I am eager to share my successful experience with others and help more people realize their dreams. Today, I thank the moderator for giving me such an opportunity to talk about relevant experiences as an experienced person. I hope everyone can learn something today. Let me talk about my experience in detail.
First of all, I want to say that the postgraduate entrance examination requires confidence and perseverance. This is a bit beside the point, but it is very important and I have to say it. Confidence and perseverance are both necessary conditions for the success of the postgraduate entrance examination.
Self-confidence is the first secret of success, as American writer Emerson said. Only those who believe that they can succeed will have endless motivation. Let's prepare for success instead of making excuses for failure. It's hard to have any reason to have confidence in my situation. I envy all of you here for preparing for the postgraduate entrance examination so early. This time last year, I was still working in a company in Tianjin. I didn't come to Dalian until the contract expired at the end of August because I signed a three-year work contract with the company and had to pay a huge penalty for resigning. The formal study is September 1 day. As we all know, under normal circumstances, the second round of review should be started at least in September. My situation at that time was: the first postgraduate entrance examination; Political zero foundation (I'm afraid everyone is the same at first); It has been five years since I finished my second year of high school, when I was only in my sixties. Only 4 months 18 days left. I have succeeded in this situation, can't I bring confidence to everyone? One sentence I have always used to encourage my confidence is "limited talents in heaven and earth, so don't sell yourself short" in Travel Notes of Lao Can. I understand that there are few natural talents, and everyone is similar, so don't look down on yourself! Whenever I doubt my ability, I say to myself, "Heaven and earth are limited, so don't sell yourself short", which can dispel my doubts and make me full of confidence.
In addition, perseverance. Perseverance is the determination to go black. Borrow a sentence from the great leader Mao * * to constantly alert our perseverance, that is, "You have perseverance, so why do you sleep at night?" The most useless thing is "catching cold for ten days a day", which means that you have to insist on doing everything, not necessarily engaging in fatigue tactics, but you are afraid of fishing for three days and drying the net for two days, so that you can learn for a while and rest for a few days. This learning method is difficult to succeed. I don't approve of fatigue tactics. Some people work hard, starting at four or five in the morning and going to bed at eleven or twelve in the evening. Is this really efficient? On the day of postgraduate entrance examination, I got up at 7: 30 in the morning and went back to sleep at 9: 30 in the evening. Excluding the meal time, the effective time per day is about 12 hours. It turns out that as long as you make good use of this time and stick to it every day, you can succeed. Besides, I have to combine work and rest. I go to bed at 12: 30 every day, and the two hours from 9: 30 to 12: 00 after returning to bed are my leisure time every night. You can browse the news on the Internet and exchange experiences with friends who are taking part in the postgraduate entrance examination (I have to recommend a postgraduate entrance examination forum: bbs.kaoyan.com, a national platform for students to exchange information, which must contain the information you want. ), play games for a while, but don't play online games. If you want to play, play casually, relax, and don't want to play. I like playing football live. I play two or three games a day, and the fatigue of the day is swept away. Of course, if your self-control is really poor, you are addicted to playing Super Mario, you still want to play games in your head during the day, or you don't have a computer, and you have to go online in an Internet cafe, then don't play like this and find some other leisure ways. Then go to bed at twelve o'clock on time, turn on the radio and listen to the midnight news from the traffic channel of Dalian Radio Station to CCTV on FM 103.3. This is a good way to know current events, and it doesn't take up precious time during the day. I don't tell ordinary people, hehe. Go to bed at half past twelve. That's how I persisted. Some people may have some doubts about sleep time. Our teacher Xu Zhan said that science has proved that an adult needs six hours of sleep every day, so there is no need to worry about lack of sleep. Of course, if you are too sleepy during the day, you can take a nap at your desk, but you must be temperate. You can't stay awake for long. Generally, half an hour is enough when you are most sleepy after lunch. Some people also say that sleep time is inconclusive, based on personal feelings, not sleepy, and does not affect learning. This is also reasonable, but I feel a little uncertain. Let's believe in science.
With confidence and perseverance, you have the conditions for success. With proper learning methods, success is only a matter of time.
Two. Viewpoint 2
1. Look at the summary first, then at the work, look at the summary, make clear the concept, and see how to master the work.
2. Start early, and learn the key techniques before the brothers and sisters leave.
3. Most articles read abstracts, and a few articles read full texts, so they have mastered the skills of searching full texts. They often take pleasure in getting the full text, so that they have no time to read the content of the article and even disdain to read the abstract. There are not many really useful full texts. Excessive pursuit of full texts is a waste. Don't go to extremes. Of course, it is also wrong to read only the abstract.
4. concentrate on reading the literature, and you will always forget it. The more time you spend reading documents, the more time you waste. Pay attention to time, it is easier to connect and form an overall impression.
5. Record and mark the copied or printed documents, and mark or annotate them directly with a pen. Documents in pdf or html format can be highlighted, or you can use an editor to change the text color. This is another important means to avoid wasting time. Otherwise, it is equivalent to not reading it.
6. Read the article to be quoted in person. There are too many mistakes caused by references.
7. Pay attention to the reference value of the article. The influence factors of publications and the number of citations of articles can reflect the reference value of articles. But pay attention to how other articles that quote this article evaluate this article: support or opposition, supplement or error correction.
Communication is the best. It is common for teachers to encounter difficulties in doing experiments. What was your first reaction? Always tried? Give up? Reading? These practices are reasonable, but the first thing that should be thought of is communication. For people with status, private consultation shows your respect for them; For people of the same age, open discussion can make everyone speak freely and be cautious at the same time. Never build a car behind closed doors. An experiment was tossed for half a year, and then someone told you it was a dead end. Isn't it a big loss?
9. The highest level of ability is the ability to express. No matter how good the job is, it ultimately depends on the approval of others. Expression ability, embodied in writing and speaking ability, is a quality that needs long-term training. For example, if rare cases are found, write a paper and send one; If you can't write well, you can only send a case report. For example, do a project and write one or more papers; If you can't write well, you can only send a work summary or be shot. A picture and a table are all expressions. Hundreds of thousands of words of tender can win a large sum of money; Although the relationship is very important, it is not good to write too badly. Some people say that I don't study PCR, spss, but PPT. There is some truth in this statement. On the surface, the boss in the lab walks the rivers and lakes by a string of ppt. There are often graduate students who are awed by their quick thinking and clear rules. Graduate students often don't understand, "why do I do most of the work, but the boss asks another person who doesn't do much work to write articles?" Let him speak at the conference? " Don't you see that people have the ability to come with their mouths open?
10. Learn English well instead of learning a second language. Now whether you go to Japan or Europe, academic exchange has long been the world of English. You don't have to feel sorry for not understanding a French article. The person who wrote that article was worried about not learning English well. If you are not proficient in English, don't learn a second language for a while.
English article writing
1. Read 10 document and summarize 100 common sentence patterns and phrases. Review regularly. Note that the author of the document must be a native English speaker, and the content of the document should be related to your major. This is a by-product of reading literature at ordinary times.
2. Find 3-5 articles whose technical routes and statistical methods are close to your topic for intensive reading. Write a draft paper. Title, author, abstract, background, purpose, materials, methods, achievements, discussions, thanks, references, legends, charts, tables, photos and explanations should be written in a unified format. The advantage of this is that it can be easily changed into any magazine format.
3. For each part of the paper, especially a specific method and a specific aspect to be discussed, find 5-8 documents to read, enrich and improve. The discussion here only involves English expression and is only recommended to people who lack English writing experience.
4. Find the manuscript contract of the magazine you want to contribute, then find 2-3 articles in the magazine and rewrite them according to its format. Note that each rewrite must be saved as a different file name, so as not to be unrecoverable when an error occurs.
5. Find an English expert to correct it. If you can't find the right person, go to a company that provides English correction and improvement (not translation), and strongly recommend it to those who have money and no time.
document management
1. When downloading electronic documents (caj, pdf, html), paste the title of the article as the file name. Note that the file name cannot have special symbols, so \/:*? & lt& gt| and line breaks are deleted. Setting the file name according to the same habit every time can prevent repeated downloading.
2. Different themes are stored in different folders. The title of the folder should be short, such as: PD, LTP, PKC, NO.
3. After reading the documents, put them in subfolders, and at least separate the useful from the useless.
4. The important files are numbered 00 1 002,003 before the file names according to their importance, and then the icons are arranged according to their names, with the most important files at the front.
5. Copied or printed documents should be punched with a punching machine (￥ 10- 15) and put into a hard folder (￥ 10-20/ sheet). We often play tricks on the citation of references, but we don't know that these will reduce the quality of the paper.
1. Knowing without quoting clearly draws lessons from similar works of peers, but deliberately does not quote similar works of peers, making his works look "novel" and "leading". In fact, the reviewers may be peers.
2. Take it out of context and deliberately intercept the part that the author tries to deny to set off his own point of view.
3. The quotation is untrue, the original text is not read carefully, and the quotation is wrong.
4. False sources Some words are unreliable (such as informal or academic publications), and the source is not indicated. It is very common in some statistics.
5. Blind self-citation is not to explain the relationship between one's own works and previous works, but simply to increase the number of times one's own articles are cited.
Several reasons for the low level of domestic articles;
1. The reviewers' knowledge is outdated, and the old reviewers' literature retrieval and online access ability is quite limited, so it is impossible to verify whether the research is meaningful, where the innovation lies, whether the methods are reliable and whether the results are credible. But strangely, they often put forward the opinion that "references are not up to date".
2. Choosing the wrong reviewers Although two reviewers are usually appointed, the editorial department often lets people who don't know molecular biology review articles on molecular biology, and people who don't know statistics review and handle more complicated articles. In order to save face, few people put forward "I am not fit to judge this article".
3. Relationships are related, everything is simple.
4. Negative results are not recognized. The negative results of honesty are considered meaningless. No wonder someone shouted "I want to run a negative magazine".
No one wants to be the victim of this system. If you can't get the expected results, you can't finish the work. In order to survive and graduate on time, build it.
Dynamic science
1. Scientific research depends on accumulation. With Roentgen's discovery of X-rays, the chances of winning the Nobel Prize based on a simple observation are getting less and less. More scientific research results come from the long-term accumulation in the laboratory. In the end, it deserves it.
Don't expect to achieve anything in scientific research. Don't aim too high for the design topic. The same is true of fund evaluation. Without previous accumulation, the possibility of obtaining funding is very small. Choose your tutor carefully: Do you want to start from scratch or get married?
2. The literature should be tracked. What you know by consulting the literature at the beginning of the topic may be quite different at the end of the topic. Attention should be paid to tracking during the experiment. With luck, you can get more clues; Unfortunately, I found someone else beat me to it. Modify your experiment accordingly. Be sure to check the literature again before writing a paper.
3. Records should be reviewed. The previous experimental records should be reviewed frequently. With the increase of experience and knowledge, you will find that the initial judgment may not be correct.
I once asked some people who are more experienced than me, "What is scientific research?" Instead of answering me directly, they gave me five metaphors.
1. Scientific research is what popular songs are used for and what they are popular for. Open mouth biochip, closed mouth nanotechnology. The boss comes from idolization, and what is popular is the best.
2. Scientific research is a grafted design discipline? How is the topic designed? It's a spell. The material of A, the method of B, the index of C, and the meaning of D.
3. Scientific research is a fool. Why don't you understand the principle of camera? Forgive me for being old and having no time to read the principle. I can toss, and I will come out after a few more tossing. Why do you want to do this step? The boss just knows! I can't finish the work he assigns every week.
4. Scientific research is summarized according to gourd painting, but it can't be written? Roger that. Can't write a paper? Settings. No one will pursue it anyway. Ignorant and fearless!
5. Scientific research is a garbage experiment, the paper is published and the defense is passed. The boss said earnestly, "after you left, all this was rubbish." Dizzy! Pour! Fight and fall! They didn't lie to me. Pragmatism has its reasons. But I no longer criticize the domestic scientific research level casually, because at some point I repeated the same story.
Write a graduation thesis
1. It's a bad habit to make an outline first, not an outline, and write it as soon as you come up. Hundreds of words are fine, thousands of words are barely enough, and tens of thousands of words are difficult. It is necessary to list the writing outline and enrich it to ensure the coherence of ideas and the balance of words.
2. Usually write more and summarize the phased work in time, write more articles and contribute more. In the final stage, combining these words organically is a good graduation thesis.
3. Don't list all the data. In order to ensure the weight of graduation thesis, graduate students often observe more indicators. But the more data, the better. Be sure to discard data that has little to do with the main idea. Otherwise, it is either cumbersome, loose or flawed.
4. Printing changes directly on the computer will miss many mistakes. In order to reduce any mistakes as much as possible, be sure to print it out and modify it.
It is still limited by personal habits to let others point out mistakes and correct them themselves. The mistakes were there, but they turned a blind eye. Let others point out your mistakes, whether he is in your major or not.
How to read literature
1. goal: aimlessness is inefficient, and it is inefficient to fail to grasp the key points. There may be some confusion before choosing a topic, and I don't know where to start. I just read a lot of literature and don't know why. Under the guidance of tutors and the inspiration of peers, some people can quickly define their goals and have a clear aim, and the introduction begins here. Even if the tutor doesn't give guidance and is uncertain about the topic, he should first decide a specific question and read the literature. Whether you do these things in the future or not, it is much better than having no goal, and you are guaranteed to gain something. The general principles of scientific research are universal.
2. Level: For a specific topic, relevant documents belong to three levels: research direction, research field and research topic. For example, some people study the directional differentiation of stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease. For him, the research direction is Parkinson's disease, and the research field is stem cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. The research topic is that some substance induces stem cells to differentiate into dopamine-secreting nerve cells. When reading a document, you should distinguish which level the document belongs to, which determines to what extent you should master it. Literature at the research direction level: generally involving basic knowledge and discipline level, understanding the current major progress and trends, reaching the level of professionals; Research domain-level literature: understand the key points and hot spots, the topics that have been/are/will be carried out, and reach the expert level; To study the literature at the discipline level: we should fully understand the history, present situation, prospect, main methods and means, and reach the expert level of No 1. Only by correctly distinguishing the levels of the article can we put our energy into thinking.
3. Form: Literature in a broad sense includes all forms of publication that can be read. Textbooks, monographs, conference abstracts, periodicals, web pages and even ppt files. For example, to understand the basic forms of immune response, it is best to read textbooks; To refer to the stereotactic atlas of rat brain, it is best to read monographs; To know the latest progress, it is best to consult periodicals; To learn about other people's research trends, it is best to attend a conference or read a compilation of conference papers. Don't look for the wrong information source.
4. Degree: Different degrees of familiarity with the literature, different ways to read the literature. Beginners learn to read word for word, find out the details and master the most basic knowledge points. The first ten or dozens of articles should be read intensively, and the best ones should even be recited. Veteran search reading is familiar with all kinds of common learning patterns and routines, can quickly extract key information, grasp ideas, and often read out of order. Some people look at pictures and talk, while others can count and read books. The master read critically, hitting the nail on the head and pointing to the problem. In fact, no piece of paper is impeccable. Novices should be steady, veterans should be accurate, and experts should be ruthless. The representatives of novice, veteran and expert are graduate students, tutors and reviewers respectively, but the graduate students who study hard can realize the evolution from novice to expert in three years. Only when you have a clear positioning of yourself can you choose the correct reading method.
5. contradiction: after reading too many documents, my mind is full of information. The public said it was right, and the woman said it was right, but she didn't know what to do. In order to solve this problem, evidence-based medicine divides the grades of clinical trial evidence; Similarly, we should also pay attention to the strength of experimental evidence when reading literature. Discovering contradictions is the first step; Finding out the similarities and differences is the second step; Thinking and solving are the third step. We can find the root of the contradiction from the derivation of the contradictory conclusion. At this time, if we can jump out of the circle and start from the original scientific problems, we can really reach another realm. Why do you want to translate foreigners' summaries and lie about your own? Why repeat other people's experiments and lie about your own ideas?
Three. Viewpoint 3
It is also a season for postgraduate entrance examination and doctoral examination, and there is also a debate about graduate school or doctoral study; In fact, whether you are studying or working, you choose a suitable lifestyle according to your own situation, and there is no difference between good and bad. Reading is easy, and it doesn't matter if you study for a few more years; Reading is very tiring. Why do you have to study? Some students think that it is entirely their wish to go to graduate school or study for a doctorate. As long as they want to study, they can study, which is not so easy. Postgraduate entrance examination took a lot of time and put a lot of energy into the painful suffering. Then I think that my future work may be so painful, I may not find my ideal job, and of course I will have resentment. Perhaps what we need to find out is whether we are suitable for graduate school and doctoral study. Instead of thinking about whether it is better to go to graduate school or to study for a doctor. One person invested a lot and got a degree after suffering, while the other person invested a little and enjoyed learning, so he got a degree. If you find the same job after graduation, the former may not be satisfied, but the latter is very satisfied.
Just read here, an undergraduate who knows some input-output analysis should be able to understand the above logic; But if you want to know the origin of this theory, please read on.
The following is Zhang's discussion of academic qualifications and abilities in the book Property Rights, Incentives and Corporate Governance, which is more rational.
In any case, in fact, in the case that the ability cannot be directly observed, the education does convey the signal about the ability (Spence, 1973): Although the education does not mean the ability, generally speaking, people with high education have higher ability than those with low education. The reason is this: going to school has costs, including material costs and psychological costs. But the cost of going to school for people with different abilities is very different. Generally speaking, other things being equal, the higher the ability, the lower the cost of obtaining the same degree. A person with high ability completes his homework well and gets high marks in school (for graduate students and doctoral students, it is easier for students with high ability to enter school, send papers, do projects and get scholarships). Teachers praise him, classmates envy him and parents reward him. So going to school is not a very painful thing for him, and it may even be a kind of enjoyment. For people with low ability, the situation is just the opposite: homework can't be finished on time, exams often fail, teachers criticize, classmates despise, parents beat and scold, and going to school is a very painful thing. In this way, the more capable people are, the more they can endure the pain of going to school. Even if enterprises pay high salaries to employees with high academic qualifications and low salaries to employees with low academic qualifications, people with low ability are unwilling to get high academic qualifications if the wage difference is not great, because the increase in wages is not enough to make up for their pain in going to school (which is why some students spend great efforts to take master's and graduate students, but complain because the salary and treatment after graduation are not as much as expected).
If you still feel reasonable, patient and interested after reading it, you might as well watch it again.
Suppose there are two employees, one with high ability and the other with low ability. High-capacity employees can produce 20 units of products, while low-capacity employees can only produce 10 units of products. Assuming the nature of team production, enterprises can't observe the output of each person alone, but can only observe the total output of 30 units. If the enterprise knows who has higher ability and who has lower ability, in the highly competitive labor market, employees with high ability will get 20 units' salary, while employees with low ability can only get 10 unit's salary. Now suppose that the enterprise only knows two employees, one with high ability and the other with low ability, but it is not clear about everyone's ability. At this time, each employee can only get the output of 15 unit salary on average. Obviously, high-capacity employees want enterprises to know their abilities, while low-capacity employees don't want enterprises to know their abilities. How do high-capacity employees distinguish themselves from low-capacity employees?
Imagine that employees can get a degree by going to school. Suppose that the cost for high-ability employees to go to school is 4 units, and the cost for low-ability employees to go to school is 12 units (when we go back to our graduate students and doctoral students, one is free of exams, and the other is cross-school postgraduate entrance examination, and the cost and pain they pay are definitely different). Suppose that going to school itself does not improve the labor productivity of employees-that is to say, whether going to school or not, the output of high-ability employees is still 20 units, and the output of low-ability employees is still 10 units (back when we were in graduate school and doctoral studies, as many people argued, it may not matter what we do in the future). Suppose that the enterprise implements such a salary system: the employees who get the degree get the salary of 20 units; Employees who don't get a degree get a salary of 10. So, how should each employee choose? First of all, consider high-ability employees: if you go to school, take the salary of 20 units and subtract the cost of going to school from 4 units, and you get 16 units; If you don't go to school, the salary 10 unit. Therefore, going to school is better than not going to school. Then consider employees with low ability: if you go to school, take 20 units of salary, MINUS 12 units of school cost, and you get 8 units; If you don't go to school, the salary 10 unit. Therefore, it is better not to go to school. In this way, we can see that a certain ability with a degree is high, and a certain ability without a degree is low. The academic salary system implemented by enterprises is the best. Of course, in order to distinguish employees with high ability from employees with low ability, people with high ability need to pay the cost of four units, which is an information cost-that is, the cost that must be paid to show their ability.
The above analysis is not only applicable to the analysis of academic qualifications, but also to the fact analysis of ancient imperial examination system, achievement-only theory, prestigious school effect and so on. These things have been scolded for so long, but they have stayed. We should really think rationally about their internal reasons. If you read the full text carefully, you can also understand the truth and point out the shortcomings discussed, which shows that you are very patient and thoughtful. You might as well go to graduate school and study for a doctorate. Finally, I wish all of you who want to study PhD, prepare for postgraduate entrance examination, are taking postgraduate entrance examination, are studying PhD and have graduated from Bi Bo, find a suitable lifestyle and be happy every day!
Four. Viewpoint 4
I am a graduate student studying for a master's degree and a doctor's degree. I once had the idea of regretting studying for a doctorate, because it took five years to study for one time, and I felt very painful. Holding a few hundred dollars a month for living expenses, the economic pressure is great. In addition to economic pressure, it is the pressure of graduation and the pressure of publishing papers. Due to the limited basic ability of oneself and disciplines, it is necessary to accumulate basic scientific research knowledge in different fields, and to buy a lot of books, one by one, and spend money to buy one. It is also very painful for people who are almost 30 to graduate and work. I usually take a lot of jobs and earn some living expenses myself. It's all hard money! At the same time, we should remind ourselves from time to time not to be a nerd, to get in touch with society more, and to lay a good foundation for our future. In the first three years, I made special efforts to help my tutor do many topics, and also helped my tutor apply for many topics. However, with the deepening of my study, I found that my knowledge base was too thin to connect with professional scholars, so I completely gave up my previous soil research and tried new research methods. So I selected a lot of mature books on "research methods" in this field, and then I focused on following the articles and topics of some talented people, constantly trying to figure out their knowledge system, and when I met something I didn't understand, I bought a related book for self-study, some software, methods and philosophical foundations. At the same time, I began to get in touch with international articles, try to figure out their scientific research knowledge system like the above methods, and constantly improve myself. Fortunately, I finally completed the school's graduation standards before graduation, and I can graduate smoothly. Now I am more aware of my own shortcomings, and I am also exploring my future research direction. I hope to continue to enrich myself through my own efforts. Graduate students are really not easy!
Verb (abbreviation of verb) View 5
The life of graduate students is a sentence: since you choose to study for a PhD, you must make a difference, display the signboard with the highest academic qualifications and write more high-level papers! As long as you choose to study for a PhD, you will write a thesis until graduation, otherwise it will be a wave. Here, I'd like to talk about several major abilities required for reading a PhD: 1, strong foreign language ability, and certainly not limited to English. If you can speak French, Portuguese or something like that would be even better! This will make it easier to broaden your horizons. 2, the ability to consult the literature management literature! It is very useful when writing a big paper. 3. Basic computer skills! 4. Good Chinese expression skills. Don't underestimate it, it will be an important factor for you to write a good article. 5, good math skills! As we all know, good journal articles need modeling now. 6. It is also a very crucial point-very good psychological quality. We want to make a container that can hold and put things!
Ok, write so much first, I hope it will help everyone! Thank you (Come on, everyone! )
Viewpoint 6 of intransitive verbs
I didn't step into the palace of economics, and that's all I know.
Don't ask for any help in your study, but please don't mislead your study.
Let me first talk about the advantages of reading core journals in advance: the theory is novel, and it is easy to find a suitable and quite practical and novel model. You can pay more attention to those models that are quite skilled in mathematical derivation, such as calculus matrix. Formulas can replace many of our words, which are more convincing and make our articles look more beautiful and clean.
Generally speaking, we should read more about economic research, China social science and finance research, world economy, China industrial economy, science and finance research, accounting research, China soft science, agricultural economic problems, China rural economic management and world economic trends.
Only by reading more literature can we grasp the current economic development trend, find and put forward problems well, and then think about how to solve them, find new models and make new breakthroughs. Only by reading more documents can we truly feel that we are standing on the shoulders of giants, analyze a problem objectively and comprehensively, and point out the problem to the point. Of course, rich theoretical knowledge is essential. However, the accumulation of theory does not happen overnight, and it takes a long time to form a thinking paradigm, so many things will be solved. Please remember that a good measurement method can be mastered quickly.