Error-prone points lack logic and don't care about hierarchy.
Thinking is the life of argumentative writing, and thinking methods should be used everywhere from the examination of topics, argumentation, planning, layout, ending to the whole writing. A good argumentative essay should have both the depth of thinking and the width of thinking. Intermediate argumentative writing has a linear development of thinking, but it lacks openness and spirituality. The poor argumentative thinking is either extended or broken into several fragments.
Among the "three elements" of argumentative writing, arguments and arguments have been paid enough attention for many years, but the front-line teachers and students still don't pay enough attention to how argumentative writing can be deduced and promoted in the process of "argumentation". Specifically, an article of more than 800 words is basically discussed at one level, and this situation of "going around one level" is actually influenced by "cultural prose" in previous years. As teacher Sun Shaozhen criticized: "It seems that argumentative writing is to have an argument first, then spread out three examples, four stories and five famous sayings, and finally draw a conclusion and prove the argument."
It is actually "smooth" to read the middle two paragraphs of a random composition with full marks-because there is no logic, hierarchy and structure-which is also the most terrible bad habit of middle school students to write argumentative essays now, and even the annual composition with full marks in the college entrance examination is common. It can be called an argumentative essay for the college entrance examination without logic, hierarchy and soul.
The main discourse of case analysis has not developed and evolved.
1, no hierarchy (only one level for topic discussion)
Please look at the middle part of "The drizzle may not be invisible, and the idle flowers may not be silent" (the perfect composition of Beijing 20xx college entrance examination):
Li Bai, who said, "We go out in heaven, are we Artemisia people?" He is not afraid of the consequences of the imperial concubine taking off her boots like Maurice, nor is he afraid of Xuanzong paying back the money. Despite the virtue of the bright moon, the talent of Hui Qi and the talent of the sun and the moon will eventually vanish. He is the drizzle in Chang 'an, and he is the idle flower of the imperial court. ...
If you have an orchid in your chest, God will let the Lord. He, a high-spirited son who doesn't love official career, beauty, wealth and detachment, was born in a prominent family, but he became an official when he studied well ... He died of depression, just 3 1 year, but wrote the most touching poem in the world in an instant. This drizzle, this idle flower, radiates dazzling light, shaking your heart and mine.
Xiao Hong, the greatest female writer in modern times, has suffered all human sufferings-death of relatives, family discrimination, betrayal of lovers, departure of teachers, poverty and poverty ... This idle flower has injected fresh water and vitality into China's literary world.
This is a typical argument and three examples. The three examples have no logical order except chronological order. This article does not effectively prove this point.
2. Pseudo-level (it seems that there are several levels, but there is no expansion and evolution)
Please look at the middle part of an essay "Living Poetically", which is the full score of Hunan college entrance examination:
Live poetically, and the world will stop bothering you.
Tagore said that the brand of death branded life on the coin of life, making it buy something of real value. Only by living poetically can Ming Che look at the disputed world indifferently and let the troubles stop.
Thousands of pigeons have passed, and there is a piece of Wang Yang, and there are only a few chronicles of the Three Kingdoms in the quarry collection. Turbid waves are a cup of boiled wine that Li Bai drinks. ...
Poetic life reveals the value of life.
Kant said ...
Dancing Zhuang Zhou's Dream Butterfly ...
Du Fu, whose books are ruined, chose a poetic life, so ...
It seems to prove the argument from different angles, and each sub-argument seems to be independent, but in fact it is closely related or even inseparable. This problem is particularly serious in some "parallel" argumentative papers in the examination room. In this part, the truly logical "parallel" argumentative paper lists several parallel concrete arguments around the general topic, demonstrates them respectively, explains the general topic from all aspects and draws a conclusion. Every argument is in the same position, but it cannot be repeated, contained or crossed.
Avoid choosing arguments from the same angle. The lack of breadth in choosing arguments from the same angle leads to monotonous arguments, which appear to be biased and pale; Choosing arguments from different angles is not only rich and comprehensive, but also typical and concise, which makes the article rigorous and powerful. The parallel layered argument is characterized by horizontally expanding the level of the argument and juxtaposing the relationship between the arguments, that is, demonstrating the central argument or the central issue discussed from different angles and sides.
Even so, it is conceivable that ordinary candidates make such mistakes in their compositions.
Prepare for the exam, point out the truth and peel the cocoon step by step.
What kind of argumentative paper is logical thinking? What kind of argument is an effective argument?
Professor Yu Daizong, head of the composition marking group of Fujian college entrance examination, said: "Argumentation is not an argument, nor an argument, but an argument. Argumentative writing depends on how the arguer demonstrates. Arguments are "demonstrated" and "forced" by arguments ... Arguments need to be in-depth and hierarchical ... Argumentation is a link-by-link work. The first parameter serves the second parameter, and so on. Demonstration is to actively look for loopholes and deficiencies, and take loopholes or deficiencies as a jumping point and leap to a higher level. "
Paying attention to the speculative nature of argumentative writing is to make argumentative analysis more reasonable and more in line with objective laws and logic, rather than being reduced to word games and sophistry. Because argumentative writing is "reasonable", "reasonable" should be gradual, step by step, and even "reeling". Arguments without a sense of hierarchy are invalid arguments, and "unreasonable" arguments are not imposed by convincing people.
Here, I recommend several hierarchical argumentative structure models that can reflect the logic of argumentative thinking to candidates:
1. Material composition: the argumentation structure of "introduction, analysis, extraction, connection and conclusion".
[Introduction]: Directional cutting, outlining materials.
"Analysis": Analyze materials and highlight sensitive points. Focusing on the discussion, this paper briefly analyzes the meaning of the cited materials.
"mention": put forward arguments and open your eyes to the outline. Through the analysis of the materials, the central argument is put forward.
"Lian": Associative connection and demonstration. Compare social life with the truth provided by the materials and discuss the process of social life. You can think of similar truth and related social life phenomena. This part is the focus of the composition, which should be broad-minded and strong in generalization; It is necessary to highlight key points and combine positive and negative aspects.
"Conclusion": Reaffirm the material and deepen the argument.
2. Argument structure of "argument, evidence, conclusion, overlapping evidence and induction".
Argument. At the beginning of the article, the argument is clearly put forward, which can also explain the background and reasons of the argument. Put forward arguments through simple quotations.
Enter the evidence. I entered the argument for the first time after putting forward the argument.
Intersection. On the basis of expounding the argument of the second step, this paper makes a brief analysis, points out its universal significance and summarizes it. Then, combined with real life, the paper is expounded to prepare for the next demonstration.
After the above summary of overlapping evidence, I will use real-life examples as arguments to demonstrate. These arguments form a progressive overlapping relationship with the historical arguments in the second step, so they are called "overlapping evidence".
Induction. In order to further reveal the contemporary practical significance of the argument, or put forward ideas and methods to solve the problem, and summarize the full text.
3. Hierarchical structure:
Including "what is it", that is, giving opinions; "Why", that is, analyze the reasons; "What to do" means putting forward countermeasures, analyzing countermeasures and demonstrating countermeasures. The characteristics of progressive layered argument are the progressive relationship between sub-arguments, the deepening of argument, revealing the connotation of the topic layer by layer, and making the central argument deeply expounded. Its function is thorough analysis and profound reasoning.
4. Control structure:
The main part has positive and negative contrast and turning supplement. The argumentative essay with this structural model can make the style of the article clear and the structure of the text rigorous. The core content of speculative expression in argumentative writing is to analyze problems (topics). Analysis is to express the process and main points of speculation in logical order. The essence of argumentative writing "convincing people by reasoning and winning by reasoning" is the level of discussion, and the level of discussion means that the reasoning logic of discussion is strong and the level shows the thinking ability of argumentative writing. Logical thinking is the soul of argumentative writing, and only argumentative writing with strong reasoning logic can get high marks in the college entrance examination.