See Baidu Encyclopedia: China Classical Literature/View/1637121.htm? Fr = Aladdin
Pre-Qin prose can be divided into historical prose and various schools of thought prose. Generally speaking, historical prose is mainly narrative, and various essays are mainly reasoning. Historical prose includes Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan, Warring States Policy and Mandarin. Chunqiu is the earliest chronicle of the Warring States compiled by Confucius. This paper describes the major events that happened in various countries in 242 years from the year of Luyin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of public mourning (480 BC). Confucius also made some judgments on those events according to his own point of view, and chose the words he thought appropriate to imply praise or criticism, which is what people often say. Imitating its style, Zuo Zhuan recorded Lu 12 emperors in the order of recluse, Huan, Zhuang, Min, Nuo, Wen, Xuan, Cheng, Xiang, Zhao, Ding and Ai. The 30-volume book describes in detail the political, diplomatic and social events of various countries and the activities of some representative figures in the Spring and Autumn Period. From a literary point of view, it has a high artistic achievement. He created various precise text structures and charming literary language, vividly described a series of characters, and was especially good at writing complex war events in subtle style. For example, the battle between Qilu and Changshao, the battle between Chu Jin and Chengpu, and the battle between Qin Jin and Chu Jin were tense and dramatic, which became the model of narrative prose in later generations. The Warring States Policy, also known as the National Policy, is an anthology of historians or military strategists of various countries during the Warring States Period, which has been passed down to this day. It was compiled into thirty-three articles by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. It mainly describes the political ideas and struggle strategies put forward by counselors and strategists at that time when lobbying countries or debating with each other. There are biographies, stories, debates and letters, which reflect the sharp and complicated political struggle between countries at that time. It is another famous historical prose after Chunqiu and Zuozhuan in the pre-Qin period. In artistic creation, compared with Zuo Zhuan, it has developed. It often vividly depicts characters' words and deeds in complex political events, portrays many vivid characters and writes many tortuous stories. If you travel, Jing Ke enters Qin, moving Zhao Fei, and Su Qin begins to Lian Heng, which are all well-known masterpieces. This book pays special attention to the art of language and uses a lot of exaggeration and metaphor. Parallelism and other artistic techniques, mixed with fables, show the distinctive characteristics of "passing on" and "arguing freely". Guoyu ***2 1 is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming. This book focuses on several events in the history of various countries. The style of writing is unpretentious, characterized by being good at remembering words and describing characters' demeanor.
Hundred schools of thought's essays can be divided into three periods: the first period is the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period. Among the main works, The Analects of Confucius is written in style, and Laozi uses rhyme, all of which are handouts and abundant. Mozi began to develop into a well-organized prose form. The second period was the mid-Warring States period. His major works are Mencius and Zhuangzi. Their words are richer than the previous paragraph, and their reasoning is fluent. The third period is the end of the Warring States period, and the main works are Xunzi and Han Feizi. The representative articles in hundred schools of thought's essays are rigorous in logic, in-depth in analysis, gorgeous in wording and remarkable in achievements. Some words in hundred schools of thought's essays are good at expressing characters' personalities and describing their behaviors, which makes people feel that they are smiling. There are many such words in The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and the Gongbo articles in Mozi also belong to this category. For example, in The Analects of Confucius, Lu, a disciple of Confucius, wrote his forthright, reckless and strong-willed character. Yan Yuan wrote about his silence and eagerness to learn, and his happiness in poverty. There are many vivid sentences in The Analects of Confucius, such as "Learn from pine and cypress when you are cold" and "The three armies can win the position of commander in chief, but every man can't win the ambition". The second is to illustrate the theory vividly with profound fables. Zhuangzi has made the most outstanding achievements in this respect. There are so-called fables, tautology and nonsense in Zhuangzi. Zhuang Zhou thinks that the whole world is "gloomy" and can't talk about Zhuang, so he uses fables and repetitions of "absurd words, absurd words and endless words" to express his thoughts. Fables include some fairy tales and fables that are often said; Repetition is to quote some historical stories and the words of the ancients; Speech is an abstract theory. The artistic achievement of Zhuangzi lies in its romanticism and rich poetry. For example, at the beginning of "Happy Journey", it says, "There are fish in the northern ghost, called Kun, which is so big that I don't know how many miles it is. Adult bird, its name is Peng, and Peng Bei doesn't know its thousands of miles. " From the beginning, I talked about the vastness of heaven and earth and wrote about the arbitrary changes of Kunpeng. Wrote a very open artistic conception. In art, many later poets and essayists love to learn Zhuangzi's style and skills. His imaginative fables and tautology inspired later writers. The third is to pay attention to abstract analysis. At the same time, it is also rich in literary talent, such as Xunzi and Everything is Wrong. In Xunzi's view, persuasion, nature theory and evil nature theory are all good at reasoning, eloquence and calmness. The five comments, loneliness, anger and unspeakable secrets in Han Feizi are all steep in style and meticulous in reasoning. They all had an important influence on later prose.
Chu ci Han fu
Cifu is one of the literary styles in ancient China. Ci is called Chu Ci because it originated in Chu State during the Warring States Period. Fu means to spread the past, characterized by "spreading words" and "straight books" Both of them have the nature of verse and prose, and they are a unique style of half poetry and half prose. The structure is grand, rhetoric is gorgeous, literary talent and sense of rhythm are emphasized, and exaggeration and exposition are often used.
Chu Ci is a literary work created by Chu people represented by Qu Yuan during the Warring States Period. When Han became emperor, Liu Xiang joined forces with Qu Yuan, Song Yu, Le Tang, Jing Ke, Jia Yi, Huainan Xiaoshan, Dong Fangshuo, Zhuang Ji and Bao Wang. And his own words into a set, *** 16, named "Chu Ci". Qu Yuan's works are the most numerous and of the highest quality in Chu Ci, and his Li Sao is a masterpiece of Chu Ci, so later people call it "Sao Style".
Li Sao is the representative work of Qu Yuan (about 340 ~ 277 BC) and the longest lyric poem in ancient China, with 373 sentences and 2490 words. This is a masterpiece of romanticism. In this poem, the poet makes the generation shine with lofty ideals and passionate feelings.
Han Fu is a unique literary genre in ancient China. Its main feature is to tell stories and write things without singing. The representative writers of Han Fu mainly include Jia Yi and Mei Cheng in the early Han Dynasty. Jia Yi (20 1 ~ 169) is from Luoyang. His representative works include Fu for catching birds and Fu for hanging Qu Yuan. Jia Yi inherited Qu Yuan's prose style. His Mourning for the Wrestling compares Qu Yuan's experience with his own. Lying on the ostrich expressed his unfair and uncompromising spirit. His prose tends to be rambling, and he uses a lot of four words, which reflects the trace of the transition from Chu Ci to new prose. In the early Han Dynasty, besides Jia Yi, Mei Cheng was the most important. The main active periods of Meicheng were Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Jing. There are nine essays by Mei Cheng in Hanshu, and three have been handed down to this day. Seven essays are his representative works. Seven hairs consists of eight paragraphs, with questions and answers from the king of Chu and Wu Ke. The work assumes that the King of Chu is ill, and Wu Ke talks with him, pointing out that the root of the King of Chu's illness lies in his corrupt life and his desire for comfort, which cannot be cured by medicine. Wu Ke skillfully narrated music, diet, horses and chariots, palaces, hunting and Taoist temple, with the purpose of diverting the interest of the king of Chu with "witticism". As a court scholar, Mei Cheng is familiar with court life, so he can tell the facts very clearly and to the point. Seven hairs makes good use of image contrast in art and has distinct characteristics of extravagance. For example, the pottery-shaped paragraph: "From the beginning, it is raining, if it is under the egret; Its small progress is also vast, such as a white horse curtain cover of a plain car; Its waves are turbulent, such as the disturbance of the three armed forces; It ran from the side and fluttered like a light car. " This passage has repeatedly used marching operations to compare the situation and write Tao's momentum to the fullest. Seven hairs mark the formal formation of Han Fu. Many writers in later generations imitated the form of "seven hairs" and formed a style of question and answer between subject and object in Fu, which was called "seven bodies", but it did not surpass "seven hairs". The era of Emperor Wudi and Emperor Chengdi was the heyday of Han Fu, with Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong as the representative writers. Sima Xiangru (former 179 ~ former 1 18) was born in Chengdu. Representative works include Zi Xufu, Shanglin Fu, Changmen Fu, Beauty Fu and Adult Fu. There are many nouns and adjectives in Zi Xu Fu and Shang Fu Lin, and they rarely change. But some sentences focus on description and read naturally. After reading Zixu Fu, Li Bai envied the cloud dream scenery described in it. He once lived in Anlu (now north of Anlu County, Hubei Province) and was obviously attracted by some descriptions by Sima Xiangru. Yang Xiong (before 53 ~ after 18) was born in Chengdu. He lived in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and some people commented on his portrait of Sima Xiangru. Representative works include Ganquan Fu, Hunting Feather Fu, Changyang Fu and Poverty Alleviation Fu. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu gradually declined, with Zhang Heng's Erjing Fu and Guitian Fu as representative works. "Return to Talent" is a lyric poem, which sweeps away Han Fu, imitates and praises old habits, creates an indifferent, romantic and fresh style, shows the author's pleasure in seclusion in the countryside under the political situation, and has an important impact on the emergence of lyric Fu in Wei and Jin Dynasties.