Tobacco is the basis of industrial development, and varieties are the basis of tobacco production. The State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau attaches great importance to tobacco breeding, and lists tobacco breeding project as a major strategic issue to meet the needs of cigarette development in China and the sustainable development of tobacco production in China. In order to promote the implementation of tobacco breeding project, combined with the actual situation of tobacco breeding in China, this project plan is specially formulated.

First, the status of tobacco breeding

Since the Ninth Five-Year Plan, China's tobacco breeding has established a relatively complete breeding and scientific research cooperation network, and remarkable achievements have been made in basic research such as germplasm resources, new variety breeding, breeding and popularization.

1. remarkable achievements have been made in cultivating new varieties. The national tobacco breeding work adheres to the policy of "four main and four auxiliary", and has successively selected and introduced a number of high-quality disease-resistant varieties, which has played an important role in tobacco production. In 2004, the planting area of new self-bred flue-cured tobacco varieties such as Yunyan 85, Yunyan 87 and Zhongyan 100 accounted for 58.52% of the total area. Compared with 2000, it increased by 27.4 percentage points. At present, there are 53 varieties approved (recognized) by the National Tobacco Variety Approval Committee, including 43 flue-cured tobacco varieties (3 1, 12 imported); 8 burley cigarettes (5 self-bred and 3 imported); Two oriental cigarettes (imported) have obviously improved the long-standing passive situation that China's tobacco varieties are single and its production depends on imported varieties.

2. Significant progress has been made in the research of germplasm resources. A lot of work has been done in the collection, identification and utilization of tobacco germplasm resources. At present, 4042 germplasm resources have been catalogued and preserved, and the botanical characters, disease resistance, stress resistance and quality characters of some germplasm have been identified and analyzed, and 859 core germplasm in the first-level library and 446 core germplasm in the second-level library have been established, which provides rich genetic materials for the breeding of new varieties.

3. The application of biotechnology has achieved initial results. Haploid breeding technology has been successfully applied to breeding practice, cell culture pressure selection and physical and chemical mutagenesis, and somatic distant hybridization breeding has also entered the application stage. Molecular biology technology was applied to genetic breeding research and character identification and selection, and the safety evaluation and detection methods of transgenic tobacco varieties were studied, and phased results were obtained.

4. The integration of breeding, reproduction and extension has begun to take shape. The State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau has successively established China Tobacco Breeding Research Center (South), China Tobacco Genetic Breeding Research Center (North), China Tobacco Northeast, Southeast, South and Southwest Agricultural Experimental Stations, China Tobacco Burley Experimental Station and National Tobacco Cultivation Physiological and Biochemical Research Base, forming a relatively complete tobacco breeding scientific research cooperation network and variety regional test network; China Tobacco Seed Co., Ltd. was established, the breeding base of original seeds and improved seeds was established, and unified seed reproduction and seed supply were implemented, thus initially forming a tobacco seed breeding, propagation and popularization system.

Although China's tobacco breeding has made remarkable achievements, there is still a big gap compared with the requirements of sustainable development of tobacco production in China, mainly in the following aspects:

1. Basic research needs to be further deepened. First, the research on tobacco germplasm resources is not systematic enough, and the research and identification of some important characters (such as disease resistance and quality) are not comprehensive and systematic enough. Second, the theory and technology of new variety breeding have not been deeply discussed. Thirdly, the research on tobacco gene map, functional gene map and genetic engineering-assisted breeding has not been involved.

2. The bred varieties have not made a fundamental breakthrough. First, the quality traits of domestic bred varieties can't meet the demand for raw materials for China cigarette development. Second, there are few local characteristic varieties, and the comprehensive characteristics of existing local characteristic varieties need to be further improved; Third, the disease resistance and adaptability of varieties are not strong, and major diseases such as antiviral disease and bacterial wilt need to be strengthened.

3. The construction of breeding science and technology team needs to be further strengthened. First, the breeding work cycle is long, the effect is slow, and the work is hard. The front-line personnel who have been engaged in breeding for a long time are not well paid and lack of incentive mechanism, which can not well mobilize the enthusiasm of breeding scientific and technological personnel and affect the stability of the team. Second, there is a relative shortage of high-level talents. Third, the strength of breeding research is scattered, the exchange and cooperation of talents are insufficient, and human resources need to be further integrated.

Cooperation between workers and peasants needs to be further strengthened. First, there is no close cooperation mechanism between workers and peasants between breeding researchers and cigarette formulators. Second, the cigarette industry pays more attention to the origin of tobacco leaves than varieties in the selection of raw materials, and lacks clear qualitative requirements for varieties.

In addition, the examination and approval system of tobacco varieties, the construction of breeding extension system, and the research on supporting technologies of improved varieties and good laws need to be further improved and strengthened.

Second, the guiding ideology

In order to adapt to the development direction of cigarettes in China and the requirements of sustainable development of tobacco production in China, and to embody the principle of combining independent innovation, introduction, cooperation and improvement, we adhere to the working policy of "combining domestic and foreign, combining internal and external, combining basic research with applied research, and combining scientific research with personnel training" and the principle of "focusing on conventional breeding, supplemented by high-tech breeding, focusing on domestic breeding, supplemented by introduction, and focusing on applied development research". According to the requirements of "four modernizations and four modernizations" breeding with basic research as supplement, flue-cured tobacco as main part and sun-cured tobacco as supplement, we should innovate the system, integrate resources, form the core technology of tobacco breeding with independent intellectual property rights as soon as possible, and build a national tobacco breeding technology platform and support system to provide excellent varieties for the development of cigarettes and the sustainable development of tobacco production in China.

III. Work objectives

It takes about 10 years to take tobacco breeding as a strategic project of scientific and technological progress in tobacco industry and realize the goal of "consolidating the breeding foundation, cultivating a batch of varieties, perfecting the three systems and cultivating a team".

1. Consolidate the breeding foundation. Establish a national platform for tobacco variety breeding and germplasm resources, improve the efficiency of breeding selection, and accelerate the process of tobacco variety improvement. Construct a working framework covering more than 90% of tobacco genes, and construct high-density genetic maps and physical maps; Gene mapping of important tobacco characters and cloning of a number of functional genes with independent intellectual property rights.

2. Cultivate several varieties. Five varieties with high fragrance, low harm and outstanding disease resistance were selected in five years. It takes about 10 years to cultivate a batch of breakthrough new tobacco varieties and comprehensively improve the overall level of tobacco breeding in China. At the same time, a number of tobacco varieties with distinctive local characteristics will be selected to enrich the raw material base of China cigarettes and meet the specific demand of cigarette formula for tobacco quality.

3. Improve the three systems. Strengthen the construction of tobacco breeding scientific research cooperation network, give full play to the role of China Tobacco Genetic Breeding Research Center (North), China Tobacco Breeding Research Center (South) and regional tobacco agricultural experimental stations, and improve the breeding scientific research system; Strengthen the construction of improved seed breeding base, give full play to the role of China Tobacco Seed Company, and improve the improved seed breeding system; Strengthen the construction of regional trial network of varieties, give full play to the role of science and technology demonstration bases and standardized demonstration counties, and improve the variety promotion system.

4. Cultivate a team. Strengthen technical training and talent introduction, cultivate excellent breeding technical talents through recruitment and scientific research cooperation at home and abroad, establish a team of breeding research and technology extension talents with proficient business, rich experience and solid style, and train more than 10 senior technical talents who can master genome research for tobacco industry through China Tobacco Genome Project. Strive to establish a tobacco breeding research team of about 150 people nationwide by the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan, including about 20 researchers and 60 associate researchers, so as to form a core team of tobacco breeding in China with reasonable steps.

IV. Main tasks

(1) basic research

1. Study on evaluation and utilization of tobacco germplasm resources and germplasm innovation. First, the germplasm preservation system. Carry out systematic investigation, collection and cataloging of tobacco germplasm resources; Monitoring and evaluating the status of resource protection; Carry out seed propagation, update and maintain the resource pool. Second, the identification and evaluation system. On the basis of tobacco core germplasm, strengthen the systematic identification of important characters (such as quality, excellent characters, resistance to major diseases, etc.). ), and improve the tobacco core collection. Third, innovate the germplasm system. Using physical and chemical mutagenesis, biotechnology sexual hybridization and other means to create variation, screening innovative germplasm that meet the goal. Focus on strengthening the research of molecular marker-assisted selection to improve the efficiency and accuracy of germplasm innovation. Fourth, the resource sharing system. Establish databases such as tobacco germplasm database and core germplasm database, and establish a platform for sharing tobacco germplasm resources.

2. Study on the genetic development law of traits. Accelerate the application of modern biotechnology combined with conventional breeding methods to enrich the resistance genes and specific quality genes of ordinary tobacco; Study the genetic characteristics of important agronomic traits, quality traits, resistance and other traits of tobacco, and improve varieties at the gene level; Basic research on cell engineering breeding, such as the mechanism of protoplast clone variation and the genetic law of somatic hybrid offspring, was carried out. Study the genetic law of important characters such as resistance and quality; To study the molecular mechanism of cytoplasmic male sterility in tobacco and explore the biological basis of heterosis.

3. Tobacco Genome Project. First, gene sequencing and map construction. All genes covering more than 80% of the tobacco genome were obtained, and the gene expression frame map and database were established. The important functional genes such as tobacco quality and resistance were analyzed and identified, and the corresponding full-length genes were cloned to establish genetic linkage map. Second, construct the working frame of genome. Construction of tobacco gene working frame covering more than 90%, construction of high-density genetic map and physical map. Mapping genes of important tobacco characters.

(2) breed selection

1. Breeding of new varieties with high fragrance and low harm. Combining biotechnology with conventional technology, using germplasm resources and gene map to analyze research results, optimizing breeding procedures and improving breeding efficiency. Five varieties with high improvement value have been selected, and the new varieties are particularly outstanding in high fragrance and low harm, and other characters are better than the varieties currently popularized. Cultivate a batch of high-quality tobacco varieties that meet the demand of cigarettes in China, and the new varieties have high aroma.

2. Breeding of new varieties of high-quality antiviral diseases. Through conventional breeding and biotechnology, breakthroughs in monoclonal or facultative resistance to virus diseases such as PVY (potato Y virus), CMV (cucumber mosaic virus) and TMV (tobacco common mosaic virus) have been achieved in different producing areas, and 2-3 new varieties of antiviral diseases with moderate resistance or above have been cultivated. The quality of new varieties is equal to or better than that of main varieties. New varieties are resistant to one or more diseases.

3. Breeding of high-quality new varieties with stress resistance (cold resistance and drought resistance). According to the characteristics of different tobacco-growing areas and different climatic conditions in China, we will carry out the breeding of new varieties of flue-cured tobacco with cold resistance, drought resistance and high quality, and choose to plant 2-3 new varieties of flue-cured tobacco with high quality in China's tobacco-growing areas. Their adaptability to cold and drought is close to or higher than that of the control varieties, their internal chemical components are coordinated, their quality meets the requirements of high-quality flue-cured tobacco, and their yield is in the range suitable for flue-cured tobacco production.

4. Breeding of new varieties with high quality and high yield. Combined with the ecological conditions of tobacco-growing areas, new varieties with good economic benefits were selected, the quality of which was equivalent to or better than that of the existing control varieties K326 and NC89, and the yield exceeded that of the control varieties 10% or more.

5. Breeding of local characteristic varieties. Combined with the ecological conditions of tobacco-growing areas, give full play to the advantages of great differences in ecological environment in China's tobacco-growing areas, cultivate a number of new varieties with distinctive local characteristics, strengthen the improvement of existing characteristic varieties, and improve the comprehensive characteristics on the basis of highlighting the styles of local characteristic varieties.

6. Tobacco male sterility and utilization of heterosis. Using tobacco male sterile line to select the first generation hybrid and give full play to the role of heterosis; The promoted and selected varieties will be gradually cultivated into male sterile varieties to protect the intellectual property rights of varieties.

7. Variety introduction and domestication. Carry out extensive international cooperation, actively introduce new foreign varieties, carry out experiments, demonstrate and improve supporting technologies.

(3) Promotion of improved varieties

Make full use of variety regional test network and high-quality tobacco production science and technology demonstration base, strengthen the research on supporting technologies of improved varieties and good methods, accelerate the popularization and application of new tobacco varieties, strengthen the research on tobacco seed processing, storage, germination and coating, do a good job in the research and application of tobacco variety zoning, and do a good job in the layout of variety planting zoning to meet the requirements of different ecological conditions for varieties.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) implementation plan

(A) the stage of laying a solid foundation (2005-2008)

Carry out relevant basic research and breeding of new varieties, initially establish a platform for sharing tobacco germplasm resources, improve the tobacco breeding research network, implement the China Tobacco Genome Project, establish a national tobacco gene research base, and establish an open tobacco breeding key laboratory.

(2) Deepening and improving stage (2009-20 10)

Deepen basic research and breeding of new varieties, breeding and improving about five varieties with outstanding characteristics such as high fragrance, low harm and disease resistance, and breeding varieties with local characteristics. Establish and improve the tobacco seed breeding and promotion system and the tobacco germplasm resources sharing platform.

(3) Breakthrough stage (2011-2015)

Cultivate a number of breakthrough new tobacco varieties, comprehensively improve the overall level of tobacco breeding in China, and select a number of tobacco varieties with distinctive local characteristics to meet the demand of China cigarettes for diversity and personalization of raw materials.

Measures and requirements of intransitive verbs

(A) to strengthen organizational leadership

1. Establish a strategic engineering leading group. The leading group is headed by the director of the State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, and the deputy director in charge of science and technology, labor, finance and tobacco is the deputy head. The leaders of science, education, labor and finance departments and China Tobacco Company are members of the leading group.

2. The Strategic Engineering Leading Group consists of the Strategic Engineering Office, which is composed of personnel from relevant functional departments of the National Bureau and is responsible for organization, coordination and daily work.

(2) Implementing project management.

1. Strengthen the management of breeding projects. The basic research and variety selection of tobacco breeding are managed in the form of scientific research projects; Establish a platform for sharing germplasm resources and manage them in the form of scientific and technological projects; China Tobacco Genome Project is implemented and managed by the National Tobacco Gene Research Base.

2. Take the project responsibility system and implement the project-driven strategy. For major scientific research projects of breeding engineering, the undertaker and project leader shall be determined by means of public bidding, recruitment and evaluation. The person in charge of the project decides the composition of the scientific research personnel of the project team, formulates and implements the project work plan and annual plan, and is responsible for the use of scientific research funds. Project undertakers create favorable conditions for project implementation.

(C) establish a scientific and effective incentive mechanism

1. Strengthen the incentive mechanism.

Post-establishment subsidy system. Subsidies will be given to varieties with a certain application area and good social benefits.

Strengthen the reward. For varieties that have passed the provincial or national examination and approval, the State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau will award the corresponding level of scientific and technological progress award according to the size of the promotion area.

Ensure the income of the breeder. Ensure the basic income of researchers and reward researchers who have made outstanding contributions in tobacco breeding.

2. Establish a tobacco variety protection system.

Formulate the Measures for the Protection and Management of New Tobacco Varieties, clarify the content, ownership and transfer policy of new tobacco variety rights, establish incentives for new tobacco varieties, and effectively protect the rights and interests of units and individuals that cultivate new tobacco varieties.

(four) the implementation of new tobacco varieties two-level examination and approval system.

The varieties promoted throughout the country shall be subject to the first-level examination and approval system, and the National Variety Examination and Approval Committee shall be responsible for examination and approval.

Some tobacco-producing provinces (Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian and Shandong) implement secondary certification, and the provincial certification professional group composed of about 7 members of the National Tobacco Variety Approval Committee and about 5 professionals engaged in tobacco variety work in this province is responsible for provincial variety certification.

(5) Increase investment in tobacco breeding projects.

1. Broaden investment channels. Provide sufficient funds for breeding projects, increase the capital investment of the State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, and encourage the capital investment of companies at all levels in provinces and cities and key cigarette enterprises.

2. Increase the support of seed industrialization for upstream R&D, adopt a series of policies, such as appropriately raising seed prices, buying out the right to use varieties by seed companies, and implementing subsidies after variety promotion, so as to feed back breeding units and increase the support for upstream R&D. 。

(6) integrating scientific and technological resources

1. Integrate human resources.

China Tobacco Genetics and Breeding Research Center (North) takes the lead in organizing the construction of germplasm resources platform, and China Tobacco Breeding Research Center (South), relevant experimental stations and scientific research units fully participate; The tobacco genome project implements the chief scientist responsibility system. As the chief scientist of the genome project, the director of the National Tobacco Gene Research Base is responsible for the implementation of the genome project. The chief scientist is openly recruited at home and abroad, both inside and outside the industry.

Adhere to the principle of "complementary advantages and benefit sharing", guide multidisciplinary and multi-sectoral scientific and technological forces inside and outside the industry to actively carry out collaborative research, and strengthen cooperation and exchange and joint research by establishing open key laboratories, exchanging part-time jobs and training.

Establish exchanges and cooperation with Zimbabwe, the United States, Brazil and other countries in tobacco breeding research, and encourage domestic and foreign breeding experts to engage in tobacco breeding research in the form of visiting research, visiting scholars and cooperative research.

2. Integrate germplasm resources.

Establish a platform for sharing germplasm resources. Resources collected in the industry should be kept, managed and updated in a unified way, and resources collected outside the industry should be voluntarily joined and shared. The State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau should establish China Tobacco Germplasm Resource Bank.

Establish the exchange mechanism of germplasm resources, strengthen the innovative cooperation research of germplasm resources with relevant foreign units, exchange the second and third types of germplasm resources with parents, and broaden the genetic background of selecting parents.

3. Integrate technical resources.

Strengthen the construction of tobacco breeding scientific research network. Focus on supporting the construction of China Tobacco Genetic Breeding Research Center (North), China Tobacco Breeding Research Center (South), China Tobacco Burley Experimental Station and China Tobacco Northeast, Southeast, Southwest and Central South Experimental Stations, and improve the tobacco breeding scientific research cooperation network led by the two centers. Establish a variety regional test network in northeast, Huanghuai, southwest and southeast tobacco-growing areas, and establish a variety regional test and sub-regional test.

Establish a national tobacco gene research base. The base will carry out tobacco functional gene research with the location, cloning, genetic transformation and utilization of functional genes as the main content; With modern molecular biology technology as the main means, carry out research on breeding of new tobacco varieties; To carry out research on tobacco application bioengineering and comprehensive utilization with gene cloning and expression and production and development of high value-added products as the main objectives. The base adheres to the principle of "union, competition, openness and communication", and implements the director responsibility system, academic Committee appraisal system and scientific and technological personnel recruitment system. Be fully responsible for the supervision and management of genome project, undertake the research work related to tobacco biotechnology, and organize the joint research of tobacco breeding in the whole industry.

Establish an open key laboratory of tobacco breeding, strengthen the construction of basic research base for tobacco breeding application, and adhere to the principle of "highlighting the needs of the industry and implementing horizontal alliance; Broaden the research field and carry out division of labor and cooperation "as the guiding ideology and the working principle of" openness, mobility, competition and standardization ",give full play to and make use of the existing advantages of tobacco genetics and breeding, germplasm resources and human resources, and set up an open key laboratory of tobacco breeding to provide strong support for improving the sustainable innovation ability of tobacco industry, stabilizing the research team, and cultivating and attracting outstanding academic leaders at home and abroad.