Learning objectives:
1. Understand the relevant knowledge of argumentative writing, and be able to understand the three elements of argumentative writing.
2. Make clear the central point of this article.
Learning method:
Independent inquiry and teachers' appropriate choice
Preview before class:
Collect relevant knowledge:
1. debate knowledge
1. Definition: Argumentative writing is a style of analyzing and commenting on a certain issue or thing and expressing one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and propositions. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument.
3. Three elements of argumentative writing
Argument: the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed (events, phenomena, people, opinions, etc.). )
Argument: it is the material to support the argument and the reason and basis used by the author to prove the argument. These arguments can be divided into:
(1) Fact argument: Facts play an obvious role in argumentative writing. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and check whether it is related to the article.
(2) Reasoning arguments: arguments are always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are the result of abstracting and summarizing a large number of facts. Such as: famous sayings, maxims, proverbs, theorems, formulas, etc.
Argument: the process and method of proving an argument with arguments.
Relationship with argument: proof and proven
Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through argumentation. Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove".
The demonstration method is as follows:
(1) Demonstration with examples: give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;
(2) Reasoning: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms from domestic and foreign celebrities, and accepted theorem formulas to prove the argument; Enhance the persuasiveness of the article and reflect the characteristics of accurate and rigorous language.
(3) Comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison; Through the comparison between _ _ _ and _ _ _, highlight the point of view. Prove this point more forcefully.
(4) Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. Use _ _ _ as a metaphor to make the point vivid and easy to understand.
The basic structural level of argumentation: asking questions (what is it) → analyzing questions (why) → solving problems (how to do it), that is, introducing the conclusion of this theory.
Argumentative essay: Argumentative essay is generally divided into argumentation and refutation.
First of all, the introduction of passion
Bacon was introduced into the text by the famous saying "knowledge is power".
2. Students exchange the author's information, and the teacher supplements it.
Bacon (156 1 ~ 1626) was a British philosopher and scientist. He strongly advocated that "reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people wise, calculus makes people precise, philosophy makes people profound, logic makes people cultivated, and logical rhetoric makes people eloquent." He advocated and developed scientific progressive ideas and advocated the slogan of knowledge progress, which has been promoting social progress. This thinker who pursued truth all his life was called "the true ancestor of British materialism and the whole modern experimental science" by Marx. He also put forward many viewpoints in logic, aesthetics and pedagogy. He is the author of New Tools and Essays. The latter has 58 essays, which discuss a wide range of life problems from all angles. They are exquisite and philosophical, and have many readers. He is the author of Academic Progress (1605) and New Tools (1620).
Bacon sharply criticized the scholasticism in the Middle Ages, holding that scholasticism and theology seriously hindered the progress of science, and advocated thoroughly transforming human knowledge, liberating the whole academic culture from scholasticism and realizing great rejuvenation. He believes that science must pursue the causes and laws of natural things. To achieve this goal, it must be based on sensory experience. He put forward the principles of materialism and empiricism, and believed that knowledge and ideas originated from the perceptual world, and sensory experience was the source of all knowledge. In order to acquire scientific knowledge about nature, we must base our knowledge on sensory experience. He also put forward the empirical induction method, which advocated that based on the experimental and observation materials, after analysis, comparison, selection and exclusion, the correct conclusion was finally drawn.
The Essays of Bacon was written by Francis Bacon, a famous British thinker, politician and empiricist philosopher in the 7th century. This book is divided into several essays, such as knowledge, beauty, goodness, truth, health, family and friendship. This article is one of them.
Second, overall perception.
1. Students read the text with the help of notes, and first understand the meaning.
2. Students talk about their understanding of the text.
Third, explore the experience
Autonomous learning
1. What is the central point of this article? Can you find out or summarize it?
2. The article writes: "People's virtues are like precious spices, which will give off the strongest fragrance when burning in the fire."
How to understand this sentence?
(2) cooperative discussion
1. Students discuss: How to face adversity?
There is a famous article in Mencius, the purpose of which is similar to this article. Please recite this famous saying.
Clear sky Wan Li: Sri Lankan people's sky will be restored. ...
3. What argumentation methods have appeared in the paper? Try to illustrate them with examples.
The group leader organizes members to discuss problems that can't be solved by autonomous learning.
(3) Show and explain (It's time to show yourself! )
A group of students show and explain in front of the blackboard, and other students can ask questions.
Fourth, expand and extend.
1. Try to summarize the central point of the following article.
Responsibility is often two-way. Parents have the obligation to support their children, and children have the responsibility to support their parents; Individuals have the responsibility to contribute to society, and society also has the responsibility to individuals. For example, society has the responsibility of compulsory education for minors.
People who can take responsibility are praised as brave. The ancients often took the motto "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", which led to all kinds of earth-shattering actions in history, but cowards could not bear the responsibility. It is not enough to have courage to take responsibility, but also to work hard. Do not believe me, let me tell a story like this:
An American boy of 1 1 years old accidentally broke the neighbor's glass while playing football. The neighbor was furious and claimed compensation from him 12. Five dollars. This is 12. $5 was astronomical at that time, enough to buy 125 laying hens. The boy told his father about it and regretted it. Seeing his son's embarrassment, the father took out 12. He said, "I lent you this money, and I will pay you back in a year." After the boy lost money, he began to work hard. Finally, after half a year's efforts, he returned this "astronomical figure" to his father word for word. This boy was the later American President Ronald Li Gen, and he also recalled: "Taking responsibility through my own labor made me understand what responsibility is."
Responsibility is a sign of honesty. Although there is bitterness and sweetness, what should be borne is still to be borne. Let's shoulder the responsibility and shout: "Pick it up and be a strong and brave person!" " "
2. Students exchange other famous sentences collected in Bacon's papers.
Clear:
Knowledge is power.
Miracles always flash in fear.
Ease and contentment can easily become hotbeds of corruption and degeneration.
Success and virtue are two scales to measure one's career.
Knowledge itself does not tell people how to use it, but the way to use it is outside books.
Indecision without ideal is a sad psychology.
No matter how angry you are, don't do something irreversible.
Virtue is like a gem, it is best to set it with simple things.
People's manners should be like clothes, not too tight or too particular, but a little loose to facilitate work and exercise.
The greatest trust between people is the trust in suggestions.
Doing things too fast is one of the greatest dangers.
Luck is not without many fears and troubles; Bad luck is not without many comforts and hopes.
Virtue is like a famous fragrance, which will become stronger after burning or squeezing. Good luck can show evil virtue, and bad luck can show virtue.
As far as beauty is concerned, formal beauty is higher than color beauty, and beautiful and elegant combination action beauty is higher than formal beauty.
Virtue is like a gem, which is more gorgeous against a simple background. Similarly, a person who is not luxuriously dressed but dignified and virtuous is admirable.
Some people always look cute because their style is elegant and beautiful ... while some young people are beautiful, but they are not worthy of praise because of their lack of elegant cultivation.
People who love to show off are despised by wise men, admired by fools, flattered by flatterers, and slaves of their boasting.
There are many vain people rap.
The sublimation of verb (verb's abbreviation) summary
The stream is blocked. There is a song; The music of life has become magnificent because of all kinds of difficulties and setbacks; The most beautiful embroidery is to set off bright flowers on a dim background, not to set off bright backgrounds with dim flowers.