It has been more than 40 years since New China began to sort out variant characters in the early 1950s. Over the years, great achievements have been made in the arrangement of variant characters. With the publication and implementation of the first batch of variant forms, the variant forms in the current printed publications have been effectively controlled. On the other hand, there are still many shortcomings in our sorting work: as the main achievement of sorting out variant characters since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the first batch of sorting out variant characters not only has limited sorting scope, but also has many problems in the word list itself; The list of variant forms attached to the end of the Chinese Dictionary is more extensive than the first list of variant forms, which is the most comprehensive list of variant forms of Chinese regular script so far, but there are many problems.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, there are still many shortcomings in the collation of variant characters, mainly because there is a tendency to emphasize practicality over theory in the collation work for many years, and the theoretical research on variant characters is quite weak. In fact, for a long time, people's understanding of the phenomenon of variant forms of Chinese characters is not consistent. Until today, there is no unified and accepted definition of variant characters, and the difference between variant characters and other writing phenomena needs to be further clarified.
On the basis of summarizing and analyzing predecessors' theories, this paper attempts to make a comprehensive discussion on the essence of Chinese character phenomenon, the definition of variant characters and the difference between variant characters and other writing phenomena.
First, the predecessors' reference and expression of the abnormal phenomenon of Chinese characters.
The variant characters we are talking about today are not called variant characters, but are referred to by "or", "repetition" or some other terms. According to the statistics of A Brief History of Biezi in Bobang, Beishan, Japan, there are eleven nicknames of variant characters in ancient books, such as Biezi, Bieti, Bieti, Variant, Poor Font, Wrong Word, Wrong Word, Secret Word and Vulgar Word.
In addition to using the above terms, the ancients sometimes used some specific expressions to illustrate the relationship between these two words: ancient Zuomou, modern Zuomou, ordinary Zuomou, or Zuomou, the same use of Zuomou, Benzuomou, Benzuomou. In addition to the above expressions, Chinese character books sometimes use expressions such as "or from a certain", "seal script for a certain", "ancient writing for a certain", "ancient writing for a certain" and "a certain province" for the purpose of font analysis and interpretation. It is worth noting that these expressions are not specifically used to explain variant characters, but are sometimes used to explain other writing phenomena such as interchangeable characters, cognates, ancient and modern characters, popular characters and variant characters. Even the same book, when using the same expression, sometimes refers to variant characters, and sometimes refers to other writing phenomena. On the one hand, there were no unified terms and expressions when the ancients annotated classics and compiled Chinese characters; On the other hand, the ancients did not have a clear understanding of the phenomenon of Chinese characters and could not distinguish it from other characters in essence.
At present, there is no accurate material to explain where the word "alien" first came from. Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi: "Those who write historical essays were taught children's books by Zhou historians, and Kong Bi regarded them as ancient prose." The term "variant script" here means that the style of Shu prose is different from that of China's ancient calligraphy, and it is the earlier source of the word "variant script" related to glyphs. However, this is still different from the "variant" of variant characters we are talking about today. What is certain now is that the Qing Dynasty once made it clear
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Zhang Qiong: Associate Professor, Peking University Chinese Language Center.
Use the word "foreign language" to summarize the foreign language phenomenon in Chinese characters;
"Shuowen" meat department: "Easy, Xiao is easy to break. In terms of meat, it is absolutely silent. " "Guo, qin easy to break. From the sound of meat. " Duan Yucai's Note: "The word" Yi "is different from" Jia Gaiben ",and both" Pian "and" Yun "say" Yi Tong ".
However, the formal use of the word "variant characters" refers to the phenomenon of variant characters, or after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Chinese characters are sorted out to simplify current affairs. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the combination of finishing variant characters and simplifying Chinese characters began in 1953. 1954, including the draft list of 400 variants to be abolished. 1955, the first list of variant forms was officially published, and "variant forms" became a commonly accepted and used term ③.
Second, the definition and analysis of various variants
In various papers, monographs and teaching materials since 1950s, there are more than one hundred expressions about the definition of variant characters, many of which are similar, but many of them also reflect the differences in understanding. To sum up, these definitions can be divided into the following categories. Some gentlemen have different views.
With, we also note) after the corresponding definition:
Variant characters are different ways to write a word. (Ci Hai, Jiang, Hu Yushu, etc. ) 04
(2) Variant characters refer to characters corresponding to orthography. (Encyclopedia of China, Dictionary of Modern Chinese, Su Peicheng, etc. ) 05
(3) Variant characters are words with different languages, which refer to modern characters and ancient characters. (Jiang,,, Liu Zhiji, etc. ) 6
(4) Variant characters are words with the same sound and meaning but different forms. (Zhou Zumo, Hu Yushu, Liu, Jiang, Zeng Rongfen, Su Peicheng, etc. ) 7
⑤ Variant characters are words with the same sound and meaning, which can replace each other under any circumstances. (Wang Li, Guo Xiliang, Wang Ning, etc. ) 08
⑥ The same word in the variant recording language is a word with the same function but different forms. (Li Rong, Liu, etc. ) 9
In addition, some people think that variants can be divided into two types: those with the same sound and meaning and those with the same sound and meaning, which are called "real variants" (Lv Shuxiang) and "narrow variants" (Qiu Xigui), and those with the same sound and meaning are called "partial variants".
Which of the above definitions is more scientific and closer to the truth? Let's analyze them one by one.
Variant characters are different ways to write a word. This statement may have been inspired by the Qing people. Wang Yun: "The existence or style of Shuowen is just a different word." (Example of Explaining Characters in Shuowen, Volume 5, Or Style) Duan Yucai also said that "homonyms have different meanings" (see the above quotation). On this basis, some scholars further argue today that variant forms are "different ways to write the same word" and the essence of variant forms is "one word is multiform".
But in fact, "one word is different" and "one word is different" in Qing Dynasty can't be understood as "the same word is written in different ways". In ancient Chinese, most words are monosyllabic, and one word often corresponds to one word, so people have not clearly distinguished between words for a long time. The "word" mentioned by the ancients sometimes refers to "word". The word "Zi" in Duan Yucai's Yizi Yiwen and Wang Yun's Yizi Yiwen should be understood as "Ci", which means that the same word has different writing forms and different glyph records.
From the perspective of philology, the so-called "homonym" can be understood from two aspects: from the diachronic perspective. Look, the same character refers to the characters with historical inheritance in form and the same character-remembering function; From the time plane of * * * *, homographs refer to words with exactly the same physical structure and memorizing function. When we discuss variant characters, we usually discuss them in the same script and configuration system based on the * * * time plane. The "same word" on the same * * * time plane has exactly the same shape and structure, and there should be no "different writing"; Variant characters on the same plane are actually a group of different characters, and they must be different in form. Therefore, it is inappropriate to call variant characters "different ways of writing a word". At the same time, this statement may also lead people to mistake the glyph of the same word in different languages in different historical development periods for variant characters (see the following definition? Analysis).
Variant characters refer to characters corresponding to regular characters. This formula should be derived from the first variant forms. From each group of variant forms, the first variant form list selects a glyph to circulate, which is called standard word (also called selected word), and the rest words are enclosed in brackets and placed after the standard word, which is called eliminating variant forms (also called stopping words). As a technical term, the word "eliminating variants" is too long after all. For convenience, it is customary to omit the word "elimination" and call it "variation".
In our opinion, it is not necessary to call one of a group of variant characters as the main character (such as a variant table in a Chinese dictionary) or the orthographic, selective and standard characters (such as the first batch of variant tables), and the rest as variant characters. However, according to this definition, it is a big mistake to think that Chinese variants only refer to "judgment" and "elimination of variants". As we know, variant forms are the concepts of a word group and a word group, and they are two-way and mutually variant relations: broken pronouns and eliminated variant forms are corresponding variants of word selection and standard words, while word selection and standard words are corresponding variants of broken pronouns and eliminated variant forms. However, according to this definition, variant characters only refer to the part of variant characters that have been stopped and eliminated, and "selected words" and "standardized words" are not variants of "stopped words" and "eliminated variant characters", which obviously does not conform to the facts.
Variant characters are words with different characters, which refer to modern characters and ancient characters. This definition clearly confuses two completely different phenomena: "variant characters" and "variant characters". Different styles of Chinese characters, such as A, Jin, Zhuan, Li and Kai, are the products of different historical stages of Chinese character development. They are very different in configuration system and writing style, which embodies the law and process of the development and evolution of Chinese characters and is an important content of Chinese character research. For a specific character, the glyphs of A, Jin, Zhuan, Li and Kai are necessarily different, but there is a clear historical inheritance relationship between the glyphs of these different characters, which is generally called "the same character with a long history". Variant characters are a word group and the concept of word group, which reflects the relationship between different words on the same plane. Many characters have their own variants in each historical stage of their development and evolution, and there are several variants in each plane of A, Jin, Zhuan, Li and Kai, that is, Oracle Bone Inscriptions stage, Oracle Bone Inscriptions stage, Jinwen stage, Xiao Zhuan, Li Shu and Kai Shu stage. The characters of A, Jin, Zhuan, Li and Kai are on different * * * time planes, and the only difference between them is the characters, which can't form the relationship of variant characters, let alone define variant characters.
The reason for this view is related to the defect of the term "variant characters". As early as 1950s, Mr. Ding Xilin pointed out that the name "variant characters" could easily be mistaken for the difference of fonts and writing styles, so he suggested using "variant characters". Today, it seems that Mr. Ding Xilin really has foresight. Of course, the term "variant characters" has been generally accepted today. If you change your name again, it may cause new confusion and bring more inconvenience. Therefore, we do not advocate changing the name of "variant characters", but hope to solve the shortcomings of the term itself through scientific definition of variant characters and strict restrictions on their extension.
Variant characters are words with the same sound and meaning but different glyphs; Variant characters are words with exactly the same sound and meaning, which can be substituted for each other under any circumstances. There is no difference in the sound and meaning of variant characters, but some people think that the sound and meaning of variant characters should be "exactly the same", while others think that they can be exactly the same or partially the same. Definition? The statement that "the sound and meaning are the same, but the glyphs are different" is too vague, and there is no clear statement about the different viewpoints-whether the sound and meaning should be exactly the same. Relatively speaking, the definition of … is more rigorous in expression, which not only requires the consistency of sound and meaning, but also emphasizes that variant characters should be "universal in any case", trying to distinguish variant characters from other writing phenomena through strict definition. However, there is no further explanation on how to regard them as the same in sound and meaning and how to determine whether they can be replaced with each other. How can we think that they are the same in sound and meaning, and how can we be sure whether they can replace each other? If it is strictly required, we should start with the words, collect and compare each document use case, so as to see whether the sound and meaning between them are exactly the same and whether they can replace each other under any circumstances. It is obviously difficult to do this completely, and we will find that there are actually very few such variants in the strict sense, and the "variants" that we usually talk about and need to make great efforts to sort out are obviously more than these.
In addition, the definition of ... emphasizes "interchangeable under any circumstances", which is also inconsistent with the fact of variant characters. Because there are many variants, it is precisely because of the differences in time, region or character group that the characters used in a certain period or region, a certain style and a certain industry can not be replaced by some of its variants. For example, there are many simplified ways to write folk characters, which is orthography. Of course, they are exactly the same as orthography in sound and meaning, and should be regarded as variant characters. However, they can never be used in the court trial and patent system, nor can they replace the corresponding orthography in some formal and serious styles.
Although definition ... is better than definition in expression? More rigorous, but its foothold and definition standards and definitions? It's the same: it's all defined from the perspective of sound and meaning. In fact, homonymy is only the superficial feature of Chinese character phenomenon, that is to say, definition? , definition, etc. Failing to grasp the essence of Chinese character variation. The historical accumulation of Chinese characters on the regular script plane is very complicated, and the meaning of creation, truth, use and storage are sometimes inconsistent. If you are obsessed with specific sounds and meanings, you may exclude some words with foreign relations from the variant, or treat some words with foreign relations as variant.
○5 The same word in a variant recording language is a word with the same function but different forms. This definition holds that the essential feature of variant characters is that they all record the same word in the language, that is, the same function, while the same sound and meaning is only its superficial feature, but only the performance of the same function. It should be said that this captures the essential characteristics of variant characters, and the concept is greater than the definition? Rules ... step forward.
But the limitations of this definition are also obvious. It emphasizes "recording the same word in the language" (it seems that "the same function" only means that they all record the same word in the language, not all the functions of the word), which is naturally no problem for words that only record one word, but in the existing regular script fonts, there are a lot of multi-word phenomena, and many words record two or more words. If a group of words, obviously there is no clear answer from this definition. In other words, this definition still cannot effectively distinguish between variant characters and non-variant characters.
Third, the definition and classification of variant characters.
In our opinion, the essence of variant forms is that a group of different characters record the same words in the language, and in principle, no other words are recorded except the words recorded together, so it is basically a redundancy from the perspective of text application, which is the fundamental difference between it and other characters. According to this essential feature, our definition of variant characters is: variant characters are a group of characters that record the same characters in the language and have no functional differences in use.
We emphasize "the same word in the recording language" instead of "the same word" defined in ⑥, and emphasize "no difference in function" instead of "the same kinetic energy" defined in ⑥, which can cover more than one word and exclude words with the same function.
The emphasis on the characters recorded in variant forms and their functions here is to reveal the essence of the phenomenon of variant forms of Chinese characters, not to say that sound and meaning are not important. In fact, when judging whether the functions of two words are different and whether the same word is recorded, we should mainly start with the sound and meaning. However, only by understanding the essence of the abnormal phenomenon of Chinese characters, can we correctly judge whether these two words belong to the abnormal relationship according to the sound and meaning, so as not to be addicted to the sound and meaning itself and lose reference, and also to effectively distinguish abnormal characters from other writing phenomena such as regular and vulgar characters, differentiated characters, ancient and modern characters, and interchangeable characters.
According to this definition, of course, there will not be any variant with the same sound and meaning-"partial variant". In fact, the emergence of "some variant forms" is directly related to the problems existing in the first batch of variant forms. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the work of sorting out Chinese characters was mainly practical, and the theoretical preparation was not sufficient. The first variant list is called variant list, but in fact it contains a lot of non-variant characters-almost all the words that need to be sorted out at that time. Through the analysis of some variants in the table, Mr. Gao Gengsheng found that there are four phonological relations between them: including (including variants), crossing (crossing variants), homophones (homophones) and homophones (homophones). 1 1. Obviously, "homophones" and "homophones with different meanings" are by no means variants, and even those who advocate a broad definition of variants will have no objection. However, because this table is called "the first batch of variant forms", and it is also the main embodiment and national standard of the results of variant forms sorting since the founding of the People's Republic of China, many people still analyze and summarize the definition of variant forms according to this table, so there are two variants-variant forms with homonyms and variant forms with homonyms. Today, when we re-examine the issue of variant forms, we cannot think that there are two types of variant forms with the same sound and meaning, nor can it affect our definition of variant forms.
Specifically, there are five main types of variant Chinese characters:
One is a group of words created for the same word in the language, and their functions are not distinguished in use, such as tears-tears, tears-sight, tears-times and so on. Among the variant characters, the number of such characters is the largest.
The second category is a group of words with different meanings but the same usage and overlapping functions in actual use, such as San-,Xin-,Jia Fan and so on. The original meanings of the words "three", "sin" and "home" here have no literature use cases, which may be inferred by the editor of the dictionary according to the intention of the font-this is also the fundamental difference between this kind of variant characters and general loanwords.
Thirdly, because of the different ways of inheritance and evolution of the same ancient Chinese character, there are two or more different forms of regular script on the regular script plane, which constitute a variant relationship. For example, you-,appropriate-good, night-? , more- Wait a minute.
The fourth is the different writing. This situation is mainly aimed at the early regular script. The difference between different characters is mainly the difference of writing elements, that is, strokes, which has no influence on the configuration mode, structural distribution and meaning. Like in "Dragon Cave Hand Mirror"? ——? 、? ——? 、? ——? .
The fifth is that the words are incorrect. A typo refers to a word whose font changes during copying and writing, such as? ——? 、? ——? Wait a minute. A common typo is not a variant, but when it is accumulated in a dictionary, the relationship between the typo and the corresponding orthographic word is no different from that between the common variants. Therefore, this typo should also be regarded as a special variant.
Fourthly, the relationship between variant characters and other writing phenomena.
Among many writing phenomena contained in Chinese characters, there are many entanglements among regular and vulgar characters, differentiated characters, ancient and modern characters and interchangeable characters, some of which are often mistaken for variant characters. Let's briefly analyze the similarities and differences between them and variant characters.
Variant characters and regular characters, regular characters, are also called regular characters. Compared with popular characters, "orthography" generally refers to commonly used characters in documents that meet the writing norms and the standards of "Six Books". As for popular characters, Zhang Yongquan's research on popular characters in China is defined as follows: "The so-called popular characters are popular fonts that are different from orthography." "Any variant of Chinese characters different from orthographic characters can be considered as vulgar characters." ○ 12 We agree that vulgar characters are "a popular font different from orthographic characters", but we disagree with the statement that all variants different from orthographic characters can be regarded as vulgar characters.
"Variant characters" are not all vulgar characters. As a popular font different from orthography, popular characters generally refer to folk handwritten characters used in popular literature and popular documents, which are different from the standardized writing of dictionaries. However, variant characters are not all folk vulgar characters, and they do not necessarily conform to the norms of character books, so many "different from orthography" are not vulgar characters. Take Shuowen as an example. 1 153, except for 9353 regular script, only 15 is a vulgar word. Most of the other heavy articles come from different sources and are generally considered not to be vulgar words. Wang Yun's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Volume V or Style" says: "The existence or style of Shuo Wen is just a different word, regardless of the right or the vulgar."
On the other hand, not all commonly used words are variants. Zhang Yongquan's A Study of Chinese Folk Characters made a detailed classification of folk characters. Among them, all common characters caused by glyphs can be regarded as variant characters in theory as long as they are not entangled with other existing glyphs. As for "Modern Voice" and "Alien Borrowing", whether it is "the result of the author's consciousness" or "the product of convention", they can't be regarded as alien characters.
Variant Characters and Differentiated Characters Due to the extension of word meaning and the borrowing of words, there are a lot of multi-word phenomena in Chinese characters. One word and many words limit the expansion of Chinese characters, but there are too many words recorded in one word, which undoubtedly affects its communicative function as a recording language symbol and is not conducive to its application. This requires the creation of new words to share their functions, thus producing differentiated words.
Chinese characters are divided into two groups, one is to introduce the original meaning, and the other is to create words for the original meaning. The former is like Xiang Xiang, She-She (another original word), and the other is like catching birds, which is cooked and which is burned. No matter what kind of differentiated words are, from the perspective of pure philology, they have nothing to do with the corresponding initials. In the function of memorizing words, differentiated words and mother words have their own division of labor. Unless the differentiation fails, the mother word is generally no longer used to record the meaning of differentiation. The meaning recorded by the letters is beyond the differentiated meaning that differentiated words do not have.
Variant characters are not. Whether it is the variant characters caused by the writing system itself or the variant characters caused by social reasons, their purpose is not to divide, their functions are the same, and they are completely redundant for the application of words.
Variant characters and ancient and modern characters ancient and modern characters reflect an enduring phenomenon of one-word polymorphism, that is, documents of different times use different characters when recording the same word. The words used first are called ancient words, and the words used later are called modern words. There are two main types of ancient and modern Chinese characters: one is differentiated Chinese characters, which record the differentiated meanings successively with mother characters and differentiated Chinese characters to form the relationship between ancient and modern Chinese characters, such as saying more and removing meaning. The other is that the two words have their own usages, but when recording a word, there is an inheritance relationship, which constitutes the relationship between ancient and modern words, such as strong-strong, spring-money and so on.
The fundamental difference between ancient and modern characters and variant characters is that ancient and modern characters focus on the era of using characters, while variant characters.
Chinese characters focus on the memory function of Chinese characters. However, due to different observation angles and classification standards, it is inevitable that there will be overlap. As far as specific characters are concerned, some can be regarded as the relationship between variant characters and ancient and modern characters. For example, there are two groups of variant characters, such as publishing pestle and chanting Buddha, which are also regarded as ancient and modern characters in ancient annotations. Yan Shigu's Note: "History of Han Geography" is also published with the mountains. Ci in Li Yue: "Ancient Ci."
Mr. Qiu Xigui thinks that "vulgarity" can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense, and the broad sense of vulgarity is consistent with the scope of the phenomenon of words commonly referred to; In a narrow sense, "Tong Jia" refers to a word that represents a homonym or a similar sound, that is, a unique loan word ○ 14. Mr. Wang Ning thinks that "Tong Jia Zi" mentioned by the ancients includes several phenomena of different nature, which is inappropriate in scientific terms and extremely inconvenient to apply. Therefore, she abandoned the term "Tong Jia" and used "homonym borrowing" to summarize the phenomenon contained in "Tong Jia". In fact, Mr. Qiu and Mr. Wang's statements are not contradictory: Mr. Qiu's "narrow-sense interchangeable words" are Mr. Wang's "homophone loanwords"; The combination of Mr. Wang's "cognate words" and "homophone loanwords" is Mr. Qiu's "generalized interchangeable words".
Generic characters, whether they are common from the same source or borrowed from the same sound, are essentially different from variant characters.
"Homophonic loanwords", some loanwords completely replace the position of loanwords, and some loanwords replace some usages of loanwords. In either case, the usage of borrowed words and borrowed words will not be exactly the same. The former is like grass: although grass has replaced all uses of grass, grass does not have some uses of grass, such as haystack, bucket and chapter. What about the latter-He: Although "He" replaces the loaded meaning of "He", it cannot express the interrogative adverbial meaning of "He"; The usage of "Lotus" as another name for the plant "Lotus" is also unknown to "He". Because the functions of borrowed words and borrowed words are not exactly the same, they cannot form a variant relationship.
The relationship between cognate common words is either the relationship between cognate differentiated words and source words or the relationship between two cognate differentiated words. In either case, a group of common words with the same pronunciation will have different meanings; People with the same meaning will have different voices. Therefore, any group of common words with the same origin will not have exactly the same sound and meaning, which is essentially different from variant characters with the same sound and meaning.
Precautions:
(1) quoted from Zeng Rongfen's Typology Research, page 120, Taiwan Province Student Publishing House, 1988. In fact, these nicknames refer to words now.
Image and "variant characters" are not exactly the same, but have different degrees of cross-relationship.
② In the dictionary of regular script, "Zhuan Zuo Mou" usually refers to the regular script font obtained after the description of Hua Kai by Zhuan Shu, while others are like "Ancient Chinese Characters Zuo Mou".
The same is true of "writing an article".
③ The Unification of Variant Characters published by Ding Xiaoyu in Ta Kung Pao in July 1952 is called Variant Characters, 1952.
Ding Xilin's Opinions on Sorting Chinese Characters and New Structure in February of the same year were published in China Language 10.
Cao Bohan's opinions on the arrangement and simplification of Chinese characters are called "heteromorphic characters" and "parallel characters", but they do not mention "different"
Physical personality "; Ding Lu and others' opinions on the simplification of Chinese character arrangement published in China LanguageNo. 1953No. 12 are also not mentioned.
Variant Characters It can be seen that Variant Characters was put forward after 1953 and was widely popularized in 1954.
After 1955 published 400 drafts of variant forms and the first batch of variant forms.
○4 Jiang's Study of Chinese Characters, 83 pages, Shanghai Education Press,1987; Hu Yushu's Modern Chinese 148, Shanghai Education Press,1961; Zhao Zhenduo's On Variant Characters, Lexicography Research No.6,1996; Cihai (abridged edition) 1077,
Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1980.
5 Su Peicheng's Modern Chinese Characters, 95 pages, Peking University Publishing House,1994; Chinese Encyclopedia Volume, 448 pages, China Encyclopedia Publishing House,1988; Modern Chinese Dictionary (Revised Edition) 1492, Commercial Press, 1998.
○6 Jiang's Study of Chinese Characters, 83 pages, Shanghai Education Press,1987; Liu Zhiji's On Variant Characters of Chinese Characters, Dictionary of Variant Characters (edited by Li Pu), Preface, Lin Xue Publishing House,1997; Li Daoming's Collation of Variant Characters, A Chinese Dictionary, 100, Sichuan Dictionary Publishing House and Hubei Dictionary Publishing House, 1990.
7 Zhou Zumo's Literature Collection (13), Zhonghua Book Company,1966; Hu Yushu's Modern Chinese 148, Shanghai Education Press,1961;
Liu, Several Questions about Variant Characters, Collected Papers of Chinese Dictionary, Sichuan Dictionary Publishing House, Hubei Dictionary Publishing House,
1990; Jiang's Study of Chinese Characters, 83 pages, Shanghai Education Press,1987; Zhao Zhenduo's On Variant Characters and Dictionary Research.
1996 No.6; Zeng Rongfen's Typology Research (12 1), Taiwan Province Student Publishing House,1988; Su Peicheng's Study of Modern Chinese Characters
95 pages, Peking University Publishing House, 1994.
8 Ancient Chinese edited by Wang Li, 17 1, Zhonghua Book Company,1981; Guo Xiliang et al. Ancient Chinese 8 1, Beijing Publishing House,
198 1; Wang Ning, Fundamentals of Chinese Characters, Science Press, 1996.
9 Li Rong's Text Problem 2 1 page, Commercial Press,1985; Query on Variant Characters and Commonly Used Words in Liu's Chinese Dictionary
Title ",Textual Research and Exegetics Collection, 90 pages, Zhonghua Book Company, 1993.
○ 10 According to Mr. Gao Jingcheng, the former researcher of the Chinese Characters Department of the State Language Committee, this is not found in the literature.
○ 1 1 Gao Gengsheng's Theory of Integral Variants, China Architecture, No.65438 +099 1.
○ 12 Zhang Yongquan's Study of China Folk Characters 1 5 pages, Yuelu Bookstore, 1995.
○ 13 See Gu Zhichuan's Popular Characters and Popular Style, Journal of Qinghai Normal University, No.4, 1990.
14 Qiu Xigui's Outline of Philology, 264 pages, Commercial Press, 1988.
15 exegetical methodology of Lu Zongda and Wang Ning 184, China social sciences press, 1983.
refer to
[1] Qiu Xigui. Outline of philology [M]. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1988.6438+0.
[2] Wang Ning. Lecture on morphology of Chinese characters [n]. China Education News,1995.438+0-1995.438+0.
[3] Wang Jun. Text Reform in Contemporary China [M]. Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House, 1995.6438+0.
[4] Zhang Qiong. Discrimination of Variant Table in Chinese Dictionary [J]. Journal of Sichuan University, 2002.438+0.
[5] Li Zhu. Chinese dictionary papers [C]. Hubei Sichuan:
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