1. The origin of local chronicles
Since modern times, the research on the origin of local chronicles has become a hot spot in academic circles, and there are mainly the following viewpoints:
① Gong Yu's origin theory: Some people think that many local chronicles compiled by later generations, especially the national local chronicles, are related to Gong Yu in style and part of contents. For example, the map of Yuanhe County is divided into ten roads throughout the country, taking Gong Yu as an example; The records of land, household registration, local taxes, counties and counties in Yuanfeng are the same as those in Gong Yu (see Huang Wei's Textual Research on the Origin of Local Records, China Literature and History Series No.3, 198 1). Opponents believe that Yuan He Zhi and Yuan Feng Zhi should be influenced by the official geography records since the Geographical Records of Han Shu and the geographical general records after the Six Dynasties, or by the graphic classics since the Han and Wei Dynasties, and have nothing to do with Yu Gong (see Wang Wenchu and others' The Earliest Geographical General Records of China-Yuan He County Records).
(2) The origin of The Classic of Mountains and Seas: According to this statement, the compilation of Han Xin's Three Ji Qin, the compilation of Qilu's Geographical Records, and many records of local chronicles later, such as temples, inscriptions, immortals and strange tales, all have traces of the origin of The Classic of Mountains and Seas. "If Shan Hai Jing is also one of the sources of local chronicles of later generations, it is true." Opponents believe that Shan Hai Jing and local chronicles have nothing in common in form, style and structure. It can't be said that it records the customs and people's feelings, so it must be the source of local chronicles (see Cang's General Theory of Local Chronicles).
(3) Zhou Guan's origin theory: Zhou Guan is the source or one of the sources of local chronicles, which has been generally affirmed for decades. Almost every article about local chronicles is called "Zhou Guan", and it is believed that "foreign history carries the aspirations of all directions", "small history carries the aspirations of the country" and "experience local chronicles" are the earliest expositions of ancient local chronicles. However, opponents believe that Zhou Guan was an "official compilation" in the Warring States period, aiming at reforming ancient times, and its content may not be credible. The "records" mentioned in Zhou Guan actually refer to ancient books and history, and have nothing to do with local records (see Cang's General Theory of Local Records).
(4) The theory of governors in past dynasties: This view holds that Mencius called Jincheng, Chu Yao and Qiu; Mozi called Zhou "Spring Call" and Song "Spring and Autumn"; Zhuangzi's "One Hundred and Twenty National Treasures" all record one side of history, that is, one side of ambition, which should be the source of local chronicles. Opponents believe that ancient national history and local chronicles are different in style and content, so it is far-fetched to link the two.
⑤ The origin of Han Dynasty annals: Some people think that the annals formed by the combination of local chronicles and local geographical works are the early forms of the development of local chronicles (see Cang's General Theory of Local Annals). This kind of geography includes mountains and rivers, geographical evolution, local customs, biographies and so on. However, some people think that the records of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties are only a stage and a source of local chronicles, and local chronicles should have an earlier source.
⑥ About Yuejueshu, Wuyue Chunqiu and Huayang Guozhi: When talking about the origin of local chronicles, many people mentioned these three works. For example, Lee Tae said, "ambition is history. Therefore, such as "Wu Yue Chun Qiu", "Yue Jue Shu" and other 120 national treasures that have not been handed down from generation to generation can all be called local chronicles. However, Changqu's "Huayang Guozhi" was the first book named after it. " (Fang Zhixue) Fan Wenlan also thinks: "Zhao Ye, a native of Huiji County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, and another anonymous writer wrote the Yuejueshu. These two books are devoted to local allusions and create a precedent for local chronicles. " (See General History of China) Opponents think that Yue Jue Shu and Wu Yue Chun Qiu in the Eastern Han Dynasty belong to miscellaneous history, while Huayang Guozhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty belongs to hegemonic history, so it is wrong to regard it as local history. Some people think that the theories of various schools only mention that the three books are the beginning of local chronicles, not the source, so they can't be regarded as the origin of local chronicles.
⑦ Multi-source theory of local chronicles: This theory has been recognized by most people. It is generally believed that multi-source and long history are two remarkable basic characteristics of the origin of local chronicles. Zhou Guan, Yu Gong, Shan Hai Jing and jiusan Shu are related to ancient maps and folklore, some of which are the sources of local chronicles. As for Yuejueshu, Wuyue Chunqiu and Huayang Guozhi, they are the origins or prototypes of local chronicles (see Huang Wei's Textual Research on the Origin of Local Chronicles). Opponents say that according to the multi-source standard, I am afraid that all ancient historical books can be used as the source of local chronicles, and there are too many sources, and finally they become passive (see Cang's General Theory of Local Chronicles).
2. The development stage of local chronicles
There are different ways to divide the development stages of local chronicles because of different research angles. 1962, Wang Zhongmin published Local Records of China, which roughly divided local records into four stages: the earliest national regional records, local records, graphic classics and local records. Later, Wang's theory was basically followed, and the division method marked by the type of local chronicles in An Introduction to Local Chronicles of China was agreed. More people divide the stages from the signs of the maturity of local chronicles. For example, Zhu's Introduction to Local Records of China is divided into three parts: local records that appeared in the Han and Tang Dynasties; Local chronicles entered a mature stage in Song and Yuan Dynasties; The Qing Dynasty entered the heyday of local chronicles. Hu's lecture on local chronicles is divided into three parts: the initial development of local chronicles-Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; The further development of local chronicles in Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties: the prosperity of local chronicles in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Lin's On the Source of Local Records and Its Position and Function in History is divided into four parts: Sui and Tang Dynasties were the first great development period of local records; Song Dynasty is the second great development period of local chronicles; Yuan and Ming Dynasties are the third development period of local chronicles. Qing Dynasty is the heyday of the development of local chronicles. Lin Yanjing's A Comprehensive Review of Local Records is divided into five parts: from the national local records to the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Compilation of official history in Sui and Tang Dynasties; In the Song Dynasty, when the style of local chronicles was roughly formed; The development of local chronicles in Yuan and Ming Dynasties turned from reversal to revival and prosperity. Qing dynasty-the heyday of local chronicles. Although these views are different, it is generally believed that the development of local chronicles has gone through the general trend from embryonic form to maturity, to stereotypes and to prosperity.
3. Local Chronicle Faction
As for the schools of local chronicles in history, in local chronicles, only the geographical school represented by Dai Zhen and the historical school represented by Zhang Xuecheng are involved, and there is no in-depth discussion on the schools. The second issue of Archives Work (198 1) published Liu Guanglu's article "Factions, Types and Opinions of Local Records in History". First of all, the factions in the history of local chronicles were carefully divided. He believes that from the understanding of the nature of other chronicles, it can be divided into geographical school and historical school; Judging from the style of local chronicles, the vast majority advocate that local chronicles should pay attention to style, which can be called "style school"; From the content of local chronicles, it can be divided into traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters; From the purpose of compiling local chronicles, it can be divided into local literature school and administrative school (or local officials and gentry school). In the mid-1980s, the study of administrative school became a hot topic. The article "On the Mainstream School in the History of Local Records Development —— Administrative School" was published inNo. 1986, which pointed out that the administrative school (that is, the school whose purpose and purpose of compiling local records were mainly determined to be beneficial to local administration) was the mainstream school throughout the history of local records development. The figures of the administrative school are leaders at all levels from the central government to the local government. They regard local chronicles as the eyes and ears system of administration and play an important role in the development of local chronicles. No one has specifically divided the schools of contemporary local chronicles, but in the continuous exploration and practice of new local chronicles, Taiwan Province Province has formed new schools, social schools and "three schools" of local chronicles. The new school, represented by Zhang Qiyun, views local chronicles from the standpoint of pure geography and advocates imitating foreign "regional geography" and compiling local chronicles with modern geographical methods; The social school represented by Chen advocates studying and compiling new local records from the perspective of sociology; The school of "three schools of local chronicles" represented by Tang Zupei advocates "new local chronicles" and advocates that local chronicles are divided into local chronicles, local chronicles literature and local chronicles philosophy for research and practice. The discussion in this respect continued until11990s.
4. Zhang Xuecheng's local chronicles
It is one of the important topics in the study of local chronicles. There are many works about Zhang Xuecheng's local chronicles, such as Cang's Zhang Xuecheng and the General Meaning of Literature and History. This paper describes the compilation purpose, content and version of the General Meaning of Literature and History, and holds that the book is the crystallization of Zhang Xuecheng's academic thoughts, and emphatically analyzes Zhang Xuecheng's philosophical thoughts and historical thoughts. In the book, Zhang Xuecheng's local records are comprehensively analyzed, discussed and highly praised, which is of great reference value for understanding and studying Zhang Xuecheng's local records thought. In addition, Cang also published the article "On Zhang Xuecheng's Local Records" (containing "On China's Local Records"), which systematically discussed Zhang Xuecheng's local records from the aspects of establishing the nature and function of local records, the separation of the three local records, the genre and content of "local records", determining the scope and boundaries of various local records, and the creation examples and limitations of county cubic records and local records. Other papers on Zhang Xuecheng's local chronicles include: Zhang Shu's On Zhang Shizhai's Local Chronicles (Volume II No.9) and Li's Contribution to Local Chronicles (Journal of Jilin University No.0/981). , Zhang Xuecheng and Hubei Tongzhi (Jianghan Forum No.4 198 1), Cui's query on Zhang Xuecheng's Foreign History Citation Local Records (Jinyang Academic Journal No.2 1982),. Liu Weiben's Zhang Xuecheng and Local Records (Journal of Liaoning Normal University, No.4, 1982), Huang Wei's Theoretical Research on Zhang Xuecheng's Local Records (Local Records Collection) and Zhang Xuecheng's Seven Records Review (same as above). The General History of Local Records also devoted a chapter to Zhang's local records. During the period of the Republic of China, cutie also edited the Collection of Essays on Zhang Shizhai's Local Records, which collected the relevant local records of Zhang's family in one episode, and attached the Bibliographic Table of Zhang Shizhai's Participation in the Revision of Local Records and the Bibliographic Table of Zhang Shizhai's Participation in the Revision of Local Records, which was quite convenient to consult.
5. Gu chorography
Zhu made an in-depth study of Gu's local chronicles, and thought that Gu's local chronicles theory was embodied in the Preface to the History of Yingping and Pingping, which laid the foundation for the formation of local chronicles in the period of Ganjia. He believes that Gu is not only the earliest theorist of local chronicles in China, but also the first person who devoted himself to sorting out a large number of local chronicles and made great achievements (see Research on the Revision of Local Chronicles by Scholars in Qing Dynasty, published in China Local Chronicles Newsletter). Gu's achievements in sorting out and studying local chronicles, 7 documents 198 1).
6. Local Chronicles of Qian Daxin
Some people think that local chronicles are an important part of Qian Daxin's scholarship, and he can get married. Qian's local chronicles are mainly reflected in the book examples he discussed when sorting out local chronicles, the two local chronicles compiled by Yinxian and Changxing, the postscript of the old local chronicles in the Collection of Thousand Words Hall and the correspondence with other local chroniclers. His main contribution to local chronicles lies in his emphasis on local chronicles and his views on character compilation. In his view, the characters in local chronicles are praised, not belittled. Although they are loyal, they can't turn black into white and evil into good. Local chronicles should not collect words indiscriminately, do not list titles, and only follow the chronological order. For the discussion, please refer to Chen Guangyi's Local Records of Qian Daxin (Historical Research No.4 198 1) and Zhu's Discussion on the Compilation of Records by Scholars in Qing Dynasty.
7. Liang Qichao's local chronicles
Liang Qichao's theory of local chronicles is embodied in articles such as Local Chronicles, On Local Chronicles and Preface to Longyou County Chronicles, especially in the first article, the concept of local chronicles was put forward for the first time. The article discusses five issues: ① Zhang Xuecheng's contribution to local chronicles; ② Textual research on the origin of local chronicles; ③ Comment on Zhang Xuecheng's "Three Books" style and Xie Qikun's "Guangxi Tongzhi" style; ④ Advocating that local chronicles should be written by scholars, not by officials; ⑤ Analyze the characteristics and functions of local chronicles. Liang Qichao highly praised Zhang Xuecheng, saying that "the establishment of local chronicles begins with Zhen Zhai" and that "Zhang Shizhai is the only one who can understand the true value and interpret its true meaning", which affirmed Zhang Xuecheng's position as the founder of local chronicles. The article holds that the history of ancient vassal States is the source of local chronicles, and the Song Dynasty is the forming period of local chronicles, but local chronicles only became a science from Zhang Xuecheng in the middle of Qing Dynasty. The article also believes that "the writing of local chronicles is not as innovative as that of philosophers and writers. They can close their doors and turn a blind eye to their own ideals." Its main work is to investigate facts and collect information. "Valuable information is endless", which fully affirms the role of local chronicles. The concept of local chronicles, the history of local chronicles, the establishment of Zhang Xuecheng's position in local chronicles, and the positive evaluation of the characteristics and functions of local chronicles played an enlightening role at that time, which effectively promoted the development of local chronicles research.