Artistic truth refers to some essence and regularity of social life expressed by literary works through artistic images. As art, truth is the foundation and life. Without "truth", readers will be lost, and the meaning and value of the work will be lost. Artistic truth is based on real life, and its truth must come from real life. Because social life is the only source of literary creation and artistic truth. On the other hand, real life is the only measure to test artistic truth, which is an ideological thing, and whether it correctly reflects social life depends on real life. Only when a work truly reproduces the basic features and essence of real life, and the writer's subjective emotional color and evaluation are consistent with the objective reality of life, can it be considered as artistic truth.
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The truth of art comes from the truth of life. People and things in real life mainly refer to people and things that have actually existed and happened. Writers should think in images and make reasonable imagination and fiction when creating artistic reality. Therefore, people and things reproduced in artistic reality can exist and happen in real life, or they can not exist and happen at present, but they can or must exist and happen, even in romantic literary creation, they can show people and things that don't exist in real life at all. As Wu Cheng'en wrote, there are seventy-two changes in the Monkey King in The Journey to the West, but the changes cannot be separated from life. Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio is about ghosts and gods, but Guo Moruo's evaluation of him is: "Writing ghosts and writing demons is superior, stabbing greed and stabbing abuse, and being astute." Pu Songling wrote about ghosts and gods. He didn't leave his life. He was just bound by the social environment at that time. Although some aspects of his works seem bizarre, they all originate from life and are based on life. Therefore, their works will last forever and last forever. As a work, it should be the product of objective reality reflected in the writer's mind. Even if it is fiction, it must have a basis for life, persuasive and persuasive. Fictional plots should also come from rational things. Like Greek myths and legends, Robinson Crusoe written by Defoe in England, Red and Black written by Stendhal in France, Winter Fairy Tales written by Heine in Germany, and Leo in Russia? Tolstoy wrote Anna? Karenina and other world famous works are a true portrayal of the society and people's life at that time, reflecting the specific social environment and typical figures at that time, all of which have a deep life foundation.
Why advocate writers to go deep into life? As the saying goes, Wan Li Road leads to thousands of books. This involves direct and indirect problems. A writer can't write anything without going deep into life. Cao Xueqin wrote A Dream of Red Mansions. If he hadn't lived in that environment, he might not have written A Dream of Red Mansions. Yao wrote Li Zicheng. Although he didn't take part in the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, he collected a lot of relevant materials and began to prepare them in 1956, thus indirectly obtaining the materials he needed. Therefore, life is the source of art, and art truth comes from life.
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Artistic truth is refined and processed by writers, which is more vivid, intense and concentrated than real life and can better express the connotation of social life. The pictures of social life are displayed in front of each of us, but we have not recorded all the pictures and scenes truthfully. All written works are the products of realistic management science reflected in the author's mind. Therefore, the social life reflected by literary works is not a natural social life, but a social management science refined and processed by writers. The objective real life, after the writer's analysis, selection, condensation and generalization, is shaped into an artistic image, which often has more distinct, broader and far-reaching significance. This is the difference between the truth of art and real life.
In real life, every memory, there are countless events, showing a variety of complex and changeable phenomena. It is impossible and unnecessary for a writer to describe all the phenomena of life. In real life, not everything that happens has the same social significance; Not everything that happens has exciting and inspiring power. If progressive writers want to correctly reflect the science of social management and reveal the truth of life, they must be good at selecting the most distinctive and typical real events from the complicated life phenomena according to the personality and ideological requirements of specific characters, and then they can create literary works with high authenticity after concentration, generalization and refining. Therefore, although the artistic truth in literary works comes from real life, it does not equal the facts in real life. Mr. Lu Xun said: "the truth of art is not the truth of history ... because the latter must have its own things, and creation should be described in combination." As long as it is realistic, it doesn't have to be the former. " Writers cannot be divorced from real life and create artistic reality by subjective imagination; At the same time, we can't copy life in a naturalistic way and examine whether a literary work is authentic or not. We can't judge whether it is the true nature of life, nor can we ask everyone, everything, every move, every grass and tree in the work to conform to the facts of life. As Mr. Lu Xun said when talking about comic books, art is real. "If it must be as real as the real thing, and the characters are only two or three inches, then it is not real. Without paper the same size as the earth, the earth cannot draw." It can be said that artistic truth is not equal to a scientific summary of life facts. If the literary image created by a writer is not only original, but also reveals the essence of social life to a certain extent, showing some inevitable laws of historical development, which is enough to help readers understand the present, infer the future, and draw inferences from others and play a leading role, then such works are typical and true. The 108 generals in Water Margin, each with his own temperament, temperament, shape, sound, martial arts and experience, are typical, which depends entirely on the author's experience and his true summary of life.
Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, actually made a profound discussion on the authenticity of literature in his aesthetic masterpiece Poetics: "The poet's duty is not to describe what has happened, but to describe what may happen, that is, what may happen according to the law of possibility or inevitability." Of course, it is impossible for Aristotle to scientifically explain the social and historical connotation of "the law of possibility or the law of inevitability", but his views do touch the core of artistic authenticity. However, in the Middle Ages under the rule of feudal theocracy, Aristotle's valuable opinions were stifled. It was not until the Renaissance that bourgeois humanism revived Aristotle's banner and made further research on the authenticity of literature and art. Hegel and belinsky of Germany made the greatest contribution to the authenticity of art. As a master of idealistic dialectics, Hegel not only "described the general movement form of dialectics comprehensively and consciously", but also analyzed and discussed the typicality and authenticity of art in many aspects. For example, Hegel believes that the image of successful people in literary works should be "everyone is a real whole, everyone is a world of their own, and everyone is a perfect and lively person, not an ironic and false abstraction of some isolated personality characteristics". The theoretical value of this view cannot be erased so far.
The quality of a work depends on whether the author can sublimate the truth of life into the truth of art. Some time ago, I read the postscript of Li Cunbao's "Wreath under the Mountain". Li Cunbao's in-depth life in the first-line troops for nearly seven months, on the basis of collecting a large number of materials, formed the theme of "garland" after refining and processing. At the beginning of the counterattack against Vietnam, he picked up his robe and went to the front line to eat and live with the soldiers for three months. During these three months, he learned that some cadres and soldiers in your company left bills after their sacrifices; Some also opened the back door on the eve of the war to transfer their children from the combat troops; There are also things that the leaders of the military zones scold mom and dad for blocking the back door; There is also the heroic image of blaming others at ordinary times and dying for the country in wartime. According to Li Cunbao's words, we can empathize with "Who is the cutest person" on the Korean battlefield written by Comrade Wei Wei, and always feel that the people's soldiers are amiable, lovely and respectable. It is precisely because of this strong feeling that touched his heart, and these amiable, lovely and respectable heroic images tormented his heart all the time, so when the war ended, he came to live in the front line troops in Yunnan for four months, and then carefully sorted out, refined and processed these collected materials, and finally achieved it in one go. If it is not refined, processed and summarized, it is impossible to show such typical figures as Liang Sanxi, Zhao Mengfu, Jin Gloria and Lei in his works. Of course, these typical images are not completely equal to the truth in real life, that is to say, some things written in Garland are not and cannot happen on the same stage and in the same company. He concentrated some people or things with personality characteristics in the frontline troops on a company or a person. So he is real, but not completely real. But after refining and processing, it conforms to people's thoughts and feelings and the trend of social development.
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Artistic truth is the reflection of real life and the unity of subjectivity and objectivity. Any work is not only as objective as real life, but also reflects the writer's personal subjective feelings and evaluation of life. When it comes to this issue, sometimes it is bound to be linked with tendentiousness. As a writer, first of all, what you oppose, what you approve of and what you criticize are all class-oriented. People who don't write for the sake of writing, even if they write flowers, birds, insects and fish, praise nature. Mr. Zhu Ziqing wrote Praise of Poplar and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond. He never wrote poplars for the sake of writing poplars, but wrote lotus ponds for the sake of writing lotus ponds, all of which are subjective colors of writers. At that time, poplars only symbolized the indomitable working people in northern Shaanxi, and the moonlight in the lotus pond only wrote the darkness of the social environment at that time. A Dream of Red Mansions doesn't seem to have any subjective color of the author from beginning to end, but it does reflect the corruption of feudal society through the detailed description of the work, and the subjective color of the author is naturally revealed through the work of A Dream of Red Mansions. Of course, some writing masters are hard to see at once, but they are a true portrayal of the social environment at that time, and the problems he reflects are the objective existence of social reality at that time. So the truth of art is the unity of subjective and objective.
Of course, as the requirement of artistic truth for writers' subjectivity, besides their evaluation of life, they also require writers to show their true feelings. Only by combining the expression of true feelings with the real and profound life reproduction perfectly can the works have artistic truth and gain strong artistic appeal. Why can some good articles and movies touch people's hearts, win hundreds of millions of readers and audiences, and some even make people cry after watching them? This is because some plots of the work can be consistent with the readers' thoughts and feelings, and resonate and sing. So I became emotional. Old people who feel the same way will cry when they listen to the song "Remembering Bitterness and Thinking Sweet", so young people now will not cry when they listen to "Remembering Bitterness and Thinking Sweet", but will burst into laughter. Because he didn't suffer in the old society, he couldn't arouse * * * in his thoughts and feelings. Today's young people don't want to think back to China in the past, because they will be very unhappy when they see the corruption in China and the civil strife in China in the past ten years. They just want to see the world today, China today and tomorrow.
When the Gang of Four was rampant, some writers were disturbed by the "Left" line, and their evaluation of life did not conform to the essential law of life. They engage in "false emptiness". There are more than a dozen widows and widowers in eight model operas. My mother died with her old lover and less lover. Tiemei had countless cousins but no lover. Jiang was a widow, Hong Sister-in-law was a widow, and Chang Bao was an old spinster and Fang was a widow, but Sister-in-law had a lover, but she went to Shanghai to "help alone". Can it be said that the evaluation of life conforms to the essential law of life? After all, people are emotional "advanced animals" with secular desires, and revolutionaries are not ascetic monks who don't eat human fireworks. He is a living person living in a certain historical environment. Humanism means that now monks go down the mountain to make revolution, and weaver girls cross the river to meet their lovers. Didn't you say that the poorer you are, the more revolutionary you are? Didn't Marx and Yan Ni also have a romance? Therefore, those "fake" works give readers the impression that they are unreal and even disgusting. In Garland, I wrote about talking about my wife on the battlefield. This gives a real feeling. When life and death are uncertain, who doesn't miss the motherland and who doesn't miss their loved ones when they are far away from their hometown and motherland? Disgruntled artillery platoon leader Jin Kailai was written as Garland. Typical characters with this personality must be described in capital letters. Long live, it is not necessarily a good person to leave a message. Of course, because he complained a lot and had no lofty sentiments, he couldn't mention it all the time, so he had to be a small platoon leader and finally gave it to a dead deputy company commander. It was these people, the backbone who died for their country, who were the first to carry explosives to blow up the enemy's carved fort. It was these strange words that made the dissatisfied housewife king on the battlefield step on the mine first. Of course, some people artificially violated the development law of the essence of management science, which made Jin Kailai not even awarded a third-class merit after his sacrifice. The company violated the regulations and awarded Jin Kailai the first-class hero medal for his lover without authorization. How touching, profound, realistic and convincing this description is! It is really unexpected and reasonable.
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