Marxist philosophy is based on people in life, and the essence of people is people's life. Understanding this point is of great significance for understanding Marxist philosophy and then better understanding our times. The following is the relevant information I have carefully sorted out, hoping to help you!

Life is the starting point of Marxist philosophy.

Abstract: Marxist philosophy is a great change in the history of philosophy. For the first time, it consciously got rid of pure abstract speculation and took the real life world as the starting point. Marxist philosophy is based on people in life, and the essence of people is people's life. Understanding this point is of great significance for understanding Marxist philosophy and then better understanding our times.

Keywords: people's life ideology

Marxist philosophy is the product of directly criticizing Hegel's philosophy and Feuerbach's philosophy. The starting point of Hegel's philosophy is "absolute spirit", and the starting point of Feuerbach's philosophy is intuitive sensibility, that is, intuitive perceptual world and intuitive abstract man. Marx criticized the "absolute spirit" of mysticism, making the starting point of philosophy return to the perceptual world, criticizing the intuitive sensibility, and making philosophy stay in people's life and in the life world that has changed historically because of people's activities. Marxist philosophy has got rid of pure speculation and returned to the life world, which is different from all previous philosophies.

First, the philosophy before the birth of Marxist philosophy

Philosophy before the birth of Marxist philosophy, including ancient Greek philosophy, modern empiricism and rationalism, Hegel's philosophy and Feuerbach's philosophy, has a similar feature in essence, which is also different from Marxist philosophy, that is, these philosophies all put forward abstract problems in their thinking and try to solve their own problems through abstract thinking.

The ontological philosophy of ancient Greece questioned the origin of the world, which can be divided into two branches according to its different logical clues. Philosophers tend to regard a specific substance as the origin of the world, such as Thales' "water", Heraclitus' "fire" and democritus's "atom". In fact, these philosophers just borrowed the names of these specific substances. Once "water" becomes the origin of Thales' world and describes the evolution of the world from this point of view, "water" replaces the water seen by Thales, becomes a symbol of thinking, and becomes a symbol for Thales to express the origin of the imaginary world. Another kind of philosopher regards a purely thinking thing as the origin of the world. For example, Plato's Theory of Ideas takes the general concept abstracted from concrete things as the origin of the world. The similarity between these two philosophies is that they both ask about the origin of the world, regard the non-perceptual things that only exist in the minds of philosophers as the origin of the world, and explain the world in a way that is divorced from experience. In the view of Marxist philosophy, the question of the origin of the world itself is abstract, and all kinds of explanations to this question are just games of assumptions and thinking.

Modern epistemological philosophy has been active in abstract concepts from the beginning. Their two theoretical tendencies, namely empiricism and rationalism, have a * * * similarity, that is, they oppose the two abstractions of nature and human beings in life, and try to unify them through various explanations. In Marxist philosophy, man and nature are unified in life, and only through the abstraction of thinking can they be separated.

Hegel's philosophy takes "absolute spirit" as its philosophical basis, and holds that world history is the product of the externalization of "absolute spirit", thus classifying the perceptual world as a spiritual thing and describing the realistic historical process as a spiritual process. Of course, the critical and speculative philosophy of Marxist philosophy is not a philosophy that completely denies speculation. Even speculative philosophy contains a lot of reasonable understanding of the real world. Hegel's philosophy uses dialectics, which Marx inherited.

Feuerbach emphasizes perceptual intuition, and the explanation of perceptual world is limited to a simple and intuitive understanding of the world. His mistake lies in seeing the world intuitively as a ready-made world, rather than a world that has undergone historical changes due to human activities. Secondly, Feuerbach only regards people as "perceptual objects" rather than people engaged in perceptual activities. Just as he intuitively saw that the world was static, the people he saw were static and abstract, while Feuerbach only saw realistic, independent and physical people, but did not see the connection between people, while the real people were engaged in material production, so they were in material contact. Because Feuerbach sees a world without history, in his intuitive feeling of the sensory world, Feuerbach will inevitably encounter the contradiction of his consciousness, that is, as a materialist, he sees the inevitability of transforming the industrial and social structure, and he inevitably falls back into idealism.

If all the above philosophies equate the world in consciousness with the reflection of the real world on the real life world, then their criticism of the world has never gone beyond the level of speculation, so it was not until Marx that philosophy consciously regarded human consciousness as the reflection of human life and life world for the first time, and regarded it as an upside-down reality rather than reality itself. In this way, Marxist philosophy has stepped out of the illusion of speculative philosophy and found its own basis in the life world.

Second, the starting point of Marxist philosophy-human life

The basic problem of modern philosophy is the relationship between thinking and existence. As far as modern philosophy is speculative philosophy in essence, "thinking" is just thinking in thinking rather than consciousness in life, and "existence" is just being in thinking rather than life world. Marxist philosophy transcends the opposition between philosophical idealism and materialism at the starting point of life.

It is an indisputable fact that consciousness, as a spiritual force different from material force, has an impact on human individuals and human history. This is also the philosophical basis for heroes to create history and immortals to create history. In reality, consciousness is human's individual consciousness and an integral part of individual essence. The activities of individual human beings have never been purely material activities, but people's unique conscious activities. In fact, consciousness is something different from perceptual things. It is not a reality, it is just a product of the human brain. Conscious things and perceptual things, conscious activities and perceptual activities all exist in human individuals, and they can be consistent or inconsistent. Marxist philosophy holds that only perceptual activities, that is, objectified activities, are realistic activities and the real realization of human essential strength. Conscious things must be based on perceptual things, and conscious activities must be based on perceptual activities. If we regard consciousness as a realistic thing, we should regard conscious activities as the essence of human beings, for example, we should regard some fantasy as a realistic thing so as to be divorced from reality or deny the perceptual activities of reality. This is actually the alienation of consciousness activities, that is, what people create in consciousness is regarded as real things, which has achieved some independent status, thus hindering people's realistic historical process. Realistic consciousness or fantasy is a part of human nature or life, and it is the motive force of human creation. Marxist philosophy, as the theory of human liberation, criticizes not the ideological activity itself, but the alienation of ideological activity, which is an ideology that is independent of life and hinders people's realistic historical process. This ideology is divorced from people's material activities and independent of people's free will, which is fundamentally opposite to people's life.

Marx thought that life is not decided by consciousness, but by life. Human consciousness is different from perceptual existence, it is only the product of human brain. When mankind has just stepped into its own history, consciousness is only an integral part of human practical activities, which is directly unified with the real environment and practical activities. With the development of the division of labor in human society, especially the division of spiritual labor and material labor, the consciousness of unity with practical activities has become an independent force divorced from practice, and it has become an ideology in Marx's view. In this way, consciousness is divorced from practice and transformed into ideology, that is, "pure" theory. This theory is divorced from the real world, and it is an illusory world opposite to the real world, but it is regarded as the basis for explaining and standardizing the real world. Marx took a revolutionary step and put forward the basis of consciousness or philosophy: human life or living people. Marxist philosophy criticizes philosophy as ideology from the perspective of life, but it does not want to abolish philosophy. In fact, philosophy itself exists in the real world, and it is a supplement to the world and the spiritual field. Philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times, and human beings need philosophy. Man can grasp himself only through philosophy.

Three. Understanding the meaning of life is the theoretical basis of Marxist philosophy.

Marxist philosophy regards life as the basis of constructing theory or the starting point of its own philosophy. Life contains all the real problems in the real world, as well as all the buds of the future society. Understanding this starting point is of great significance to our understanding of Marxist philosophy. Marxist philosophy is actually a general law about the development of human lifestyle abstracted from human life. Marx has three interpretations of human nature, namely, human nature is a free and conscious activity, human nature is practice, and human nature is the sum of all social relations. This is actually an abstraction of three aspects of human activities or human life. Freedom consciousness is the abstraction of the relationship between man and his own consciousness, that is, man's conscious activity, while practice is the abstraction of the relationship between man and nature, that is, man's material activity, and the sum of social relations is the abstraction of man's relationship. These three relations are only three aspects of life, but the abstraction of human beings by Marxist philosophy. Real human beings can't just be one of them. The essence of man is the life of man in reality. The analysis of three kinds of human relations and their interaction constitutes Marxist philosophy. Even the highest ideal of Marxism for human development is an abstraction of the ideal of life, that is, the highest lifestyle is a comprehensive and free lifestyle with various relationships. Secondly, if we understand the principle that life determines consciousness, we can correctly treat Marxist philosophy itself. Marxist philosophy itself is Marx's abstraction of the life in his time, and its general principles of analyzing life are often hidden in a series of concrete analyses. We should use our real life to test Marxist philosophy, inherit universal principles and discard what is illusory. For us, what used to be human is also something from heaven.

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