I don't know if I found it right, I hope it will help you! Chapter V Writing of Academic Papers 1. Meaning of academic paper: abbreviation of paper. The thesis is an article that discusses and studies the problems in the fields of nature, society and humanities, and expresses the achievements of scientific research. Academic papers are the crystallization of academic research, not ordinary learning experiences, experiences or harvest reports. It is a revelation of the scientific laws of a certain discipline, a direct record of some phenomena, a list of materials and a description of events. It is the result of further exploration and reflection on the research object, not the repetition of other people's research results. Papers generally use various facts and materials to quote, analyze and demonstrate researchers' new discoveries and new insights. 2. Characteristics of academic papers: 1) Scientific: The argument is tenable, the argument is sufficient and the argument is logical. 2) originality: new discovery. Or develop and deepen on the basis of the original results. It is the result of independent thinking and analysis. 3) Professionalism: it is a specialized study of a certain problem. Strong professionalism. 1. Academic paper writing: 1) Setting range: such as modern literature; 2) Main direction: such as Zhang Ailing's novels; 3) Collecting data, such as Zhang Ailing's early research results; 4) Reading arrangement: discussion exercises; 5) Combine the problems found with the existing experience; 6) Determine the theme: such as the exploration of Zhang Ailing's novels; 7) Drafting outline: early achievements. The source of "famine": state affairs, family affairs and personnel. The Aesthetic Effect of Desolation 8) Written: Example: 265438+China Aesthetics in the 20th Century: Resisting "Prose Culture" (Excerpt from Yang's Beijing Social Sciences 01.4) Since the 1990s, with the rapid rise of the market economy, modernity has knocked on the door of China, a "prose culture" different from the heroic era. Under the impact of "prose culture", the traditional aesthetic ideal gradually disintegrated and the lofty spirit began to degenerate. Wang Shuo's mockery of traditional values, the tearing of the veil of rationality in The Waste Capital and the "new realism" in the face of mediocre life all indicate the end of an old era and the arrival of a new era. Faced with this situation, practical aesthetics, as a "pre-modern" theory, exposes its theoretical defects and historical limitations: it emphasizes the collectivity, material determinism, rationality and reality of aesthetics, while ignoring the individuality, spirituality, super-rationality and super-reality of aesthetics; As rationalist aesthetics, it can't answer the question of the meaning of individual existence and resist the tendency of "plain culture" brought by modernity, thus losing its historical rationality. The living environment of modern people requires aesthetics to make an answer different from traditional rationalism. In the new century, China's aesthetics must respond to the challenge of "prose culture". In the new century, China's modern aesthetics, represented by "post-practical aesthetics", must respond to the challenges of modernity in the following aspects, resist "prose culture" and seek ways for modern people to surpass their spirit. First of all, it must adapt to the living conditions of modern people and base itself on individual existence, that is, abandon the philosophical starting point of traditional aesthetics, including practical aesthetics-collective existence (social practice, etc. ), establish the philosophical starting point with "survival" as the basic category, and regard aesthetics as the transcendence form and experience form of individual existence. Secondly, we must pay attention to the conflict of modern people's spiritual world and establish aesthetic metamaterial spirit. Thirdly, we must break through rationalism philosophy, admit human irrationality and super-rationality, and affirm aesthetic super-rationality. Thirdly, we must meet the metaphysical needs of modern people and affirm the transcendence of aesthetics. Finally, modern aesthetics must strengthen criticism, which is determined by the criticism of modern aesthetics. Traditional aesthetics affirms reality and regards aesthetics as decoration. However, modern aesthetics has turned to criticize reality, and elegance and sublimity are no longer basic categories. Facing the threat of "prose culture", aestheticians should stand up and resist. If we are insensitive to the impact of modernity, we will be unable to resist the "prose culture" and will eventually be abandoned by history. In order to keep pace with the world aesthetics, China aesthetics in 2 1 century must extract aesthetic thoughts from its own modern living experience and establish its own modern theoretical system in the struggle with "prose culture".