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Globalization and the Reform of Prison Management System in China
Globalization and Prison Management Reform in China
Zhichun Yeung
abstract
Globalization is an inevitable trend of world development, which has had and will continue to have an important impact on China's economy, politics and society. As one of the important systems of China's judicial system, the prison management system will inevitably face the challenge of connecting with the world. The author tries to compare the modern western prison system with the present situation of China's prison management system, analyze the defects and deficiencies of China's prison management system, and put forward some reform measures and suggestions according to the new situation after full participation in globalization.
Abstract: Globalization is the necessity of the development of human civilization. Participating in the globalization process has an important influence on the political, economic and social reform of China. Prison management system is an important part of our judicial system. It will inevitably face the problem of consistency with other countries' systems. By comparing the prison management systems of various countries in the world, this paper analyzes the present situation and defects of China's prison management system, and tries to put forward some practical suggestions for the reform and improvement of China's prison management system.
Globalization, socialization of prison management and execution in China
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Globalization is an inevitable progressive trend in the process of human development, which includes political, economic and social globalization. As an important system in the judicial system, the prison system is no exception. China's prison system, like other economic and political systems, is facing the problem of international integration in the process of globalization. Judging from the general trend of human development, a system will gradually evolve into modernization and civilization in a relatively closed country, but this process will be very slow in a closed environment. Under the background of China's active and comprehensive participation in the globalization process, the modernization of the prison system has become more necessary and urgent.
It should be said that after more than 50 years of development, especially since the reform and opening up, China's prison management system has made remarkable achievements and initially established a prison management system with its own characteristics, but overall, the reform and development process of China's prison management system is very slow. The backward concept restricts the modernization of the system, and there is still a big gap between the modernization level of prison management system and that of western countries.
How to take globalization as an opportunity to complete the evolution of prison concept, establish a scientific development strategy and realize the modernization of prison management system is an important and urgent task in the process of rule of law in China.
Comparison of Modern Prison Management System in Foreign Countries
Prison execution is the direct embodiment of the national penalty right and the fundamental guarantee to realize the national penalty purpose. "Prison execution is accompanied by the existence of punishment. As long as criminal means are needed to maintain normal social order, a certain prison execution is needed as a guarantee of punishment. " [1] At present, countries all over the world are generally faced with problems such as rising crime rate, prison overcrowding, difficult guarantee of prison funds, and protection of prison human rights. Under this background, it is of great historical significance to study the modernization of prison system.
After World War II, western countries attached great importance to the legislation and judicial work of prisons. 1955 The first United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and the Treatment of Offenders held in Geneva, Switzerland, discussed some issues concerning prisons and criminals and made a series of relevant resolutions. In particular, the meeting adopted the Standard Rules for the Minimum Treatment of Prisoners, which became the first basic legislation of the international community on the prison system. As the basic legislation for the treatment of criminals in the international community, the Standard Rules for the Minimum Treatment of Prisoners, although relative in principle, still plays a guiding role in prison legislation and prison system reform in various countries.
Judging from the general trend of western developed countries, the progress of prison execution is more and more obvious, and civilized execution plays a leading role in prison execution activities in all countries in the world today. Due to the differences in traditional customs and laws, the execution activities in western countries have their own characteristics, but some basic modern prison systems are shared by all countries. The following briefly introduces several basic modern prison systems.
(A) the penalty system that restricts freedom
The system of restricting freedom punishment or the mode of prison substitution (also known as the community mode) refers to the non-imprisonment treatment of criminals from the source or the reduction of freedom punishment, and the function of partially replacing imprisonment punishment is exerted by expanding the form of social correction. The direct contributing factor of this system is the increasingly serious prison crisis. An American criminal jurist pointed out that the prison crisis is mainly manifested in four aspects: the rising crime rate; High recidivism rate; The prison is full; Prison financial difficulties. Prison authorities in modern western countries have painstakingly designed many measures and means to correct prisoners' bad habits, which have played a certain role in curbing the evil crime wave, but they have not fundamentally reversed the rising trend of crime rate and recidivism rate, and prisons are still generally overcrowded. 1996, there were more than1000000 prisoners in the United States. In Britain, prisons used to hold one prisoner, but now they usually hold two or three prisoners. In the 1980s, the United States spent as much as $70 billion on prisoners every year. According to the survey report published by the British Home Office 1977, according to the statistics at that time, 800 new prisons were needed to accommodate them, but it took 500 million pounds to build so many prisons, and the government could not provide the funds, so the prison congestion problem could not be alleviated after all [2]. How to overcome these prison crises varies from country to country, and the measures taken are also different. However, the same trend is what some prison scientists call "polarization": that is, serious criminals are detained in prisons, while minor criminals are not imprisoned or the application of free punishment is reduced from the source when sentencing, criminals are not imprisoned, and the punishment of free punishment is limited, that is, the system of restricting free punishment.
Regarding the types of punishment for restricting freedom, many courts in the United States choose the way of "labor compensation", that is, let prisoners serve the community for a certain period of time without compensation. Replacing imprisonment with labor remuneration can not only reduce prison expenses, but also benefit both victims and criminals themselves. The Alameda county court in the United States allows 400-500 prisoners to choose some kind of labor every month to make amends. Once the prisoner agrees, the length of working hours will be determined according to the severity of his crime, ranging from 8 hours to 2,000 hours, and will generally be sent to local non-profit organizations or social organizations to engage in some kind of work suitable for prisoners. Since the implementation of labor compensation in Minnesota from 65438 to 0972, more than 3000 people have chosen this way to atone for their sins, and the effect is obvious [3].
Another way to restrict the system of free punishment is family prison, that is, after being sentenced, prisoners stay in their own homes to serve their sentences, which is between probation and imprisonment. Oklahoma is the first state in the United States to implement the "family prison" program. Since then, California, New York, Florida, Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana and South Carolina have successively adopted and tried it out. The largest is Florida, where the total number of prisoners sentenced to serving their sentences at home is as high as 4,700 [4]. Of course, many people question the safety of "family prison" and worry that putting criminals at home to serve their sentences will pose a threat to the safety of the community, but this method is generally only applicable to some juvenile criminals and first-time offenders with minor circumstances, and generally will not pose a threat to the safety of the public.
(2) Open processing system
Replacing corporal punishment and life imprisonment with imprisonment is a great progress in the civilized degree of human punishment. However, the application of imprisonment shows that imprisonment is not perfect, and "imprisonment" is a major drawback after its application. (1) After World War II, the new economy promoted the rapid development of western society, and the problem that prisoners who had been imprisoned for a long time could not adapt to society became more and more serious. In this context, the concept of socialization of execution has been widely valued. French scholars believe that execution should have the function of social adaptation, while Finnish scholars advocate that correctional institutions should "make the environment in criminal institutions simulate the outside world as much as possible;" Minimize prisoners' sense of loss of freedom; Promote rather than hinder the return of prisoners to society and reduce the adverse effects of detention "[5].
In practice and legislation, some countries legalize the execution purpose of "promoting criminals to adapt to society". Article 2 of the German Criminal Law stipulates that the execution of the death penalty should adapt the imprisoned person to social life. Austria's criminal law stipulates that imprisoned criminals should be helped to "change their ways and live a life that meets legal and social requirements." According to relevant French laws, the purpose of penalty execution is to socialize criminals. ② Under this background, the open treatment system, which embodies the concept of socialization of execution, has attracted more and more attention.
Open treatment system is the inevitable result of educational punishment thought. In the theory of punishment, there is always a distinction between retribution punishment and education punishment. The traditional theory of retribution punishment holds that the concept of social retribution is the legitimate basis of punishment, and punishment is designed to punish crimes, and the severity of punishment depends on the severity of crimes. Under the guidance of this theory, the main function of prison is to restrict the personal freedom of criminals and isolate them from society. On the other hand, the theory of educational punishment holds that the essence of punishment should not be punishment, but education, which is suitable for social life. Its core lies in amplifying the promotion function of criminal law and compressing the punishment function of criminal law [6]. As an important means to embody the concept of educational punishment, the emergence of open correction institutions is inevitable.
The open treatment system embodies the principle of socialization and humanization of execution. Socialization of execution is a progressive trend of thought in modern prison system, which refers to mobilizing all social positive factors outside the prison, helping and reforming criminals, and ensuring and consolidating the effect of execution. Humanization of execution means that criminals should be treated as human beings, their personal dignity should be respected, their basic rights should be guaranteed according to law, and their lives should be cared for earnestly. Socialization of execution requires that prisons are not only state organs, but also a part of social undertakings. The prevention and treatment of criminals should be the prevention and treatment of the whole society, which is related to the education and reform of criminals, and criminals should be reformed by various social means. In concrete form, the open treatment system in western countries is manifested in the following three systems:
1) Go out system; It is also divided into such systems as going out to work, going out to school, going out temporarily, and going out before release, which are different according to the applicable conditions and objects.
1880, a women's prison in Massachusetts, USA, created a precedent for criminals to engage in social work outside the prison. 19 13, Wisconsin, USA passed the Hu Ba Act, which formally confirmed the fitness system. Since 1959, fitness systems have been widely used in various states in the United States. 1965, USA. In Europe, Sweden took the lead in adopting this system in 1945, followed by Scotland, Britain, Norway, Denmark and Belgium. The United States began to implement the study abroad system in the 1960s, and more than 3,000 criminals went abroad to study in 197 1 year [7].
2) The system of returning to work and taking leave; That is to say, the system of giving a certain holiday to the person who executes the penalty of freedom and letting him go home because of his good performance in the execution organ or in case of a major accident. Sweden, Britain, the United States and other countries generally adopt the system of returning prisoners to their posts and taking vacations, and Sweden is the most widely used country. The system of returning to work and taking leave in Britain was originally only applicable to prisoners in juvenile reformatory, but now it is generally applicable to ordinary adult prisoners.
3) weekend detention system This is a system that allows prisoners to serve their sentences in prison on weekends (including Saturday and Sunday). Its purpose is to reduce the serving time of prisoners and keep them in normal contact with society and family, which can not only achieve the purpose of punishment, but also receive the effect of education [8].
(3) Progressive treatment system
Treatment is a basic concept in modern prison science, which refers to the treatment and treatment of criminals during prison execution. The progressive treatment system divides the execution of free punishment into several stages, and gradually improves the treatment of criminals according to the execution results, so as to encourage criminals to turn over a new leaf. The characteristic of this system is that the whole execution process of criminals is divided into several stages or grades, and each stage or grade has different treatment, which embodies the idea of individualization of execution. Progressive therapy system has aroused widespread concern in the world since it came into being, and it is known as "the most vital system in a hundred years" [9]. The theoretical basis of the progressive treatment system is the theory of the degree of deprivation of modern freedom punishment, which decomposes the criminal's right and freedom into three parts:
1) The part that must be deprived according to law. That is, the part that must be deprived as a reflection of the existence of punishment.
2) the part that must be guaranteed according to law. That is, the basic rights of criminals must be protected, which is the embodiment of humanism in modern punishment, opposing any form of torture and protecting the basic living conditions of criminals.
3) Manual adjustment, that is, the scope of discretion of the reform organs. This part depends on the criminal's performance in prison. If you behave well in prison, there will be less deprivation and more protection. On the contrary, poor performance, more deprivation and less protection. Of course, this floating range is strictly limited to the manual adjustment part itself, and cannot cross the border to erode the other two parts. The emergence of this manual adjustment part is the most basic theoretical cornerstone of the progressive treatment system. The above contents can be expressed as: ③.
Rights of prisoners:
Deprivation part-manual adjustment part (dynamic adjustment)-guarantee part
According to the modern theory of deprivation and regulation of liberty punishment, the core of deprivation of liberty punishment is artificial regulation. The differential mechanism, incentive mechanism and competition mechanism of the progressive treatment system all originate from this. Due to the deprivation of manual adjustment, an important concept of modern prison management-differential treatment, that is, the differences between various treatment levels are distributed step by step. The difference in treatment mentioned here is not the difference between random ups and downs, but the difference in treatment under the premise that the part that must be deprived and the part that must be guaranteed can be fully realized.
It is the above manual adjustment that provides a theoretical basis for the progressive treatment system. The progressive treatment system makes full use of the manual adjustment part, and its treatment level is established in this adjustable part. The progressive treatment system is essentially to divide the controllable part into grades, and then link it with the treatment of criminals, thus forming grade differences to manage criminals.
The practical basis or cornerstone of the progressive treatment system is the reform performance of criminals in the process of serving their sentences. All the measures of the progressive system come from a certain performance of prison reform, which is a reward for a certain performance of prison reform. If you perform well, you will get good treatment, and if you perform badly, you will be downgraded. The exchange concept of modern commodity economy plays a fundamental role in promoting the emergence of progressive treatment system. "The performance of serving a sentence can be judged by value. As a special value weight, treatment is a means of reward and motivation. This new relationship links the performance of the sentence with the treatment, and the treatment becomes a kind of' cash'. " [10] We can judge the value of a criminal's performance, determine a certain level, and "exchange" with a certain level of treatment. Although the establishment of this relationship also has its drawbacks, such as the difficulty of the specific operation of criminal performance appraisal, the high demand for prison managers, the tendency of quick success and instant benefit, etc. As the most important system in the modern prison system, its historical significance is very obvious:
1) adapts to the concept and demand of market economy and promotes the progress trend of modern prison system;
2) Reflect and meet the requirements of individualization of prison execution;
3) It has added powerful adjustment and incentive means for prison management.
Progressive therapy system is widely used in modern western countries. The progressive treatment system in Britain: it first appeared in 17 and 18 centuries, and generally divided the prisoner's sentence from ordinary conditional release into four stages. Germany's progressive treatment system: Germany is one of the countries that rarely adopt the progressive treatment system, both historically and now. 19 12 after the completion of the first juvenile prison, the progressive treatment system for juvenile offenders began to be tried out, but now Germany has not implemented the progressive treatment system for juvenile offenders and adult offenders. Swiss gradual treatment system: Swiss gradual treatment system is one of the three major corrective measures in Switzerland (gradual treatment, generalized labor and external contact). The first level is solitary confinement, the second level is full-time collective imprisonment, and the third level is semi-freedom.
(4) prison production system
Strictly speaking, the prison production system is not a typical modern western prison system. The prison production system in western countries is introduced here, mainly to facilitate the comparison with the current prison production system in China.
An important feature of modern prisons is that labor is used as a means to reform criminals, which is basically the same at home and abroad. However, the prison production system in western countries is relatively mature and has an accurate positioning for prison production. Let's take Britain and Spain as examples to introduce the characteristics of western prison production system.
Both Britain and Spain are very concerned about prison production. Each prison has many production projects, but the scale is generally small. Although the technology is relatively simple, it pays attention to the application of advanced technology, equipment and management.
In the Department of Corrections in England, the institution that manages prison production is the Enterprise Affairs Office located in the Department, and a prison enterprise company (prison enterprise) has also been established. The company introduced itself on the Internet as follows: "The mission of prison enterprises is to provide productive training for prisoners, so that they can master the labor skills needed by the market through labor and get more employment opportunities after they are released from prison." [ 1 1]
Spain's prison production system has its own characteristics. According to Royal Law No.326 1995, the Spanish government established the "Prison Labor and Service Organization", referred to as OATPP. This institution is relatively independent of the prison bureau and operates flexibly. Its main functions are: first, to organize the labor production of prisoners; Second, cultural education, cultural and sports activities and vocational skills training for criminals; The third is to be responsible for prison services. OATPP is a non-profit organization, similar to an enterprise, which operates independently and is responsible for its own profits and losses. The main purpose of organizing the production of criminals is to facilitate the socialization of criminals after their release from prison, so that criminals can learn certain labor skills and have the ability to work during their imprisonment. The salaries of all OATPP personnel are distributed by the government, which ensures that these personnel serve the purpose of reforming prisoners in prisons, rather than seeking profits in organizing prison production.
Looking at the prison production system in western countries, the most prominent feature is the emphasis on the simplification of prison functions, that is, the functions of prisons are limited to reforming criminals, and prison production or prison enterprises are not profitable, serving the purpose of reforming criminals and better returning criminals to society. Prison production organizations are generally guaranteed by the government, which provides institutional and financial guarantee for the simplification of prison functions.
Second, the current situation and disadvantages of China's prison management system
After the founding of New China for more than 50 years, especially the development of reform and opening up for more than 20 years, the reform and development of China's prison management system has made remarkable progress. However, due to the reasons of concept and system, China's prison management system is still relatively backward compared with developed countries.
(a) the unity of supervision, enterprises and society, and the diversification of prison functions.
When the New China Prison was first established, many prisons were built in remote areas far away from cities and towns for the sake of political security and the fact that labor reform production did not compete with the people. All prisons are directly managed by the provincial government, and all prisons are managed by all laws and regulations. This practice played an important role in consolidating the new democratic regime, realizing social stability and effectively transforming the counter-revolutionaries at that time. However, times have changed, and the effective system has seriously restricted the development of prison management today. At present, due to the unreasonable layout of prisons, which are basically independent of local society, many prisons have formed a small society with self-enclosed and self-contained. Prisons run enterprises and prisons run society, and the social burden is heavy.
China's excellent prison enterprises, like other countries, are set up to realize the reform of criminals through labor. However, in the actual implementation process, due to the unsatisfactory guarantee system of prison funds, "production and operation have almost become the prison work task with equal emphasis on the reform of criminals, forming the main guarantee and source of prison funds in fact" [12]. 1994 After the promulgation of the Prison Law, although the "imperial food" for prison police and the "prison food" for prisoners are gradually allocated by the state, at present, a large amount of funds for prison construction and development, prison management education funds, supervision facilities funds, workers' salaries, prison guards' salaries, prisoners' living expenses and all prison social service expenditures are still borne by prison enterprises.
At the beginning of the design, the designer's expectation for the mixed pluralistic system of supervision, enterprise and society is to bring mutual promotion of transformation and production, and realize the double harvest of social benefits and transformation benefits. However, practice has proved that this is only a goodwill wish. The pluralistic system of prison, enterprise and society brings the complexity and arduousness of prison work. The integration of prison, enterprise and society makes the production and business activities occupy too much limited penalty resources and involve too much people and energy, resulting in the contradiction and dislocation of the role of prison police. What's more, the government's wrong guiding ideology that enterprises are the main source of prison funds has caused instability and unreliability of prison funds. "When a prison has to struggle for survival, society cannot expect it to complete the task of executing punishment and reforming criminals with high quality." [ 13]
(2) The ways and means of reforming criminals are backward.
A center that prison management system should always pay attention to is to ensure the quality of criminal reform. However, it is not enough to have this beautiful wish, and the good quality of transformation needs advanced and reasonable transformation methods to ensure it. Compared with the international advanced level, the methods and means of prison reform in China are still relatively backward, and the backward reform means can not guarantee the ideal reform quality.
The first manifestation of the backwardness of reform methods and means is the one-sided emphasis on the use of free punishment, and the use of non-custodial punishment is rare. It is a great progress in the history of human punishment that free punishment replaces corporal punishment and life imprisonment. At present, freedom punishment is still the main punishment type in the world. However, the disadvantages of free punishment are also obvious, which has been discussed in the last article. At present, one of the trends in the development of penalty in the world is to restrict the application of penalty of freedom. Restricting the penalty of freedom can be realized from two aspects: first, the judgment reduces the penalty of freedom from the source; The other is to treat criminals without imprisonment, that is, to replace free punishment with socialized execution measures. At present, community correction has been widely used in the world. According to the statistics in 2000, the proportion of community correction in Canada is the highest in the world, reaching 79.76%, Australia 77.48%, New Zealand 76. 15%, France 72.63%, the United States 70.25%, South Korea and Russia 45.9% and 45.9% respectively. In China, due to the long-term influence of retribution and severe punishment, people's views on crime and criminals are often demonized and obsessed with imprisonment. They think that criminals can only be reformed if they are tightly locked in dark prisons (and prisons are demonized). Therefore, most criminals are sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment, and are strictly confined to "labor reform" in a narrow space that is almost isolated from the world.
Constrained by this closed and conservative "fence" consciousness, prison management generally forms a narrow, closed and conservative mindset and behavior habits. According to statistics, there are currently more than 700 prisons in China, of which about 47% are located in administrative areas below county towns and even towns, and more than 70% are located in remote areas with inconvenient transportation [15]. In this closed environment, in the process of executing free punishment, the reform of criminals is mainly achieved through "cramming" ideological education and high-intensity labor. The effect of this form of transformation is not ideal. ④
The second manifestation of the backward reform methods and means is the one-sided emphasis on safety in prison management. At present, there is a tendency in prison management in our country, that is, as long as there is no trouble in the prison and no prisoner escapes from prison, the prison work will be done well and the goal will be achieved. Undeniably, safety is the primary problem in prison work and management. There is nothing wrong with emphasizing safety. However, the correction (reform) of prisoners is the primary function of prisons. We should correctly understand the relationship between security and reform: security is the premise and foundation of reform, and reform will in turn affect security. Good reform results can eliminate the risk factors in prisons and create a safe supervision environment. Security and reform should interact positively. But tracing back to the source and completing the correction of prisoners is the ultimate goal of all prison work. If one-sided emphasis on safety issues and neglect of criminal correction will inevitably have some negative effects. As Professor Eugene Miller of the United States pointed out: "It is certainly not wrong to put safety precautions in the first place, but when safety precautions become the main role that essentially excludes other aspects of prison management, this prison is not so much a correction institution as a warehouse that closes people." [ 16]
(C) the classification system is not perfect
Classification of criminals is a basic work in prison management. Only by scientifically and reasonably classifying prisoners in prison can we truly embody the idea of individualization of punishment and effectively implement the most important system in modern prison system-progressive treatment system. Classification in prison management can be divided into static classification and dynamic classification. The former refers to the classification of prisoners according to certain standards when they are in prison, and the latter refers to the regular reclassification according to the performance of prisoners during the reform process.
On the static classification, at present, most prisons in our country divide criminals into property type, violence type, lust type and other types. This classification has the following problems:
1) classification standards are not uniform. For example, property type and lust type are based on the characteristics of criminal objects, while violence type is based on the characteristics of criminal means, so there will be a situation in which a criminal act can be classified into multiple types. For example, the crime of rape can be classified as erotic according to the object characteristics of criminal acts, and it can also be classified as violent because of the characteristics of criminal means.
2) The classification standard is unscientific. At present, the classification standards used are mainly determined from the academic point of view. However, in practice, criminal acts are complicated, and the current classification standards are difficult to reflect these differences.
3) The selection and positioning of classification standards are not allowed. The traditional classification of criminals focuses on the study of criminal phenomena from the perspective of criminology and punishment, and criminals become their research objects in the form of groups; The classified management of prison criminals should start from the perspective of prison science, focus on reforming criminals, and take individual criminals as the research object to realize individualization of punishment. [ 17]
Another manifestation of the imperfect classification system of prison management in China is that it only pays attention to static classification and ignores dynamic classification. As mentioned above, this dynamic classification is the practical basis of the progressive treatment system and is of great significance to the implementation of the progressive treatment system. The lack of this classification hinders China's advanced prison management system.
(d) The financial security of prisons is insufficient, and prisoners' labor is saved.
From another point of view, the saving of prisoners' labor is also the saving of prison production, which means that prison enterprises unilaterally pursue economic profits in the production process, which violates the purpose of prison enterprises' production serving the reform of prisoners.
The economy of prison enterprise production is the direct result of the diversified system of prison enterprise and society integration in China. Under the pluralistic system of prison, enterprise and social integration, prison funds can not be reliably guaranteed, the social burden is heavy and the pressure of survival is great. The income of prison enterprises is the main source of prison funds. In this case, the central task of prison work is how to effectively organize the production of prisoners, pursue the economic interests of enterprises, and strive to realize the profits of enterprises, but the only function that prisons should have has been forgotten.
Labor, at the beginning of the design of prison reform system, was a means to reform criminals. The purpose of criminals working in prison is to better integrate into society after they are released from prison. The current situation in China is that prisons are forced to use the labor of criminals and the production of prison enterprises as economic means, and prison managers and prisoners are forced to work hard every day to ensure the survival of prisons. How can we ask the prison to guarantee the quality of the reform? At present, China's prison administration has also recognized this point to a certain extent and carried out some reforms. This can be proved by examining the financial statistics of Jiangsu prison system over the years:
Table 1: the proportion of prison production in prison financial expenditure in Jiangsu prison system [18]
199 1 year199219931994199519961997.
1998 1999
82.3% 80.02% 83.47% 77.56% 65.94% 52.2 1% 47.3 1% 40. 10% 36. 16%
Table 2: Statistics on the proportion of prison financial allocation to total prison expenditure in Jiangsu Province [19]
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
1999
19.98% 16.53% 22.44% 34.04% 47.79% 52.69% 59.90% 63.84%
As can be seen from the above two tables, the prison production guarantee function of Jiangsu prison system is weakening, and correspondingly, the state's guarantee for prison funds is gradually increasing. This trend reflects the development trend of prisons in the future. However, it can be seen that even in the eastern developed provinces, prison production still accounts for a large proportion of prison income sources, not to mention the economically underdeveloped central and western provinces. From a national perspective, prison enterprise income and criminal labor compensation fees are still the main sources of prison financial income, and the insufficient guarantee of prison funds, the industrialization of prison enterprises and the economization of criminal labor are still important factors restricting the modernization of prison management system in China.
Thirdly, the conception of the reform of prison management system in China in the process of globalization.
Actively participating in globalization is a new starting point for China and other countries to jointly promote the process of human civilization. In the process of globalization, it is inevitable to face a problem of connecting with the world. Judging from the law of the development of human civilization, this often