By early Tang, we mean from the establishment of the Tang Dynasty to the first year of Xuanzong (6 18 ~ 7 12). The prosperous Tang Dynasty refers to the period from the first year of Xuanzong to the succession of Daizong (7 12 ~ 762). The Middle Tang Dynasty refers to the period from the first year of Baoying to Jing Zong's succession (762 ~ 825); Late Tang Dynasty refers to the period from the first year of Jing Zong to the last year of Tang Dynasty (825-907).
It should be noted that the development stage of literary history has great inheritance, intermediary and complexity. As far as the whole history of poetry is concerned, it is gradually changing; As far as the poet is concerned, he is often at the intersection of two periods, so we should treat this division flexibly and not be too mechanical, resulting in cutting the foot and fitting the shoes.
Look vertically. On the one hand, he continued the unfinished road of poets in the Six Dynasties and further perfected and completed the artistic form of modern poetry; On the other hand, it reversed the glory of the Six Dynasties from the inside of the body, returned to the original natural art, and presented the voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which made the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty climb to the peak of China's classical poetry. On the one hand, the exquisite integration of natural beauty and artificial beauty has been completed; On the other hand, it indicates the characteristics of poetry in the new era. Poetry in the mid-Tang dynasty changed for survival, with exotic flowers and exotic grasses, thus expanding the original clear poetic clues into three-dimensional pluralism. Poetry in the late Tang Dynasty is both the end and the beginning. At the end, it shows the irreversible decline of traditional poetry; The founder updated the connotation and extension of poetry art and completed the transformation from poetry to ci.
Horizontally, the Tang Dynasty was a dynasty in which all kinds of poems developed in an all-round way. ? Five-character ancient poems. In the early Tang and Five Dynasties, he followed the Six Dynasties and went to Chen Ziang, where he cut off the accumulated disadvantages and restored the simplicity and integrity of the Han and Wei Dynasties. In the prosperous Tang dynasty, the king was light and elegant, and in the middle Tang dynasty, he was straight through. Du Fu made great efforts to explore in the Five Dynasties, and then Bai Yuan and Han Meng continued to expand. ? Seven-character ancient poems. Generally speaking, the development of the ancient seven dynasties in the Tang Dynasty experienced three stages. In the early Tang Dynasty, the four outstanding poets transformed seven ancient poems into a long-tune ballad with a broad system and evil form, and put them into the metrical form of modern poetry. Since then, the creation of Qigu has been unprecedentedly active. On the basis of these four outstanding poets, the lead China was further washed away, and their poetic style became clear and clear. This is the first stage. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there appeared a large number of experts in the Seven Classics, such as Li Qi and Wang Wei. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, some of them still followed the road of the early Tang Dynasty, while most of them used ancient poems of Han and Wei Dynasties, which were free and legal in form and presented the characteristics of hearty and ups and downs. This is the second stage. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty and the Seven Dynasties, on the one hand, it rejected the assimilation and attraction of near-body melody in the system, and introduced prose expression means in art, such as Han Yu; On the other hand, it highlights the role of strengthening euphemism, such as Bai Yuan. Most poets in the late Tang Dynasty were humble and unable to master this genre, which led to their gradual decline. ?
Yuefu poetry. Yuefu poems in Tang Dynasty can be divided into ancient poems and new poems. Ancient Yuefu refers to the poems written by scholars in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties as ancient Yuefu poems. Since the Six Dynasties, literati Yuefu, whether it is a cliche or an erotic work, has gradually declined. In the Tang Dynasty, with the efforts of poets in the early Tang Dynasty, the ancient Yuefu was far away from the Han and Wei Dynasties, out of the trough and achieved unprecedented prosperity. Compared with the past, the ancient Yuefu in Tang Dynasty has the following changes: First, it is basically out of touch with music; The second is to break through the concept of antique. Therefore, the ancient Yuefu in the Tang Dynasty showed great creativity. Since the establishment of the new Yuefu, Yuefu has been following the ancient theme of Yuefu until Du Fu broke through this tradition, that is, writing current events with new themes. After the development of Yuan Jie and Gu Kuang, in the middle Tang Dynasty, under the advocacy of Bai Yuan, the creation flourished unprecedentedly, forming a large-scale new Yuefu movement, which influenced the late Tang Dynasty.
Generally speaking, the ancient style of Tang people has gradually declined since Yuanhe, and modern poetry has become the focus of attention.
Modern poetry, also known as metrical poetry, was brewed in Qi and Liang Dynasties, matured in the late Tang Dynasty and finally settled in Shen Song's hands. In order to distinguish metrical poetry from classical poetry with relatively free form, the Tang people called it "new style poetry" or modern style poetry. The forms of modern poetry mainly include: five-seven-character poems, five-seven-character quatrains and orders.
Five laws, the earliest mature five laws, should be regarded as Wang Ji's wild hope. "Before the Five Laws, there were many gaffes, which should be headed by this chapter" (Shen Deqian's Poems of Tang Dynasty). "Four Great Masters" emerged in the poetry circle, and five laws prevailed, so Wang Shizhen called the five-character poems of "Four Great Masters" the official history of Legalists. The final version of Five Laws is largely attributed to Shen Song. Therefore, "five words, until Shen Song, can be called dharma". The creation of the five laws in the prosperous Tang Dynasty was unprecedented, second only to the ancient five dynasties. Meng Haoran is especially good at five words, Wang Wei is known as the "master of five words", and so is Du Fu. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, people liked to write metrical poems, and the five rhymes were written by Meng Jiao, Jia Dao and others. Although they are far away from the prosperous Tang Dynasty, they are profound, but more mellow and pure.
Seven laws, the Tang Dynasty has never seen the integration of seven laws, only in Shen Song have seven laws, so Hu Yinglin said that "seven laws originated in Shen Song". During the Shensong Dynasty, the seven laws came into being and were not generally accepted. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there were more and more authors of the Seven Laws, among which Wang Wei and Li Qi were the most respected by later generations. Hu Yinglin said that "the seven laws in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were called Wang Li", that is, the seven laws were fully mature. But in the prosperous Tang dynasty, people paid more attention to the seven methods, which were songs and paid more attention to swimming. Du Fu is the first master in the history of poetry to write seven laws. It can be said that the seven methods began to reach other realms, feelings began to deepen, and art was transformed. Since then, the number of seven laws has surged and become an important poetic style comparable to the five laws. In the late Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin inherited Du Fu and Zhao You, and developed this form to a more pure situation.
There is a difference between quatrains and quatrains. Tang and Gu were few, and rhythmic poetry was unique. It was not until Song Shen took shape that it became popular and became the most active poetic style. There were not many quatrains in the early Tang Dynasty, and the style was simple and natural. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, quatrains shone brilliantly, and almost everyone did them. The art is improving day by day, establishing the artistic style of quatrains, paying attention to "style" and subtlety. Compared with the early Tang dynasty, the quatrains in the prosperous Tang dynasty have undergone some changes; First, there were quatrains in the early Tang Dynasty, and I liked to use antithetical sentences, especially the ending couplets. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, most quatrains end in scattered lines, and three or four sentences turn into one, resulting in a graceful turning point, and there is no end to each sentence. Secondly, quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty developed the system of poetry, which not only expanded the scale of quatrains, but also maintained its small and lively characteristics. There are many authors and famous articles of quatrains in the middle Tang Dynasty, each with its own style. In the late Tang Dynasty, quatrains followed the artistic trend of decreasing form and increasing quantity. There are two points worth noting in the content: one is to chant history, and the other is love. The former shows the expansion of nostalgia in the last days, while the latter reveals the clue of poetry handover.