Research on Game Equilibrium and Micro-effect of Policy
introduce
With the development of welfare undertakings in various countries, the topic of social policy has gradually become a prominent topic, which has attracted the attention of various fields? However, the current social policy research mainly focuses on the discussion of more abstract and macroscopic original issues, such as focusing on the definition of concepts; Explore the basic issues of social policy and so on? Yang Tuan summed up the definition and problems of social policy in the article Theory and Thinking of Social Policy. Among them, he classified the definition of social policy as social action plan and different choices of social plan, while the other defined social policy as a series of policy activities that affected social welfare. And the basic problem of social policy is the background of social policy? The goal of social policy? The scope of social policy? What are the forms and strategies of social policy actions? The nature of social policy? Belief in social policy? Although people have invested great efforts in the original problem, due to the complexity of social policy issues, so far not much understanding has been reached in this field.
In contrast, people seldom study the process of policy implementation? The article "Behavior Changes in the Process of Social Policy Implementation" sets a precedent for us and also gives the author great inspiration. This paper expounds the behavior choice in the process of social policy from the perspective of formal system and informal system. Another kind of research from the perspective of system mainly focuses on the comparison of institutional models between countries. This paper will explain the phenomenon of "policy micro-effect" from the perspective of the formation and change of the system in the process of social policy implementation, which is different from the above two institutional perspectives of social policy research. At the same time, in the definition of social policy, the definition method of this paper comes from a definition method used by Durkheim: that is, from the simplest point of view, grasping the main characteristics of the currently determined social policy, defining social policy as a series of institutional arrangements aimed at improving the welfare of the whole society? Therefore, this paper attempts to establish an institutional analysis model and use this model to analyze the "micro-effects of social policies" encountered in the current social policy implementation process.
Construction of institutional model
Before building the model, we must undoubtedly clarify a concept, that is, what is a system? We quote North as saying, "&; Hellip& amphellip is this structure a rule? Routine? A complex mixture of customs and behavioral beliefs, which together constitute our daily behavior choices and determine the path for us to achieve our expected goals? " From this conclusion, we can make two judgments: the system includes not only formal system, but also informal system; System affects our social choices, and it is also one of the ways we make choices?
With the wide application of game theory in economics, a new concept of system is taking shape, that is, relying on game equilibrium theory: system is both a game rule and a game equilibrium? Specifically, the essential feature of the system is the self-enforcement rules of participants' action choice. In the case of repeated games, these rules are considered to be important, so they can regulate the continuous interaction process of participants? & amphellip& amphellip rules of the game are endogenous through the interaction between participants in related fields, so they are self-executing?
Based on the above institutional theory, this paper gives the following institutional formation model:
Before further explaining the model, let's make a basic assumption (which will be the basis of this paper's argument): we make sure that the formation of the system is the requirement of the similarity of the participants, that is, we think that the formation of the system is actually conducive to the acquisition of the similarity benefits of * * *, and comparatively speaking, the cost paid by everyone is less than the income obtained, that is, it is necessary to establish the system? Here, this paper draws the basic view of transaction cost theory, that is, the fundamental reason why institutional reform and institutional innovation are difficult to achieve is the ratio between the cost payment of choosing a new system and the income after the establishment of a new system. When the ratio is positive, a new system can be formed. When the ratio is negative or unclear, the choice behavior stops and it is difficult to establish a new system, that is, there is a problem of institutional cost?
Then the author will elaborate his model from the following points:
The formation of 1. system is a process of interest game among participants, and finally reaches a balanced state. In this process, each participant constantly puts forward the principles and measures that are most relevant to his own interests and tries to influence others' views. However, due to the pursuit of the same interests when forming the system, a suboptimal equilibrium model that takes care of the interests of all parties will eventually be reached? The exclusion of any participant may lead to the instability of this equilibrium. At the same time, under the influence of the outside world, mutual interests are in the process of dynamic and continuous transformation, so this equilibrium is not static, and breaking this equilibrium will face a comparative problem of costs and benefits. So the system is lazy? From the above explanation, we believe that the formation of the system reflects not only a formal rationality, but also a process rationality?
2. According to North's path dependence principle 1, what is the externality of the system when a development route goes along a specific process? The learning process of the organization and various ideas about these issues in history? Customs and habits will enhance this process? Therefore, as a game equilibrium system, the system is also influenced by various formal systems and customs in other fields. The influence of informal institutions such as habits? Mei Lin's "behavior change in the process of social policy implementation" has played an important role in the "water management in Anhui" in China. In the investigation of the implementation of the policy of "building towns by immigrants", it is found that the informal system plays a huge role in the formulation and implementation of the policy, and sometimes even replaces the formal system? "The deviation of an institutional arrangement or social policy in the process of implementation is a structure in which many factors work together. The root of the deviation between social policies and institutions lies in the inherent institutional arrangements and the conflicts and contradictions of interests of various actors under the system? " & amphellip& amphellip's concrete implementation and further evolution of social policies are more as a kind of&; The result of lsquo is rsquo, that is, the habitual behavior of people in the system &; Lsquo bears fruit. ? That is, the result of habitual behavior of people in the system? "
3. After a system is formed, it will eventually become one of the factors that constitute the social structure, thus affecting the stability of this game equilibrium, systems in other fields and various other informal systems?
4. Repeat the first point, that is, the formation and change of any system is the result of people's measurement of costs and benefits. Of course, sometimes we proceed from reality and find that some systems do not operate according to this principle. In my opinion, this is like Weber's way of thinking, from a rational type to discover all kinds of rationality and irrationality in reality?
The above is my own explanation of this model. In the author's view, this model is just a framework for analyzing problems, just like Weber's four ideal types? Then the author uses this model to analyze some problems encountered in the implementation of current social policies, the most important of which is to solve the problem of "policy failure"?
Analysis on the Micro-effect of Policy
In order to verify the explanatory power of the above model, the author chooses the implementation of the rural social endowment insurance system in Beijing as his research material (hereinafter referred to as the article)? In this survey, Wu Wen put forward the concept of policy micro-effect. The so-called policy micro-effect, "refers to the huge gap between policy intentions and policy results?" From the perspective of a system theory, we can think that although the existence of the system embodies a beautiful ideal of the makers, there is no doubt that this system is not considered from the implementation process of the system, that is, there is a conflict between the formal rationality of a system and the substantive effectiveness of the system, which leads to the failure of the system? The system is suspended and does not work. Physical disorder? Undoubtedly, how to solve this problem, we find that we can get some answers through the above model.
Let's take a closer look at the concrete examples of the micro-effect of this policy:
In the investigation, we found that there is a current situation in the implementation of the agricultural insurance policy, that is, although the agricultural insurance policy has been implemented for 10 years, the actual number of people participating in the agricultural insurance has only reached 36.8%, and nearly two-thirds of farmers in Beijing suburbs have not responded positively to the policy?
There is no doubt that there is a problem of information realization here. In our opinion, can the policy be comprehensive? Real? Is it accurate? The first step to achieve the effect of the strategy is to successfully reach the organization that serves it? So why can't the information be conveyed in time? In our opinion, it is difficult for people to obtain information accurately from the deep-seated institutional reasons, that is, because of the problems in the transmission mechanism of the system? For one main reason, it is necessary to examine the design of this series of institutional arrangements. In our view, from a practical point of view, there is no doubt that it is not aimed at organizations that meet the standards, but only at the design of the system itself, and the designers are alienated by the system? Based on our theoretical model, we think that the process of system design is a process of interaction and balance among stakeholders? But judging from the reality, there is no doubt that the design of this policy was designed by the government? Of course, from a certain point of view, this can save some costs, but we think that as one of the stakeholders, it can not effectively reflect the interests of other stakeholders, so it is difficult to form a system that takes into account all stakeholders? After all, the government is not a completely rational and independent subject? Therefore, starting from this model, we believe that the opinions of all stakeholders should be absorbed as much as possible in the process of policy formulation. Of course, policies are often in the form of various laws. In the form of laws and regulations, but isn't this contradictory? Therefore, in the process of policy formulation, the government participates in the game as a stakeholder, and at the same time formulates policies as a maker, but this formulation is only faithfully implementing the opinions reached by all parties?
Furthermore, because the above table also reflects a problem, that is, two-thirds of people are aware of this policy, and some people still do not participate in this policy? So what are the reasons that restrict people's behavior choices? Before answering this question, we make the following basic assumptions from the model:
1. In rural areas, the traditional concept of family pension has hindered the large-scale implementation of this policy?
2. From the policy point of view, it is considered that this policy is not an equilibrium formed by the game of various interest groups, which is not conducive to the stability of the policy. Effectiveness? Is representativeness questionable? Therefore, these problems have hindered the large-scale implementation of this policy, and undoubtedly, the solution still needs to return to how to proceed from the perspective of policy formulation.
3. The rural market system (such as some commercial insurance systems) has also become a competitor of the rural old-age insurance system to some extent?
From the above table, we find that people who tend to choose their children to support the elderly still account for 43.8%, nearly half. There is no doubt that this reflects that the concept of "providing for the aged" is still very important in rural areas, but as explained in witchcraft, this status has been reduced and it is no longer in a dominant position, and even if they choose this way, they will not be completely excluded from rural insurance?
Undoubtedly, the above description verifies our first hypothesis, that is, the traditional concept of family pension in rural areas has hampered the large-scale implementation of this policy, that is, in the process of the formation and change of the system, various customs? As an idea, the informal system of habit affects people's choice, and then affects the emergence and implementation of the system? With the continuous rationalization of society, the function of the family has changed, and the previous function tends to collapse in the new social situation, and some changes have taken place, and the function has migrated? This change is reflected in people's attitudes, as well as traditional views and habits on the issue of providing for the aged? The dilution of customs?
In the above table, we also found that 13.4% participated in other commercial insurance. Although this correlation does not seem to be particularly strong, we can still cautiously put forward the verification of the third hypothesis: the implementation of market systems (such as some commercial insurance systems) in rural areas has also become a competitor to the rural old-age insurance system to a certain extent. With the continuous development of market economy, it has influenced people's behavior choices in at least two aspects. First, it has influenced people's ideas. Market economy is accompanied by a series of market concept value systems? With the development of economy, these value systems have gradually penetrated into people's minds and become the dominant concepts, thus affecting people's behavior choices? Second, various institutional arrangements that constitute the market economy have gradually become a part of the social structure, thus affecting people's behavior choices?
Further, let's think about the reasons why farmers don't take out insurance in practice:
From the above table, we find that people have at least the following doubts about the institutional arrangement of this social policy: 1. Although we know this social policy, there is no doubt that there are still gaps in various details and how to implement it. 2. Lack of confidence in the stability of social policies? 3. Lack of good expectations for the effect of social policies? In this regard, the author believes that this can be largely answered from the second hypothesis, that is, because this policy is not a balanced game formed by various interest groups, it is unstable for the policy. Effectiveness? Is representativeness questionable? So these problems hinder the large-scale implementation of this policy?
Above, we basically answered the question why the rural social insurance system as a policy has little effect. The author's analysis angle is from the angle of system generation. Of course, we can further analyze the implementation process of the system, such as witchcraft, which are involved? The basic point of this paper is that social policy is a series of institutional arrangements, and the formation of institutions is a process of interest game among participants, and finally reaches a balanced state? So when we formulate policies, it must be a process of full game between all stakeholders? In the rural social policy, our view is that we can't ignore the biggest interest subject-the broad masses of farmers?
Think further
Of course, the efforts of this paper are not only aimed at rural social policies, but also can be extended to all aspects of social policy thinking, but there is no doubt that this thinking is not a very mature conclusion, and there are still many problems in applying this model: for example, in the conclusion of this paper, we propose that all stakeholders should be fully considered when formulating policies? The formation of the system is a process of full game among stakeholders, but there is no doubt that a new problem is presented to us (in fact, it is also mentioned in this paper), that is, the problem of institutional cost. When we face this situation-when the stakeholders in the game are dispersed, we have a problem of concentration of stakeholders. How to integrate the interests of all parties at the same time will become a huge cost for us to formulate policies (taking the rural social insurance policy as an example, how to unify the farmers and how to do it? The further assumption of this paper is whether it is possible to set up some independent intermediary organizations representing various interest groups in a centralized way, so as to effectively reduce the costs of all parties and realize the balance between costs and interests. Therefore, the next step will focus on how to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this scheme. At the same time, the article will continue to demonstrate various problems in the process of policy implementation, because in our view, the process from the establishment to the implementation of the system is a systematic process, and any process will lead to the emergence of "policy micro-effect"?
The Formation of the Concept of "Inclusive Growth" and Its Policy Connotation
201September 16, Comrade Hu Jintao delivered a speech entitled "Deepening Exchanges and Cooperation to Achieve Inclusive Growth" when attending the opening ceremony of the 5th APEC Ministerial Meeting on Human Resources Development. Hu Jintao emphasized that achieving inclusive growth, effectively solving social problems in economic development and laying a solid social foundation for promoting trade and investment liberalization and realizing long-term economic development are major issues that APEC members need to study and pay attention to. 1 14 10 14. At the 18th APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting held in Yokohama, Japan, Comrade Hu Jintao once again advocated "inclusive growth" in his important speech "Deepening mutually beneficial cooperation and achieving common development". The concept of inclusive growth has become the focus of attention from all walks of life.
First, the formation of the concept of "inclusive growth"
The formation of the concept of "inclusive growth" is closely related to the right poverty theory developed from 265438 to the 1990s and the research on social exclusion. Since the mid-20th century, people's understanding of economic growth has been deepening, and the concept of growth has developed from simply emphasizing growth to a deeper level. The World Bank put forward the concept of "generalized growth" in 1990, and then further put forward the concept of "pro-poor growth" to formulate the World Bank's poverty reduction policy and guide the relevant practices of various countries. The concept of "pro-poor growth" emphasizes the formation of a virtuous circle mechanism so that the poor can participate in and benefit from economic growth and increase their own human capital investment. The concept of "poor-friendly growth" absorbed the theoretical elements of capacity poverty, and began to attach importance to the cultivation of human capital and the improvement of the poor's ability, emphasizing the absorption of the poor into the growth process, ensuring that the poor can participate in economic growth, make contributions in this process, and share the fruits of growth reasonably.
Since the beginning of the new century, the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank have successively put forward the concept of "inclusive growth" on the basis of "poverty-friendly growth". Its basic meaning is to share economic growth fairly and reasonably, and its basic core is to pursue the fairness of opportunities and rights. As a new concept of development economics, "inclusive growth" has different interpretations, but it is generally a description of the state of economic growth and social development, and this state needs to meet at least three basic conditions: first, sustainable economic growth; The second is tolerance for all members of society; The third is equal opportunity utilization. The concept of "inclusive growth" emphasizes the need to establish an inclusive system and provide a wide range of opportunities, rather than separating growth policies from policies specifically aimed at achieving equity; Emphasize that by maintaining long-term and inclusive growth, we will ensure that the benefits of growth are widely enjoyed by the public. At the policy level, the development strategy centered on "inclusive growth" includes three complementary pillars: first, to maximize employment and development opportunities through high-speed, effective and sustainable economic growth; The second is to ensure that people can get equal opportunities and advocate fair participation; The third is to ensure that people can get the minimum economic benefits.
Second, deeply understand the connotation of Chinese-style "inclusive growth"
China's concept of "inclusive growth" is closely related to the current international economic and political situation. "To achieve inclusive growth, the fundamental purpose is to make the fruits of economic globalization and economic development benefit all countries and regions, benefit all people, and achieve coordinated economic and social development in sustainable development." Comrade Hu Jintao's words have expounded the great significance of realizing inclusive growth and given Chinese-style "inclusive growth" a deeper and newer connotation. Starting from the two themes of international development and peace, in today's world economic integration, you have me and I have you. Countries should be mutually beneficial, work together and embrace development. Starting from the goal of promoting comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable economic and social development in China, achieving common prosperity, promoting social harmony and stability, and allowing every citizen to enjoy the fruits of reform and opening up, the concept of "inclusive growth" is in the same strain as that of "Scientific Outlook on Development" and "harmonious society", which is essentially the concentrated expression of the concepts of "Scientific Outlook on Development" and "harmonious society" in growth, and clearly defines economic growth and social progress. To accurately understand the connotation of "inclusive growth", we need to grasp the following three aspects.
First of all, inclusive growth not only emphasizes the speed of economic growth, but also emphasizes the way of economic growth, not only the quantity and capacity, but also the improvement of quality. Both are equally important. Inclusive growth is a kind of "growth" at first, which puts forward certain requirements for the speed of economic growth. However, the speed of economic growth alone is far from enough, because high-speed economic growth does not necessarily bring about a reduction in the number of poor people. Therefore, we must also emphasize the way of economic growth, so that growth has a broad base and includes the largest population of a country or region. In an inclusive society, regardless of race, color, sex, age, physical strength and intelligence, everyone has equal rights and responsibilities, everyone has a place to play, and everyone is protected from discrimination and exclusion.
Second, inclusive growth should be based on giving priority to the development of human resources and achieving full employment. Inclusive growth is more inclined to create jobs for individuals by increasing employment opportunities, so that they can continuously increase their income, improve their lives and enjoy the fruits of economic and social development, rather than directly helping individuals passively get rid of poverty through income redistribution. In order to achieve full employment, we must give priority to the development of human resources. The development of human resources plays a fundamental role and is of great significance in improving people's participation in economic development, improving their own living and development conditions and achieving inclusive growth.
Third, inclusive growth should enable people to participate in and benefit from the process of economic growth on an equal and extensive basis. Advocating inclusiveness is not for the sake of economic growth by hook or by crook, but through reasonable institutional arrangements and fair and just ways, so that the development achievements can benefit the public, especially the disadvantaged groups, and then build a new development foundation. To achieve inclusive growth, we must focus on promoting equal development opportunities for all and constantly remove obstacles for people to participate in economic development and share the fruits of economic development.
Third, the policy choice to reshape the economic growth model.
The global financial crisis is a major test of the "China model" and also gives us an opportunity to deeply reflect on the economic growth model. China's development has stood at a new historical starting point, and it is still in an important period of strategic opportunities that can make great achievements. But at the same time, we should be soberly aware that under the background that the potential energy such as factor dividend, demographic dividend and globalization dividend, which have supported the rapid economic growth for a long time, has been declining, the ultra-high-speed export growth, which mainly relies on low-cost stimulation, has gradually returned to normal growth, and the extensive growth model maintained by a large increase in resources and capital investment has come to an end, the economic growth model is facing a major challenge of deep transformation. "Inclusive growth" has opened a door for solving these outstanding contradictions and problems.
(1) Enhance talents and give priority to the development of human resources.
The development of human resources is of great significance to improving people's participation in economic development and their own survival and development conditions, promoting sustainable economic development and achieving inclusive growth. Giving priority to the development of human resources, on the one hand, shows that the purpose of economic development is for the people, to improve people's living standards and quality of life, and to make people rich; On the other hand, it shows that the main body of development is people, investing in people, for the all-round development of people. This fundamentally embodies the leading thought of "people-oriented", realizes economic development and social progress based on human development, and makes people truly become the main body and real beneficiaries of development.
Judging from China's national conditions and development conditions, the advantage of human resources is an advantage that needs to be cultivated, has the greatest potential and can be relied on. It is necessary to firmly establish the concept that human resources are the first resource for economic and social development, and accelerate the formation of a strategic layout of giving priority to the development of human resources. We should give priority to adjusting the structure of human resources, giving priority to investing in human resources development, innovating the human resources system, establishing a human resources development mechanism jointly invested by the government, society, employers and individuals, actively planning and adjusting the professional structure, hierarchical structure and distribution structure of human resources, and vigorously stimulating the innovative vitality and creative wisdom of all kinds of human resources. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of innovative and entrepreneurial talents, cultivate talents on a large scale, implement the "three linkages" of high-level talent team construction, the transformation of high-tech innovation achievements and the development of high-tech industries, attract talents to cultivate talents in scientific development, further optimize the environment for talent innovation and entrepreneurship, stimulate the creativity of all kinds of talents, and build development advantages with talent advantages.
(B) the implementation of innovation-driven, accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic development
Accelerating the transformation of economic development mode is a major task related to the overall economic and social situation and a prerequisite for achieving inclusive growth. To accomplish this task, we must vigorously promote the strategic adjustment of economic structure, accelerate the development of innovative economy, and strive to realize the transformation of economic development from relying mainly on material resources consumption to innovation-driven, and from extensive growth to intensive development.
Accelerate the adjustment of industrial structure, and establish a modern industrial system with high-tech industry as the leading factor, advanced manufacturing industry as the support, modern agriculture as the foundation, and service industry as the main body, with optimized structure, advanced technology, cleanliness and safety, high added value and strong ability to absorb employment. Adhere to the momentum of inclusive development, take expanding consumer demand as the strategic focus of expanding domestic demand, and accelerate the formation of a new pattern of coordinated economic growth driven by consumption, investment and export. Adhere to the inclusion of market players, continue to adjust and improve the ownership structure, actively develop and expand the mixed ownership economy with diversified property rights, enhance the development vitality of state-owned enterprises, vigorously cultivate and develop the non-public economy, continuously expand the number and scale of market players, and improve the market competitiveness, risk resistance and sustainable development capabilities of development players. Adhere to the inclusiveness of regional development, increase the overall planning of urban and rural areas, accelerate the integration of urban and rural economic and social development, strengthen overall planning and plate development, and promote the cross-regional flow and rational allocation of various elements.
(3) Improve the equalization of basic public services and focus on safeguarding and improving people's livelihood.
The most basic meaning of inclusive growth is to share the benefits brought by economic growth fairly and reasonably. Basic public services are closely related to the people's most concerned, direct and realistic vital interests. Therefore, to achieve inclusive growth, we must implement equalization of basic public services, especially in the fields of medical care and education, and gradually realize equal opportunities between urban and rural areas.
It is necessary to take the equalization of basic public services as an important task in the reform and development of social industries, truly ensure that the government guarantees "basic" and the society and the market manage "non-basic", and gradually improve the basic public service system that conforms to the provincial conditions, is relatively perfect, covers urban and rural areas and is sustainable. In terms of guiding ideology and goal setting, Scientific Outlook on Development should be thoroughly implemented, with the main task of substantially improving the supply and equalization level of public employment services, social security, affordable housing, compulsory education, basic medical and health care, public culture and sports, welfare assistance services, effectively increasing financial input and policy support, optimizing resource allocation, deepening system reform, and promoting equalization of basic public services in stages and with emphasis.
(4) Deepen the reform of the income distribution system and adjust the national income distribution relationship.
Establishing a fair and reasonable income distribution structure, constantly expanding the coverage of social security and allowing different groups to enjoy the fruits of development are the proper meanings to achieve inclusive growth. Actively promote the reform of the income distribution system, adhere to and improve the distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and improve the system in which production factors such as labor, capital, technology and management participate in distribution according to contributions. The relationship between efficiency and fairness should be properly handled in the initial distribution and redistribution, which pays more attention to fairness and has the function of social fairness. It is necessary to improve the adjustment system of residents' income distribution and continuously narrow the income distribution gap. On the one hand, increase the income of low-income groups by raising the minimum wage, and more importantly, narrow the gap between them and high-income groups through public services, social security, transfer payments, etc. On the other hand, it is necessary to support people with low income difficulties and explore the establishment of a normal adjustment mechanism for urban and rural minimum living standards and a dynamic subsidy mechanism to adapt to price changes. For high-income groups, it is to adjust their income, especially illegal income and gray income. It is necessary to formulate binding indicators for the adjustment of the national income distribution structure, adjust the distribution relationship among the government, enterprises and residents, improve the "two proportions", that is, the proportion of labor remuneration in the initial distribution and the proportion of residents' income in the national income distribution, create conditions for more people to own property income, reverse the trend of widening income gap as soon as possible, promote the sustainable growth of residents' income and consumption, ensure the broad masses of workers to share the fruits of economic development, and let the national economy enter "GDP growth-residents"
(5) Building a reasonable security system to promote the construction of a harmonious society.
A perfect social security system is an important guarantee for economic and social development and a safety net for social harmony and stability, which can greatly improve the "tolerance" of economic growth and social development. We must establish a social security system covering urban and rural residents on the basis of economic development, adhere to the principles of wide coverage, basic protection, multi-level and sustainability, strengthen the connection and coordination of social insurance, social assistance and social welfare, and continuously improve the level of social security. It is necessary to increase public finance's investment in social security, expand the coverage of various social insurances, improve the social assistance system, develop social welfare undertakings and charitable undertakings, and constantly achieve new results in education for all, labor income, medical care, pension and housing. We will implement the security policy that favors the poor, so that the poor can get higher income growth than the social average. To grasp the inclusiveness and moderation of basic social security, we should not only rely on public financial subsidies and other measures to achieve "all insurance should be guaranteed", but also prevent excessive social security from causing negative incentives and moral hazards to workers and avoiding damaging the realization of inclusive growth goals.
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