industrial enterprises and the proportion of sewage discharge, and comprehensively consider the overall social benefits of the industry.
(three) to strengthen the research and development of new technologies for energy conservation and emission reduction, and promote the industrial application of key industries.
Formulate incentive policies in major industries with high energy consumption and high emissions, guide enterprises to actively develop new energy-saving and water-saving technologies, new processes, new products and new equipment, and increase support for market development of products superior to relevant standards from the aspects of capital, market access and government procurement. Local governments should also cooperate with the state to introduce supporting policies in line with their own industrial characteristics, and promote enterprises to achieve emission reduction and consumption reduction through the deep integration of informationization and industrialization and the integration of secondary and tertiary industries. Improve the incentive and restraint mechanism, popularize and apply advanced energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies, and promote cleaner production. Taking enterprises as the main body, closely focusing on the upgrading, intelligence and clean and safe development of traditional industries, we will continuously adopt and popularize new technologies, new processes, new processes, new equipment and new materials, transform existing production facilities, equipment and production process conditions, and increase the proportion of advanced production capacity.
(d) Strengthen industrial cooperation among regional departments and reduce unstable factors in production.
Strengthen the organization and coordination with meteorological, environmental protection, transportation and other relevant departments, establish an inter-departmental early warning mechanism for extreme weather production and operation, and formulate rapid response plans for key enterprises to reduce the impact of extreme weather on normal production of enterprises. Strengthen regional cooperation, follow the principle of reduction, and jointly formulate a reasonable regional industrial structure and spatial layout. Strengthen the docking of regional industries, give full play to the advantages of regional resources, and jointly build a data processing center to transform physical resources and energy flows into information flows and reduce dependence on traditional logistics methods.
The foundation of human health is the living environment of human beings. Only an ecosystem with rich biodiversity, stable and sustainable development can ensure the stable and sustainable development of human health. There are many factors affecting human health, including lifestyle factors, environmental factors, biological factors and health care services. Among them, environmental pollution is the enemy of human health, and the closest relationship between life and the environment is that life uses the elements in the environment.
First, the relationship between human health and chemical elements
The human body contains a lot of chemical elements. Among these elements, except carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, all other elements form various biological ligands, functional protein, enzymes and so on. In a certain chemical form and structure, it exists in human tissues or is used as a material for human structures. Or as a carrier of blood oxygen transport, or as an activator of enzymes, or as a regulator of electrolyte balance in body fluids, or as a communicator of information transmission between human cells, these elements work together to complete the metabolic function of human body.
However, in the process of long-term evolution, human beings have not formed an ecological adaptation mechanism to the factors that have undergone tremendous changes in the modern social environment, whether in quantity or quality. Some elements in the environment are necessary for the human body, while others are unnecessary and dispensable. Any chemical element in the human body that exceeds a certain standard will become harmful to the human body. For example, iron is an essential element for human body, which has the functions of hematopoiesis, hemoglobin synthesis, oxygen transfer and organ function maintenance. However, excessive iron intake will damage the pancreas and gonads, and even cause heart failure, diabetes and cirrhosis. Fluorine is also an essential element for human body, which plays a positive role in preventing dental caries and promoting tooth growth. Fluorine also participates in various redox reactions and calcium and phosphorus metabolism in human body. However, excessive fluoride can cause dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and hyperosteogeny.
The content of most elements in modern human body is higher than that of ancient people, and many of them are harmful to human health. They have latent toxicity in the human body, and when they are above a certain threshold, the human body will be poisoned and even die. For example, excessive exposure to copper once caused a world-famous pain in Toyama, Japan. The patient ate rice with high copper content for a long time, and there were as many as 72 natural fractures in the whole body, which made him cry. Lead is also a potential hazard. At present, its main source is tetraethyl lead, an explosion-proof agent in gasoline. Before the gasoline age began, the ancient Romans had begun to use a lot of lead. The ancient Romans used lead to make containers for storing syrup and fruit wine. Some historians believe that the stillbirth, spontaneous abortion and infertility caused by lead poisoning were the reasons for the low birth rate in the upper class of the Roman Empire, which led to the final decline of ancient Rome. With the exploitation of lead and the use of gasoline, there is more and more lead in the environment. Lead poisoning leads to shortened life span, depression, fatigue and anemia, and even affects children's intelligence.
The second is the enrichment of pollutants by human body.
The more material people get by using their intelligence, Pandora's box? The more obvious the effect. According to statistics, 96,000 chemicals have entered the human environment. These chemicals not only bring great benefits to human life, but also bring many environmental problems. 100 years ago, DDT? The inventor of Zule (Switzerland) was arrested for his invention? DDT？ And won the nobel prize, but now many countries put? DDT？ List as prohibited items.
Modern science has proved that the enrichment and amplification of toxic substances by human body is amazing. The research shows that industrial factories and mines discharge waste water, waste gas and waste residue into the environment, which causes environmental cadmium pollution and makes the cadmium content of rice and other crops planted by local residents exceed the standard. Residents' long-term consumption of cadmium-contaminated grains and vegetables leads to a gradual increase in cadmium load in the body. The biological half-life of cadmium in the body is as long as 10-30 years, which is the most toxic substance known to accumulate in the body. The continuous accumulation of cadmium can cause various pathological changes of contacts. Acute or long-term inhalation of cadmium-containing smoke and dust can cause lung inflammation, bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis and even lung cancer. Long-term low-dose exposure to cadmium pollution mainly produces renal lesions, which are characterized by decreased renal tubular absorption function and increased low molecular weight protein content in urine. When cadmium is poisoned, the absorption rate of calcium and phosphorus in kidney decreases and the metabolism of vitamin D is abnormal. In the long run, it may lead to osteoporosis or osteomalacia in people exposed to cadmium. Cadmium can also cause tumors in the lungs, prostate and testicles. This is all due to the enlargement of the food chain and the enrichment of organisms. Newton, a famous physicist, died in 1692 due to severe insomnia, indigestion, forgetfulness, anxiety and delusion. 100 years later, people analyzed the hair samples of this great physicist.
It was found that Newton died of lead, arsenic and cadmium poisoning, which were leaked when Newton did alchemy experiments with metals. Newton never imagined that his body absorbed his alchemy element and died.
Three, the way and harm of environmental pollutants into the human body
Environmental pollutants affecting human health mainly come from waste water, waste gas and waste residue formed in industrial production process, including urban garbage. Environmental pollutants have the characteristics of affecting human health. First, the impact range is wide, because all pollutants will flow with biogeochemical cycles, which will have an impact on all contacts; Second, the action time is long, because many toxic substances degrade slowly in the environment and in the human body.
Environmental pollutants mainly enter the human body through respiratory tract and digestive tract, and can also enter through skin and other ways. Gaseous pollutants generally enter the human body through the respiratory tract. Because the structure of different parts of the respiratory tract is different, the absorption rate of pollutants is also different. The alveolar area of the human body is 90 square meters, and the poison is absorbed by the lungs very quickly, second only to intravenous injection. The diameter of pollutants entering alveoli is generally less than 3? M, and the diameter is greater than 10? M, most of which adhere to respiratory tract, trachea and bronchial mucosa. Gaseous substances with high water solubility, such as chlorine and sulfur dioxide, are often dissolved by the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and stimulate the upper respiratory tract, and rarely enter the alveoli; Most gaseous poisons (such as nitrogen dioxide, etc. ) has less water solubility and can reach alveoli. After pollutants enter the human body, they are transported to various tissues of the human body through blood. The distribution of different toxic substances in human tissues is different. Generally speaking, heavy metals are often distributed in human bones, while organic pesticides are often distributed in adipose tissue. Poisons are hidden in tissues for a long time, and can be enriched in tissues, causing potential danger to the body. The liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract and other organs of human body have a certain biotransformation effect on pollutants. Among them, liver is the most important. The metabolic process of pollutants in the body can be divided into two steps. The first step is redox and hydrolysis, which is mainly related to mixed functional oxidase system. The second step is the combination reaction. Generally, after one or two reactions, originally active toxic substances may be converted into inert substances to detoxify. After biotransformation in the body, various pollutants are excreted through the kidneys, digestive tract and respiratory tract, a small amount is excreted through sweat, milk, saliva and other secretions, and some of them reach the hair through skin metabolism and leave the body. The critical concentration and critical time of different pollutants are different, and harm will only occur when environmental pollutants accumulate in the body to reach the poisoning threshold.
In recent years, the emergence of new diseases makes us have to worry about whether the environment in which we live can allow us to continue to survive. According to incomplete statistics, from Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire in 1977 to SARS in China in 2003, more than ten pandemics broke out all over the world. In addition, the recent bird flu that ravaged Europe and Asia made people wonder: Why are infectious diseases happening so frequently now? There may be several reasons. First, human activities have caused changes in the ecological environment. South America and Asia, which have large tropical rainforests, can hardly see the past now, and the destruction of human activities is known as? Kidney of the earth? Wetlands have also been greatly damaged. Asia has the largest population in the world. Because of the imbalance between economic development and population growth, it needs to ask for a lot of natural resources from the land. And a large number of slums in South America are gradually merging into cities, which inevitably produces various diseases and plagues. The study on the disease caused by Nipah virus that broke out in Malaysia in 1998 shows that the outbreak of this disease is closely related to deforestation. Due to the large reduction of forest area and insufficient food, the flying fox was forced to migrate from the forest where it lived for generations to the farm orchard for food. However, many pig farms in Malaysia are adjacent to orchards, and pigs eat fruits polluted by flying foxes, thus bringing deadly viruses to human society. Secondly, population mobility accelerates the spread of diseases. Diseases are likely to spread with the flow of people. Epidemic influenza is considered as the biggest plague in the history of the world. It originated in the United States, became popular in France with the American Expeditionary Force brought into France in World War I, and spread all over the world from June to May of the following year. In addition, SARS, which broke out first in Guangdong in 2002, spread in a short time, and human activities have to be said to be a very important reason.
So, where do these pollutions mainly come from? Among them, the waste water, waste gas and waste residue formed in the industrial production process, including urban garbage, are the main factors.
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