Foreword is also called "preface" or "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface", it is an article that explains the intention, arrangement style and author of writing or publishing a book. It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. "Preface" is usually written in front of a book or article (some are listed in the back, such as "Preface to Historical Records"), and those listed in the back of the book are called "Postscript" or "Postscript". This kind of article belongs to expository or argumentative according to the content, and it is expository that explains the writing purpose, style and content. Comments on the author's works or explanations are argumentative. The preface we have learned includes: Shouting Preface, Rural Investigation Preface, Southern Expedition Preface, Biography of Lingguan and so on. In ancient times, there was also a kind of preface, which was a farewell message, called "preface of giving words". Its content was mostly praise, praise or encouragement to the relatives and friends given, and it was a farewell message. For example, Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang is a gift preface written by the author to his hometown. There is also a preface written in front of a poem, called "preface to poetry", which is more about telling the content of the story or the source of the poem. Such as Peacock Flying Southeast by Han Yuefu, Pipa Trip by Bai Juyi and Yangzhou Slow by Jiang Kui.
Preface to Lanting is also called Preface to Lanting, Preface to Lanting, Preface to He Lin, Preface to Rang and Post to Rang. On March 3rd, the 9th year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 353), 41 people, including Wang Xizhi, Xie An and Sun Chuo, wrote Poems in Yinshan Lanting (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). At the meeting, Wang Xizhi wrote a preface for their poems. The Preface to Lanting Collection narrates the beauty of landscape and the joy of gathering around Lanting, and expresses the author's feelings of impermanence of life and death. Calligraphy has been handed down from generation to generation, with 28 lines and 324 words. The composition, structure and brushwork are all perfect, which is his masterpiece in middle age.
2. Literary common sense of preface and postscript
"Preface" and "Postscript" are a style used to explain the writing process or publishing intention, writing style, source of information, main content, creative intention and author's situation. Some "Prefaces" and "Postscripts" also directly comment on the works and study and expound related issues.
Foreword: generally speaking, it refers to an article written before the text of a work. Some authors wrote it themselves (called "preface" or "preface"), which explained the purpose and process of writing this book. Written by others (called "Dai Xu"), introducing or commenting on the contents of the book. Some words such as "introduction", "preface" and "written in front" are also "preface"
Postscript: a short essay written at the back of a book, article, rubbings, etc. Most of the content belongs to comment, appraisal and textual research. Some "postscript" and "editing" are also "postscript".
3. The classification of literary common sense postscript
Postscript is a preface written at the back of the book and at the back of the text. Preface is a genre similar to expository writing, some similar to narrative writing, and some later generations like lyric prose. Some prefaces are mixed with feelings in the discussion, so as to sum up historical lessons and express the author's political views and attitudes towards the people and things described. Some prefaces are mainly narrative, with narration and discussion; Some prefaces are lyrical, and most of them are written for poems. The preface of the book, table and biography in Historical Records are all mixed with feelings in discussion, so as to sum up historical lessons and express the author's political views and attitudes towards the people and things described. The Preface to the Warring States Policy describes the changes from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period. Through narration, express the author's moral etiquette and evaluation of lobbyist's works. Later, the preface to history inherited the tradition of this kind of preface in Han Dynasty, such as Ouyang Xiu's preface to a line and preface to an official's biography in the New Five Dynasties. As for the preface written after reading ancient books and articles, such as Ceng Gong's Preface to the Catalogue of Warring States Policies and New Preface, the typical one is Han Yu's Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng. It was written by Li Han at the back of Biography of Zhang Xun, and most of it recorded Zhang Xun's deeds, making up for the shortage of Li Han's biography. However, in the first half of the article, two paragraphs were used to criticize the disadvantages of "small people are ambitious, but they don't like the beauty of adults". So although this article is mainly narrative, not biography, it is still. Most of them are written for poetry collections, such as Preface to Lanting Collection by Wang Xizhi and Preface to Peach and Plum Garden by Li Bai. Liu Zongyuan's Preface to Yuxi Poetry and Ouyang Xiu's Preface to Shimi Poetry, although one prefaces his eight stupid poems and the other prefaces someone's poems, also belong to this category. Liu Yuxi's prefaces are all written with "quotations", such as "Quotations from Pengyang's Chorus Collection" and "Quotations from Wu Shu's Collection". Su Xun also used quotations as a preface, such as Genealogy Quotations. This is a writer's habit. Liu Yuxi's father is Liu Xu, and Su Xun's father is Su Xu. Because he wanted to avoid his father's name, they changed the order. That has nothing to do with taboos. At first, books and articles were just orderly. Because the preface is fixed in front of books and articles, if the author still has something to say, or if others want to write down his thoughts, viewpoints, textual research and other contents, they will be written at the back of books and articles, which is called the preface (such as the biography of Zhang Zhongcheng by Han Yu) and the title after such and such (such as Liu Zongyuan's Reading the Collected Works of Han Yu < Ouyang Xiu > with dozens of postscript). Postscript and preface are the same thing, but they are slightly different in language. Because the postscript, preface, and post-question are actually supplements to the preface, which is generally more concise and powerful, and not as detailed and rich as the preface.
4. Literary knowledge of Fu Lei's letters
1, Letters from Fu Lei compiled 186 letters from 1954 to 1966 that Fu Lei and his wife wrote to Fu Cong and others, which ran through all the family letters. It is to let my son know the honor and disgrace of the country and the dignity of art, and let him treat everything with a serious attitude and be a "moral and artistic person"
With profound knowledge, approachable attitude, persuasive brushstrokes and earnest words, Fu Lei talked with his son about life, love, culture and Taoism, and took pains to put himself in the position of a loving father in strict father.
2. These letters began in 1954 when Fu Cong left home to study in Poland, and ended in 1966 when the couple both committed suicide. Hundreds of letters in 12 years run through Fu Cong's growing experience from studying abroad and having a good time to getting married and having children, and also reflect Fu Lei's translation work, friends' communication and the ups and downs of Fu Lei's family fate. Mr. and Mrs. Fu Lei are very careful, and all their sons' letters are properly received.
3. Letters from Fu Lei was first published in 198 1. The publication of Fu Lei's Letters was a sensational cultural event at that time and sold well for more than 30 years. This is a letter written by Fu Lei and his wife to Fu Cong and his daughter-in-law Milla from 1954 to 1966 in May, edited by his second son Fu Min.
Extended data:
Brief introduction of Fu Lei's letter:
In the letter, the Fu family discussed the depth and height of music art and literary creation. Fu Lei eased Fu Cong's emotional problems on the artistic road: "You said that there are always contradictions and happiness, but I believe that without contradictions, artists will not progress, evolve and go deep." (1955) also excitedly talked about the dramas and movies he just watched. "Chang Xiangyu's voice of nature is so beautiful, with a wide upper and lower range and good acting and writing skills." ( 1956)
These letters from home are even more sad and infectious because of the changes in the fate of the Fu Lei family in the tragedy of the times. In his last letter to his son, Fu Lei said with a heavy heart: "There are many difficulties in life. We must constantly transform ourselves and fight against all traditional, capitalist and non-Marxist ideas, feelings and customs. We must abandon all outlook on life and old social norms. "
Sogou Encyclopedia-Letter from Fu Lei
People's Network —— Viewing Culture and Art Education from Fu Lei's Letters
5. Shang's common sense of literature
Wang Anshi was born in the fifth year of Tianxi (A.D. 102 1) and died in the first year of Yuan You (A.D. 1086).
The word interface is Wang Anshi Fu, a man from the late Mid-Levels, Xiao Badger Lang, who is also known as Wang in the world with Jing Gong and Mr. Linchuan in the world. Song Linchuan (now from Shangchi Natural Village, dongxiang county, Fuzhou), Han nationality.
An outstanding politician, thinker, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. He made outstanding achievements in the literature of the Northern Song Dynasty.
His poem "Learn from Du Fu and Be Thin and Hard" is good at reasoning and rhetoric, good at using allusions, powerful in style, subtle in warning and profound in sentiment. He is the author of Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan.
Born in a small official family. Father's benefit, word loss, is a judge of Linjiang army, and he has served as a county official in several States all his life.
Wang Anshi has little reading, strong memory and a good education. In the second year (1042), Li Qing ranked fourth in Emperor Wen of Sui Jinshi list, and successively served as the prison officer of Huainan magistrate, Yinxian magistrate, Changzhou magistrate and Tiaodian Jiangdong.
In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zong Shenchu acceded to the throne, and Zhao 'an was called a bachelor of Hanlin from Jiangning Government School. In the second year of Xining (1069), he was promoted to participate in politics. Since Xining three years ago, he has served as a member of the same school twice to publicize the new law.
Xi Ning lived in seclusion after nine years' strike and died in Zhongshan, posthumous title, Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). His political reform had a far-reaching impact on the social economy in the early Song Dynasty, and was characterized by modern changes. He was praised by Lenin as "1/kloc-0, the greatest reformer in China in the century".
Wang Anshi is not only an outstanding politician, thinker, but also an outstanding writer. In order to realize his political ideal, he closely linked literary creation with political activities, emphasizing that the role of literature lies in serving the society first.
He opposed the vague and powerless style of Yang Yi and Liu Yun of Quincy School, and thought that "the so-called writers are just doing something to make up for the world." The so-called resignation, there are still sculptures.
Really be a clever fairy China, there is no need to apply it; If you apply it, you don't have to be smart and flashy. It should be based on application, with engraving and painting as its content. "
It is precisely because Anshi regards the concept of "application" of "serving the world" as the foundation of literary creation that his works reveal the shortcomings of the times, reflect social contradictions and have a strong political color. Today, there are Wang Linchuan's collections, Linchuan's collections and Mr. Linchuan's songs.
Wang Anshi was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His prose is vigorous and concise, extraordinary and steep. Most of them are essays in the form of books, tables, notes, preface, etc., which explain political opinions and opinions and serve the reform and innovation. These articles have clear views and profound analysis on current political or social issues. Long articles are horizontal but not concise, short ones are broken but not detailed.
Quotations from Emperor Ren Shang is a masterpiece advocating social change. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the diplomatic dilemma of internal troubles and foreign invasion in the Northern Song Dynasty, it put forward a complete political reform proposal, which showed the author's progressive thought of "ruling the country from the people's diseases". "Nothing happened in this century", while describing and explaining the peace situation and reasons in the early Song Dynasty for more than a hundred years, pointed out sharply the social problems that were in danger at that time, expected religious sects to make favorable political achievements, and thought that "today is the time to make great achievements."
It played the overture of the government, which began in the second year. Answering Sima Zhi's remonstrance, he refuted Sima Guang's accusation that the new law invaded officials, caused trouble, demanded benefits and refused to remonstrate. It is short and clear, and its wording is appropriate, which reflects the author's firm and principled statesmanship.
An Shi's political essays, whether long or short, are rigorous in structure, excellent in thinking, thorough in reasoning and concise in language. "Just one or two sentences can sweep away a large number of others" (Liu Xizai's Yi Jian and Wen Jian), which has strong generality and logic. At this time, it played a positive role in promoting the political reform and consolidating the achievements of the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Some of Anshi's essays are famous, such as GunShuo, Reading Biography, Biography of Assassins, Shang and so on. Among them, the evaluation of characters has strong brushwork, sharp style and rich sense of color, giving people a fresh and clear feeling. He also has a part of landscape travel prose "The Creation of the City Pit Courtyard", which is concise, lively and labor-saving, just like Liu Zongyuan; A trip to Baochan Mountain not only records a trip, but also is very meaningful. The two are closely and naturally combined. Even if the abstract truth is vivid, it adds ideological depth to the specific notes and makes the layout flexible and tortuous.
Wang Anshi's poems can be roughly divided into early and late periods, with obvious differences in content and style. Gong Jing was less confident, so poetic language was just what he wanted, and he was no longer more tolerant ... Later, he became a group of shepherds, made a fake collection of poems in the Tang Dynasty from the Song Dynasty, and studied extensively and took it. In his later years, he began to go all out. "(Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua).
The early poems are good at reasoning and have obvious tendencies, involving many important and sharp societies. The problem noticed the sufferings of the lower classes and made an unfair voice for them. Feelings, mergers, reinforcements, etc. Describe and prompt the weakness of the national situation or the corruption of internal affairs in the Song Dynasty from the political, economic and military aspects, point out the harm to the country and people caused by the annexation of land by big landlords and businessmen, and put forward the suggestion of "elite soldiers"; "Collecting Salt" and "Hebei People" reflect the tragic experience of the people being oppressed by the rulers at that time. "In the Examination Room" and "Examination Paper" directly criticized the imperial examination system of giving scholars poems, and demanded the use of talents who can contribute to the country; The new atmosphere and people's joy brought by the enthusiastic reform of Yuan Ri and Song Yuanfeng; Shang Yang and Jia Sheng, etc. By evaluating the merits and demerits of historical figures, their new viewpoints and progressive significance are expressed.
An Shi's seclusion in his later period brought about changes in his poetry creation. He lingered and reveled in the countryside, with a narrow theme, and a large number of poems about scenery and things replaced the previous political poems, expressing a leisurely interest.
But artistic expression is perfect. "Elegant and exquisite, vulgar and unbearable, every irony will sink between the teeth and cheeks." Poems such as The Story of Poems in the Back of the Mountain, Boating in Guazhou, Flowers on the River, Plum Blossoms and Mr. Yin's Wall in the Book Lake are meticulous in observation and exquisite in artistic conception, which shows their praise and love for the beauty of nature.
6. Please tell me the literary knowledge about preface in Preface to Lanting Collection.
Preface to Lanting Collection is a preface. Preface, also called preface, is a practical style, which is the same as postscript. The preface is listed at the head of the volume, and the postscript is attached at the end of the volume. Its function is to recommend and introduce someone's work or a certain material, explain the writing process, writing purpose, main content or some things related to books, and help readers read or understand better. Preface, made by myself, is called "preface"; It was also written by others, and it was called "other sequence". In addition to introducing his works, his preface often contains some comments. No matter in ancient times or today, there is a kind of article called preface, such as preface to Lanting Collection, preface to Wang Tengting, preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to the east, preface to shouting, which describes the elegant collection of literati, and so on.
Foreword, what kind of style is it? What kinds and characteristics does it have?
The preface mentioned by modern people is an applied style written in front of a book or poem to explain its writing reasons, contents, styles and other matters. It can also be used to write "narration" or "thread". The preface to "Scream" quoted above and the preface to Mr. Zhang Dainian attached at the back of this article belong to this category.
But the situation in ancient times was different from that now, and the meaning of the order mentioned by the ancients was much richer than today. The preface appeared as early as the Western Han Dynasty, and Sima Qian's Preface to Historical Records Tai Shi Gong began its origin. There are Zhuan Xu in Han Shu by Ban Gu and Xu Yan in Fa Yan by Yang Xiong. The early preface is not written in front of the article, but a single preface and a whole book preface. It was not until the Selected Works of Zhaoming written by Xiao Tong in the Liang Dynasty that all the prefaces were put in front, and articles with similar prefaces were called "preface" or "postscript".
In the preface family, there are also variants such as "small preface" and "preface". The so-called "small preface" is the short preface of narrative interest or origin before poetry. Xu Shi, an Amin, once said in Bian Ti: "Small preface is also named after big preface." The preface is also a short preface. In the analysis of style, it is explained that "this style only appeared after the Tang Dynasty, which is roughly like preface but slightly shorter." Liu Zongyuan once wrote "Praise and Introduction from Thunderbolt to Piano".
Postscript is also called inscription, postscript or postscript. Yao Nai's Ci Compilation of Ancient Literature in Qing Dynasty: "Those who wrote poems and essays after the simplified edition can be described as the best, those who read them later, or those who rewrote the words at the end of the simplified edition because of people's request or feeling, are collectively referred to as inscriptions and postscript." Inscriptions and postscript appeared in the Tang Dynasty, which are called "after a certain topic" or "after reading a certain topic", such as Li Ao's "After a Prince yan dan" and Han Yu's "Reading Xunzi". Ouyang Xiu first called this kind of article postscript, and several "postscript tails" in his Collection of Ancient Records were attached to his precious inscriptions.
Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Orchid Pavilion is a preface and postscript, but it does not stop at the general explanation of the reasons, process and author of the preface to the Orchid Pavilion. Instead, the lyricism of the scenery is closely integrated with the profound philosophy of life, which has made a masterpiece with great artistic beauty and ideological enlightenment value. It is remarkable to have such achievements in the application of order.
Preface is a kind of prose closely related to preface, but it is also very different. It is a kind of prose specially written for saying goodbye to relatives and friends, focusing on friendship, making friends and saying goodbye. As far as its origin is concerned, the Preface to Gifts evolved from the Preface to Poetry. When the ancients bid farewell, they drank wine and wrote more poems, so the people present made a preface and said their origins. However, in the Qing Dynasty, Yao Nai thought that the meaning of gift preface was "Laozi said:' a gentleman gives a person a word'", so he listed the category of "gift preface" separately in the Collection of Ancient Characters. Gifts were given in the Jin Dynasty, such as Fu Xuan's Preface to Fufeng Ma Jun and Penny's Preface to Li Erlang's Poems, and the gift-giving sequence was the most prosperous in the Tang Dynasty. For most middle school students, the most familiar preface is Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang in Ming Dynasty.
In addition, there is another term that seems to be related to preface and postscript, but it has nothing to do with it-preface theory. The preface is not a style, but a question at the beginning of an argumentative essay. It, this theory and conclusion constitute the basic framework of argumentative writing.
7. Please tell me the literary knowledge about preface in Preface to Lanting Collection.
Preface and postscript.
Foreword is also called "preface" or "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface", it is an article that explains the intention, arrangement style and author of writing or publishing a book.
It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. "Preface" is usually written in front of a book or article (some are listed in the back, such as "Preface to Historical Records"), and those listed in the back of the book are called "Postscript" or "Postscript".
This kind of article belongs to expository or argumentative according to the content, and it is expository to explain the writing purpose, style and content. Comments on the author's works or explanations are argumentative.
The prefaces I have learned are: Introduction to Scream, Preface to Rural Survey, Postscript to Southern Guide, Biography of Lingguan, etc. In ancient times, there was also a kind of preface, which was a farewell message, called "preface of giving words". Its content was mostly praise, praise or encouragement to the relatives and friends given, and it was a farewell message.
For example, Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang is a gift preface written by the author to his hometown. There is also a preface written in front of a poem, called "preface to poetry", which is more about telling the content of the story or the source of the poem.
Such as Peacock Flying Southeast by Han Yuefu, Pipa Trip by Bai Juyi and Yangzhou Slow by Jiang Kui. Extending data sequence styles is one aspect of writing styles.
There are a few people who make a "preface" at every meeting because they are emotional. Because they haven't read the manuscript carefully, they have to list trivial matters or spread anecdotes at will. Results Preface and text are often irrelevant, and order equals disorder. This is really a bad style of writing.
Foreword is mostly a discussion between narration and discussion. Inclined to narrative, with the characteristics of prose; Tending to discuss, with the characteristics of the paper.
Prose or thesis should have written content. Prose should be good at the richness of materials and the diversity of writing, and the paper should win with the profundity of arguments and the breakthrough of analysis.