Porcelain is a great invention of our ancestors, and when it came into being is controversial in academic circles. Some people think it existed in Shang Dynasty. My unit exhibited a statue in the 1970s. At that time, I didn't know much about porcelain. Some experts say this is called porcelain. I said this porcelain was different from the current porcelain, but he said it was different. At that time, it was very rough, that is, there were some glassy things on the surface, so some experts said that this porcelain should be called primitive porcelain, but some experts thought it occasionally appeared in pottery. As for how it came into being, that's an expert's business, not ours. In short, primitive porcelain was produced before the Jin Dynasty, and it was called primitive celadon. After the Jin Dynasty, white glaze and sauce glaze began to appear, as well as the secret colored porcelain in the Tang Dynasty and the underglaze color in Changsha, Hunan Province, as well as the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, all of which were artificially colored on porcelain and could be controlled artificially. These are called old kiln porcelain in the collection circle. In the Yuan Dynasty, blue and white, underglaze red and red and green colors appeared. Today I mainly talk about blue and white porcelain. Some experts believe that blue and white porcelain was produced in the Tang Dynasty, while others believe that it was produced in the Song Dynasty. By the Yuan Dynasty, blue and white porcelain had matured.

Most of our modern collectors collect Yuan, Ming and Qing porcelains. Hundreds of years of porcelain are called new porcelain. As far as porcelain is concerned, there are monochrome glazes and painted glazes. Blue and white porcelain is the largest in painting, and it has been the mainstream of porcelain for nearly 700 years from Yuan Dynasty to Qing Dynasty.

When it comes to blue-and-white porcelain, the first thing to mention is blue-and-white materials. The blue color in blue and white materials is cobalt oxide, which belongs to underglaze color. What is underglaze color? To put it simply, the manufacturing process is that after the blank is pulled out, it is coated with cobalt oxide when it is dry, and then covered with a layer of glaze, and then sintered in a kiln at 1260 degrees. Last time I mentioned "Nine Ways and Five Methods".

Of the nine aspects of 1, the fourth aspect is color. Mr. Sun Yingzhou, the late famous porcelain appraiser, made in-depth research on porcelain appraisal in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and put forward many effective methods. Among them, Sun Lao divided the colors of blue and white into more than 20 kinds through observation. If we know the color of blue and white, it will be of great benefit to our identification and appraisal. Why do blue and white have so many colors? Because blue-and-white porcelain has been the mainstream for hundreds of years, for a long time, the different sources and textures of green materials in different historical stages, coupled with the production process and other reasons, have had different effects on the quality of blue-and-white porcelain hair color and tone. Because of this, there must be obvious differences in the quality, tone and style of blue and white flowers, and the artistic effect must also have strong characteristics of the times. These differences provide an important basis for the dating identification of blue-and-white porcelain, so it is the basis for appraisers to understand the source, grade, hair color and color development of blue-and-white porcelain. When we pick up a piece of blue and white porcelain, the first thing we see is its shape, and then we see the artistic effect of blue and white, which is an intuitive feeling. The results are often summarized by words such as bright, bright, dark, light, beautiful, regular, dull and dull. The formation of these generalized words is the synthesis of blue and white hair color, color tone and painting art. What is hair color? What is coloring? What is the relationship between these two colors? What are the conditions? This is for you to introduce. Hair color is the chemical change of green material during firing, and color is the intuitive feeling of green material after firing. The tone of color has the following restrictive factors: the first is hair color, the second is fetal bone and the third is glaze color. Fetal bone is a fetus in glaze. Fetal yellowing, whitening, softness and hardness have certain effects on blue and white flowers. The quality, color and thickness of glaze have an influence on color rendering. The limiting factors of hair color are: first, green materials, second, application technology, and third, baking temperature. The application of technology is how well you draw when you draw. If the dipped pigments are the same, draw lines evenly. After burning, blue and white are one color, otherwise blue and white have different colors. Another is the baking temperature, which should be 1260 degrees. The same green material, if the temperature is too high, the color is black; The temperature is too low, a little green. There is also a special case, that is, pure blue-and-white porcelain with the same hair color and color, if it is fired twice, that is, put into the secondary furnace, its color will be darker than that without it, like the later blue-and-white red-green and bean color. Besides, green materials are influenced by three aspects, the first is composition, the second is purification, and the third is preparation. I mainly talk about composition. Composition is mainly cobalt oxide, blue, containing some manganese oxide, and an iron oxide, iron oxide for short. The higher the cobalt content, the more positive the blue color, the less the cobalt content and the grayer the color. When the manganese content is high, blue and white are blue with purple or blue with red. When the iron oxide content is high, the blue and white hair color is black. Mr. Sun divided the colors of blue and white into more than twenty kinds. He sometimes knows the approximate age by observing the color.

Before dating, you must remember all the Ming and Qing emperors. What should I do if I don't know the date? The emperors of HongHongxuan in the early Ming Dynasty were Hongwu, Wen Jian, Yongle, Hongxi and Xuande. Wen Jian and Hongxi have no porcelain. "Three generations of scenery" is orthodox, Jingtai and natural. Some people call these three dynasties "blank period" and "dark period", saying that there was no porcelain in this period. I don't agree with either name. Let's call it "Ming San Dai". Because porcelain did exist in this period. "The continuation of Cheng De" was in the middle of Ming Dynasty, that is, Chenghua, Hong Zhi and Zheng De. Chenghua porcelain was the most prominent in the Ming Dynasty. "The middle and late period of Jialongwan" refers to Jiajing, Qin Long and Wanli, which we call the middle and late period. "Taichang Apocalypse Worship", namely Taichang, Apocalypse and Chongzhen, is called the late Ming Dynasty. There was no porcelain in Taichang period because he was emperor for 29 days. The Ming dynasty was 277 years, and some people counted it as 276 years. The phrase "270 years" I made up is just an estimate. There were 10 emperors in Qing Dynasty, namely Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuan Tong. The Qing dynasty was dominated by three generations of porcelain in the Qing dynasty. Let me introduce you to the specific situation in chronological order.

Because Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, was named Hongwu, Hongwu's blue and white porcelain was called Hongwu porcelain. Due to the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, porcelain production in the early Ming Dynasty did not achieve much. I collect a goblet, its hair color is relatively stable, basically no halo, and its color is indigo. I set it in the early stage of Hongwu from the beginning, and later asked my master Geng Lao to watch it. He said that this flower painting method is called stippling, which is a brushwork and belongs to freehand brushwork. The tire soil is light khaki with soft texture and rough shape, which can be regarded as porcelain in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there were many things. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, everything was in a hurry, fearing that the porcelain industry had no time to take care of it, so porcelain production was more than inheritance and less than development. At this time, all the green materials are made in China, and the color tone is light blue, but because the quality and purification are not very good, light blue has a gloomy tone. In a word, the blue-and-white porcelain in the early period of Hongwu was of low quality, so it was difficult to distinguish it from the porcelain in the late Yuan Dynasty. Academic circles think it is a transition, so there is a saying of "late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty" in the appraisal. This small handleless wine cup is a folk gadget with a diameter of 4.8 cm and a height of 4.8 cm. When I arrived, it was broken into nine pieces, and it was still missing, but it was later repaired. This thing is really worthless, but personally, it is basically complete. The important thing is that this is a specimen from the end of Yuan Dynasty to the beginning of Ming Dynasty. In the appraisal, we can take this as a reference and infer from the truth that we can associate Yongle and Xuande, so I think my small handless cup is a wonderful flower. During the Hongwu period, the output of blue and white porcelain was small, and there was no official kiln for writing official money. It is said that there were official kilns at that time, but I have never seen any with Chinese characters, so if you see the porcelain made in the Ming Dynasty, you can say it is fake.

Besides identification, I also do repairs. I divide ceramic restoration into six steps, which is called six-step restoration method.

2. The fourth step is called matching, which is to stick the fragments together and then fill its shortage and cracks. "Six-step method" is mainly used to repair pottery. As for filling porcelain, generally only the fourth step is used, and the following two steps of imitating color and making old ones are not done because of materials and other reasons. This is what I brought back today.

During the Yongle and Xuande periods after Hongwu, blue and white wares developed greatly, and their main feature was the use of Su Ni Bo Qing (or Su or Li Qing). Suniperazine is an imported green material, which contains high proportion of cobalt and iron, but low content of manganese. Strong hair color, easy to faint, but natural. The hue of the color is cyan, the light part is sky blue, the deep part is indigo blue, and the dense part appears iron and cobalt spots. The appearance of iron and cobalt spots is the characteristic of Suniboqing. People who like to collect will be referred to as Su Nibo Qing Su Liao for short. What are the characteristics of Su Liao? Generally speaking, the Soviet material should go deep into the fetal bone, which is concave. If we look at it this way, it is black, but from the side, it is not this color. Looking sideways, one can see that it is concave, and the other is that it reflects tin light instead of black light. If it is not made of Soviet materials, do you look at light or black? So when you see this again, I want you to look aside. This kind of place with indigo color and iron and cobalt spots is usually dug out by hand. Its unevenness is irregular. What is the reason? One is quantity, and the other is tire repair, which is irregular. At the time of Tongzhi in the late Qing Dynasty, if you touch a bigger word, it won't even be smooth. But that unevenness is different from this unevenness, and this unevenness is irregular. During the Tongzhi period, you felt regular unevenness, just like waves, which is called wave glaze in the jargon. This is the problem of glaze. We must separate these two. In all fairness, the appearance of iron and cobalt spots should belong to the problem of raw materials and technology, that is, shortage. However, in the eyes of connoisseurs, this deficiency is neither a fly in the ointment nor a porcelain that does not hide its defects, but a special artistic effect, just like Agger kiln. As we all know, the saying that "the magnet jumps up" is the burnt porcelain with many fragments on it. However, the craftsmen of the Song Dynasty were great at that time. He turned this shortcoming into an advantage and became one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, we think that this iron-cobalt spot is the identification basis for identifying whether it is Yongxuan porcelain or not, and it is also one of the important basis.

This bowl is called the cuttlefish lotus butterfly bowl, and I have also repaired it. The blue and white on the bowl is bluish-blue, but the blue is a little bluish-gray. The colors are deep and light, and there are cobalt spots in dense places. The tire of the bowl is thin, and why it is thin will be said later. The tire is thin, the tire repair is very regular, and the glaze color is bluish white and very moist. The outer wall of this foot is turned outwards, outwards. In addition, this place is called the inner corner. The inner corner is glazed and the color is shrimp blue. The insole glaze is inlaid with white, and the two glazes are different. It is white and thin. Therefore, this bowl can be considered as porcelain in the middle and late Yongle period. Su Liao is prone to dizziness, so it is not suitable for drawing thin lines or subtle places such as eyebrows and eyes. But using it to draw flowers or branches and leaves of different sizes has certain characteristics. This is called magpie climbing, which can better reflect the characteristics of Soviet materials. This color is heavier, and as I said just now, the cobalt spot on the Soviet material is more obvious than that. Magpie like this painting is called halo. Originally, the painting was very clear, but because the material was scattered horizontally, it looked a little fuzzy. This is the characteristic of Su Liao. It turns out that there is no difference between Yongxuan and Xuande, that is, Yongle and Xuande porcelain are equally matched. Can I actually divide it? Some places can still be divided. Just compare these two bowls. They are almost the same size. We have a method of identification called hand in hand. What does hand mean? Just pick up these two bowls and weigh them with your hands. This bowl is heavier, and its hands are lighter than it. Why is it more important than light? This is a fetal problem. The belly of the bowl was thinner in Yongle and thicker in Xuande. How to judge? Sometimes we can't write with a pen, and we can't speak clearly with our mouths. If you touch it like this, you will find this thick and that thin. Therefore, the Yongxuan porcelain in these two periods can still be distinguished. The Soviet material I mentioned just now may have been brought back by Zheng He's seven voyages to the West. I still can't find the place of origin. Later, because Zheng He stopped going to the West, the Soviet Union's material source was cut off. In the early Ming Dynasty, blue and white porcelain with this characteristic gradually disappeared.

During Chenghua period, a new type of green material called Ping Dengqing appeared. After the appearance of Ping Dengqing, the blue and white art took on a new look. Let's make a summary of the Sunibo green material mentioned earlier. Due to the special artistic effect of vegetarian food, when Zheng De arrived in Ming Dynasty, some people began to imitate it. Later, in the late Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, until today, people copied it. So some people say that he bought something from Liu Bei, let's just say it's fake and cheated. Then, how to judge this Soviet material is only three points. Actually, I just said it. Let's repeat it. The first is to see if this black spot is natural. How do you say this? Because there is no such material, then the cobalt spot will not come out. What should I do? Click with a pen, just click with some black materials. If you point it out, it will look unnatural. Second, does this black spot go deep into the fetal skeleton, that is to say, is this black spot on its surface or deep into the fetal interior? Third, is the side view I introduced tin? Please pay attention to these three points. Because there is no such material later, even if it is dyed again, to be honest, it will not achieve the original effect. About six or seven years ago, someone asked me to see something and took such a big bowl. I tell you this is false. I said there are six words written under the bowl-"Daming Xuande Year System". He said, "How do you know?" I said, "You have a Xuande bowl." "Yes, this is the Xuande Bowl." I said, "But your bowl is fake." And I know more clearly that this bowl was copied by Jingdezhen in the 1980 s. The result was passed around, and it became true, and it was sold as it was. It is said that he spent about 50 thousand yuan.

In the early years of Chenghua, it is said that there was still some Soviet material. But I really haven't seen this kind of porcelain. In Chenghua porcelain, the artistic effect of most blue and white flowers is elegant, soft and ethereal. This elegant and quiet style is one of the main reasons why future generations like Chenghua porcelain. The name of the green material used in this period is called Ping Dengqing, also called Broken Pond Green. This kind of green material is produced in Ruizhou, Jiangxi. There are many factors that produce this artistic effect of equal green flowers: this green material contains less iron and relatively more manganese; Hair color is stable, or tends to be stable, without floating feeling; The colors are blue and cyan; During this period, the embryo of porcelain was white, and the glaze was fat and transparent. Fine patterns could be drawn with Ping Dengqing. Therefore, the color is elegant and soft, giving people an ethereal feeling, which makes people feel that this Chenghua porcelain has a sense of mystery. This is the charm of Chenghua blue and white porcelain.

I call this thing a full flower painting bowl. Some people say that the picture on this bowl is called okra, because I know nothing about plants, so I dare not say whether it is okra or not. I call it a flower, a whole flower. Its color is basically stable. The color is blue with a little gray, blue with cyan gray, and black and blue in dense places. But it is never concave, it is flat. The enamel is moist and the fetus is white. If you want to learn identification, look at the porcelain tiles first, and you can see clearly from the porcelain tiles. The glaze color is white with blue, and white with blue. Touch its surface with your hands, and some places are raised upward, but there is no feeling of depression. These all belong to the characteristics of Ping Dengqing. Here, I want to introduce the whole flower to you. What parts should a flower be made of? There are roots, stems, branches, leaves and flowers. In any other dynasty, the flowers they painted had no roots, but the flowers they painted in Chenghua had roots. This is the characteristic of painting flowers in Chenghua period. So with this feature, we found another evidence to identify Chenghua porcelain. Another feature of Chenghua porcelain is that there is not much difference between official kilns and private kilns. According to the pattern of this specimen, as well as glaze color, enamel, blue and white, etc. , is Chenghua folk kiln. To tell the truth, Chenghua folk kiln is rarer than official kiln. When I got this porcelain, I was hesitant about how to date it. Is it really Chenghua porcelain? In particular, the latter one reads "Daming Chenghua Year System". Its font is scrawled and irregular. Later, according to Mr. Sun Yingzhou's method, he looked at the place with a magnifying glass of 15 times. Its glaze is full of bubbles, like a foggy cloud. This phenomenon is unique to Chenghua porcelain. Out of caution, I let Geng Lao pass the eye again, and Geng Lao said it was Chenghua porcelain. Therefore, this fragment can be regarded as a fine product of Chenghua folk kiln. Mr. Sun Yingzhou has an incisive evaluation of Chenghua porcelain. He believes that Chenghua porcelain has delicate and pure fetal quality, white glaze as bright as fat, soft color, smooth strokes, light and beautiful shape and exquisite appearance.

Chenghua porcelain occupies a place in the history of porcelain development and is very important. In the appreciation of porcelain, there is a saying that "you can see things clearly and see Yongzheng clearly", that is, for porcelain, Chenghua porcelain in the Ming Dynasty is the best and Yongzheng porcelain in the Qing Dynasty is the best, which is enough to prove that the ceramic industry attaches importance to and cherishes Chenghua porcelain. It is precisely because Chenghua porcelain has been favored by later generations that it has been copied since Jiajing and has been copied since later generations. One of the most exquisite imitations was made during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty. They are very particular about yuan, shape, glaze, color, painting, style and other aspects, and they all pursue Chenghua style, and the effect is quite good, which is almost confusing.

Yongzheng's porcelain is written in "Ming Chenghua Year System", which is an imitation and cannot be called a fake. Because it is pastel outside, pastel is only available in Kangxi. Its style is quite beautiful, but compared with the real Chenghua porcelain, its defects come out. Many porcelains in the late Qing Dynasty were written with the words "Chenghua Year System in Ming Dynasty" or "Chenghua Year System". In the process of my appraisal, people often say that his porcelain is Chenghua, but I say no, because the words on it are scrawled, and we can't just look at the money but also look at other aspects. In addition, the porcelain in Chenghua period does not have the four characters of "Chenghua year system", but "big next year" or "big next year system"

There is also a saying in the appraisal that Chenghua and Hongzhi porcelain are indistinguishable, because there is not much difference in quality between the two periods. Why is this happening? Emperor Chenghua's name was Zhu Jianshen. When he was a prince, he married a concubine named Wan, who was 18 years older than him. Later, when Zhu Jianshen became emperor, she was not made queen, but Wan Fei had more power in the harem than the queen. Wan Fei once gave birth to a son, but died at the age of 3. She never gave birth to another child. May be out of a kind of jealousy, harem concubine who is pregnant, she will let people have an abortion. Later, Zhu Jianshen met a maid-in-waiting in the imperial study of the harem. This maid-in-waiting is a princess of a small country in Guangdong. After the country was destroyed, she was taken to the palace as a maid of honor. As a result, the maid-in-waiting became pregnant. Wan Fei didn't pay much attention to a maid-in-waiting. When Wan Fei learned about it after she appeared, she ordered people to hook the fetus out of the mother's body with hooks. After being checked out, you will be killed. At that time, it was protected by eunuchs, and so was the maid-in-waiting. When the child was five years old, Zhu Jianshen lamented that he had no children. Then the eunuch took the opportunity to tell him that you have a son. I didn't make this up. I checked the Ming Dynasty. It is recorded in Biography of Concubines in Ming Dynasty. It says that there is a place on hongzhi emperor's head where there is no hair, and it is hooked with a hook. Zhu Jianshen's son is called Zhu Min.

Why should I tell such a history? The reasons are: firstly, Wan Fei has great influence in the harem, and Zhu Jianshen respects Wan Fei very much. Wan Fei likes small and exquisite articles, including porcelain. Look at it as a flower, look at its blue and white; Second, look at its fighting color, which is on the tire. For example, if you want to draw a bird, you may only draw the legs and head, not the body, and then cover it with a layer of glaze. After burning, other colors will fill the body before burning. At present, the most famous are cockfighting bowls, cockfighting cups and cockfighting altars. There are about 1 million such things in the auction house. So Chenghua porcelain at that time was probably related to Wan Fei.

Second, Zhu Min only became emperor after a narrow death, and he knew something about the sufferings of the people. After he became emperor, he relieved the burden of some people more or less and stopped burning porcelain. This formed that most of what Hongzhi accepted was Chenghua, because he didn't have any innovation, which was one reason why Cheng Hong didn't distinguish between success and failure.

Take out a bowl. This is a bowl from Hongzhi period. I named it "Walking Dance", which is also a folk kiln. Its blue and white color is unstable and dizzy, especially the inner edge of the mouth. The color is gray-blue, the tone is relatively light, the glaze color is white-gray, the middle is blue, and the inner corner of the foot is shrimp blue. There are two strings on the outer wall of the foot, and there is a distance between them. The upper chord is lighter and the lower chord is heavier. The picture of the bowl may be eight boys, and four can be seen on this bowl. Because this is half a bowl, maybe eight bowls. They all wore long gowns and danced beautifully and harmoniously. The background is a relatively flat earthen harbor with many willow branches painted, and the whole picture presents a peaceful atmosphere of spring outing. This is a realistic folk painting. From the whole picture, the decorative lines are bold and elegant, which is deeper than Chenghua. Figures began to be painted in the Yuan Dynasty. At that time, most people mainly painted adults. During the Xuande period, there were also paintings of children, but not many. But in Chenghua, there are more subjects for painting boys and young men. The two lines I mentioned just now are called Xianwen. In the early Ming Dynasty, there were no double lines, or single lines, or painted flowers mainly in Hongwu and Yongle years. When Xuande proclaimed himself emperor, double-string characters began to exist. It is important to pay attention to the upper limit when re-identifying, that is, when this thing began to appear. If something before it appears has the characteristics before it appears, it must be false. This is a double-string character that appeared in Xuande period. Another feature is that these two lines are light and heavy, the light above and the heavy below. This feature has existed since Xuande, and it was obvious at Chenghua, but not at Hongzhi, and there will be no such feature in the future. So I made up another jingle, called: "There are two sides to Xuande, the rules of Chenghua are near the bottom, and the upper line is light and the lower line is thick until Hongzhi is still visible." It's really hard to tell success from failure, but there are still some subtle differences. For example, the color of Chenghua period is "blue-blue-gray", while the color of Hongzhi period is lighter than Chenghua; The hue of Chenghua period is gray blue, and the hue of Hongzhi period is relatively dark, and there are more iron and cobalt spots than Chenghua period. Just now we talked about Ping Dengqing in the middle of next year. Let me make three more points: first, about the bubble problem just mentioned. Observing bubbles originated from Mr. Sun Lao, but Sun Lao refers to the porcelain in Chenghua period, and he will not talk about porcelain in other periods. I also asked Mr. Geng, and Mr. Geng said that Sun Lao did not say anything else. I have also carefully observed the bubbles, only the characteristics of porcelain in Chenghua period are particularly obvious, and the bubbles on porcelain in other periods can not be found. So someone asked me if I could watch bubbles. I can only say that you sum it up yourself. If I summarize, I want to learn. I didn't summarize it anyway. Second, the color of the tire. Due to different firing processes, the tire color is also different. Generally speaking, the tire color in the Ming Dynasty was flesh red, and the tire color in the Qing Dynasty was bluish white. When you look at the sun, the tires are thick and invisible, but thin and completely visible. Everything in the Ming Dynasty is flesh red, while that in the Qing Dynasty is bluish white, which is the difference of tire color between Ming Dynasty porcelain and Qing Dynasty porcelain. If someone brings a Chenghua porcelain, which is relatively thin, you really can't see it. As long as you look inside, as long as it is blue and white, it is fake. Third, about the angle of internal folding. The internal fold angle is the angle between the bottom surface and the bottom wall. There is glaze accumulation in this angle, that is, when glazing, it accumulates more, and when it is more, it appears shrimp blue. This often happened before the middle of Ming dynasty, and now imitations have also noticed this problem. However, there are two differences between imitation glaze and real glaze. First, it is not shrimp blue but light green, even if it can be close to shrimp blue, it is pan-green. Second, the lines of shrimp cyan in the Ming Dynasty were slightly narrower, and then they were imitated wider.

The emperor had "seventy-two concubines in three palaces and six courtyards". Only Hongzhi-Zhu Min has only one queen, and he has only one son named Zhu Houzhao. The child is spoiled. After Hongzhi's death, he became Emperor Zheng De. /kloc-ascended the throne at the age of 0/7 and died at the age of 34. He became emperor in 16. Emperor Zhengde did nothing but eat his parents' money. So he didn't make any achievements in the porcelain industry. However, Zheng De's porcelain production once inherited the legacy of Chenghua. In terms of blue and white porcelain, Zheng De's early porcelain was basically similar to Hongzhi's porcelain, but there were more black spots in Zheng De's period, and Ping Dengqing was gone. At this time, two new green materials appeared, one called Huiqing and the other called Shi Ziqing. It is said that Huiqing was produced in the Western Regions, but I don't know where it is.

Some new things and new shapes appeared in the period of Zheng De, such as the golden pier, the penholder and the five offerings before the Buddha, all of which started from the period of Zheng De. In terms of currency, Tibetan and palindromes have appeared, and palindromes are mainly Arabic. In addition, copying things from the previous dynasty began with Zheng De. Here I want to talk about the difference between imitations and fakes. Imitation is called "sustenance" in academic circles. Emperor Zheng De should respect his predecessors, so he should imitate Xuande porcelain. Now the difference between imitations and fakes is the price. This bowl is imitation and sold at market price, which is true. If you buy it at Chenghua price, you will be wronged. The reason for this distinction is that porcelain is not a fake, as long as the price is reasonable, it is not a fake. This is my view on counterfeit goods, for your reference only.

Emperors Jiajing, Qin Long and Wanli of the Ming Dynasty reigned for 99 years, nearly a century. In the history of Ming porcelain, it is another outstanding stage, with many new shapes and decorative patterns. The fine products of folk kilns are basically similar to those of official kilns, and the most prominent one is the use of Huiqing. Hui Qing appeared in Zheng De period. According to records, Huiqing is an imported green material. The content of manganese oxide is high, but the content of iron oxide is low. Rejuvenation is characterized by "scattered but not collected", that is, scattered flowers, so it must be used in conjunction with Shi Ziqing. The characteristic of Shi Ziqing is that the colors are "heavy but not bright" and do not come loose. Mix loose and not loose together, and the color will be a little blue and purple. However, according to historical records, the proportion of ingredients is different, which is divided into three levels: upper green, middle green and lower green. The supernatant is mainly used for mixing water, and the color is clear; When youth is used for color setting, the brush path is clear. This is a new technique of porcelain painting, called "double groove filling", which appeared in Chenghua years. That is, draw two lines with heavier colors first, and then add a lighter color between the two lines. When you arrive in Jingdezhen, it is called "mixed water". During Chenghua period, the painting technique of "double groove filling color" just appeared and was not mature. At that time, the color of the double groove filling was similar to that of the outline, and sometimes it was unclear. By the time of Qin Long, the techniques and materials were mature, and the best paintings were those of Qin Long. Pointing at the porcelain, this one belongs to Qin Long period, and it is a real official kiln. Qin Long's material selection and refining techniques are very skillful, so the pattern and color of green materials are pure and stable, the color is blue-purple, and the tone is strong and bright, reaching the state of perfection. It is full of double grooves. Its lines are smooth, its contours and tones are harmonious, and its tire patching is regular. The glaze color is white and slightly blue, the glaze layer is slightly thick, and the glaze surface is delicate, smooth and flat. There are six characters and two lines of regular script "Made in Daming and Qin Long" in the foot of the instrument, and the pen is written in the center, with ups and downs and solemn and rigorous structure. Let me ask you another question, pointing to porcelain, which belonged to Yongle period. The glaze inside the foot is white, and the quality is far less than that of the body. In the mid-Ming dynasty, its bottom glaze was completely consistent with the body glaze. In the middle and late period, the smoothness and brightness of its bottom glaze are better than the vessel itself, not only in the official kiln, but also in the fine products of the folk kiln.

What I introduced today are all more subtle places. Identification needs a breakthrough from point to surface, and a small place can reflect right and wrong. No matter how good the imitation is now, it must be different from that at that time in some points. Judging from the bottom glaze, whether there is a word or not, I will never put it in the middle and late Ming Dynasty in the same situation as the blank. If the bottom glaze is better than the body glaze, it can't be placed in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and it can only be considered as the middle and late Ming Dynasty. In Wanli, Huiqing is still in use, the color tone is similar to before, but it is not good in other aspects. The so-called decline of the Ming Dynasty began in Wanli, followed by the decline of porcelain production in the whole society, and the source of revival gradually disappeared at this time. Therefore, by the middle of the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the quality of porcelain was getting worse and worse, and in the later period, most porcelain was inconspicuous.

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, two kinds of green materials appeared. One is called pearl material and the other is called Zhejiang material, both of which are made in China. Pearl is produced in Yunnan and Zhejiang is produced in Zhejiang. Bamboo Ming materials appeared in the Yuan Dynasty and have been used until modern times. These two materials are also divided into three grades: upper, middle and lower, with high cobalt and manganese content, low iron content and stable hair color.

The color of Zhejiang material is red in green and purple in green, which is the difference between the two materials. Zhejiang and pearl materials will be mainly used during the opening tomorrow. At this time, the blue and white material is divided into several color levels, that is, the blue and white material is divided into shading. When "double-groove filling" first appeared, only two colors could be separated. By the apocalypse, five colors could be called multicolored blue and white. Because there are more color levels, the picture is more expressive. Pointing to a piece of porcelain, this is called "Dragon and Phoenix Cheng Xiang Bowl". Blue and white are grayish blue, mainly black and blue, and some are blurred. Its gray-blue color is a little red, its glaze is bluish-white, and it is painted with dragons and phoenixes outside and sheep inside, which is the "auspicious" of Shang Dynasty now, so I call this bowl "Dragon and Phoenix Bowl". Glaze was blue until the twentieth year of Kangxi. Before that, the white parts of porcelain were blue. Ten years of Kangxi, glazed white. If I bring you Amin dynasty porcelain, don't believe me, they are all white. He took out another piece of China, which was a fishing bowl. Its painting style is very good. Its blue and white is colorful blue and white, and the picture shows the distance. The paintings before Kangxi were basically flat and had no depth.