Thinking is the generalization and indirect reflection of objective reality by human brain. It reflects the essence and inherent regularity of things. People often encounter various problems in life, study and work, which need thinking activities to solve, while habitual thinking can solve most problems. However, if you encounter novel and complicated problems that can't be solved by the existing schemes or procedures, you must break away from convention and use creative thinking to solve them. Creative thinking is a thinking activity to solve problems with new methods. It consists of convergent thinking and divergent thinking. In order to have the same characteristics, the convergence of thinking needs to explore the inner identity in the same direction on the premise of understanding the characteristics of all things. Divergent thinking, also known as divergent thinking, requires seeking the diversity of things in different directions from the known to the unknown according to the existing knowledge and experience, and "extrapolate".
Writing is a creative activity. If students want to write excellent compositions with their own characteristics, that is, they have their own unique experiences and healthy feelings, they must find a new way and be unique. This requires students to have this innovative thinking. So how to cultivate students' innovative thinking in composition teaching? Let me talk about it from the following aspects.
(1) Optimize knowledge accumulation and enrich thinking background.
Innovation is based on old knowledge. Generally speaking, the wider a person's knowledge, the wider his knowledge, the more active his creative thinking and the stronger his creative ability. It is the premise for students to learn the knowledge and experience accumulated by predecessors to understand the objective world more accurately and comprehensively. Therefore, optimizing knowledge accumulation and expanding students' knowledge as much as possible is an important aspect of developing students' innovative thinking.
Of course, first of all, let students learn what they have learned in textbooks, but they must not be limited to what they have learned in textbooks. Teachers should lead students' reading horizons to broader fields, such as literature, history, geography, biology and so on. This knowledge may not be related to the current study for the time being, but it builds a broad knowledge background for future innovative thinking. For example, in an essay entitled "Road", a student wrote down his twists and turns in the choice of future volunteers and expressed his firm belief in going along this road. At the end of the article, he wrote: "If I fall on the road like Kuafu chasing the sun when climbing this rugged road, then use my thin body as a paving stone. Let the pursuers of Qian Qian art walk on it, climb and struggle, and take off the beautiful laurel of the art palace! " The article is profound, tragic and touching. Give heat beneficial enlightenment and upward encouragement. If the author didn't feel deeply about this experience, he couldn't write such a composition with rich love and distinctive personality. This is the product of the author's deep feelings accumulated in his long-term life. If students want to be "proficient in writing and able to travel to Wan Ren", they must have extensive teaching knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to help students broaden their knowledge in composition teaching in a planned way.
-For example: 1, open reading information class. Students are allowed to read freely once a week, and are required to make reading cards, write reading notes and use the time before class to exchange information. 2, open up a class newspaper clipping column, focusing on newspaper clipping editorials, short comments and other major achievements, advanced deeds, excellent articles, hot topics, etc. 3. Conduct a social survey. Combined with middle school students' social practice activities, students are required to conduct social surveys in factories, villages and shops. If conditions permit, students can also be organized to read on the computer network.
Teachers regularly provide students with required reading books to enrich their knowledge accumulation, which plays an important role in enriching their thinking background.
A keen perception of life is inseparable from rich life experience and knowledge reserves. "Running water does not rot, and family members do not bite." A closed and shallow head is bound to be dull and dull. Only by constantly enriching oneself, updating one's historical and cultural knowledge and integrating old and new knowledge can one become wise, and a wise person will undoubtedly be purer and more acute. Therefore, teachers should optimize students' knowledge accumulation and enrich their thinking background through various means in composition teaching.
(2) Develop imagination and broaden thinking space.
In human life, there is something more important than knowledge-imagination. The essence of imagination is the accurate grasp and wonderful performance of objective things, and it is a psychological process of creating new images on the basis of existing appearances. Imagination, especially creative imagination, is a strict conception process, which is controlled, regulated and dominated by thinking. Creative imagination is the main manifestation of thinking in images in creative activities. Creative thinking and imagination are organically unified.
Composition needs creative thinking, and the core of creative thinking is imagination. Because an important feature of innovative thinking-flexibility is mainly realized through association and imagination.
Imagination is the wing of literature. Writing often uses imagination to expand ideas, express emotions, shape images and create artistic conception. It can be said that the material selection, conception, structure and expression of the article are inseparable from imagination. If imagination is fully used in writing, it will help to expand the thinking space. Looking at middle school compositions, many works just list big and empty plots, only words that express abstract things, without vivid images and rich specific details, with dry content, lack of depth and lack of vitality in language. One of the reasons is that students can't fully expand their imagination when observing and writing, confine their thinking to a circle and form closed thinking. Psychological research shows that an obvious psychological feature of middle school students is their rich imagination. They like association, imagination and even fantasy, and have extremely broad and profound imagination potential in their minds. Facing the serious lack of imagination of middle school students, how to develop students' imagination and expand their thinking space?
First, cultivate in daily life. Daily life is an inexhaustible source. After class, students should be guided to get close to and contact with nature; Observe mountains and rivers, plants, insects and fish; Experience the coolness of the world and the coldness of the world. Teach them to be warm-hearted in life, be diligent in observation and thinking. I once asked students to record three or five wonderful sentences every week and then concentrate on analysis. Among the sentences handed in by the students, there are many imaginative and unconventional works.
For example, when a student was feeding the geese, it suddenly occurred to him that "the plump bodies of six geese are symmetrically next to each other, which looks like six white petals of a peony flower, and the mouths of those yellow geese touch a place, which is the most beautiful stamen." Another example is a student describing a classmate's scrawled handwriting and writing: "His handwriting is crooked, like a dangerous house in an earthquake." Another student compared "unnecessary worry" to "a bridge on a dry river bed"
Second, cultivate in the main position of the classroom. Classroom is the main position to cultivate students' imagination. So how to train?
First, learn from imaginative works. There are many imaginative chapters in the textbook. Imagine the fantastic The Journey to the West, for example, and write the strange ghost in the demon, the confusing "Liaozhai". In classroom training, students should be guided to read imaginative articles with passion, so as to enrich their perceptual knowledge and lay the foundation for future accumulation.
Secondly, adopt specific training methods. 1, hypothetical composition. It is to assume a certain situation and use the logic of life to expand imagination to conceive. For example, 1999 college entrance examination essay questions require students to take "if memory can be transplanted" as the scope of the composition, or make up stories, or express their opinions, or look forward to the future. 2. Fantasy composition. Fantasy is an imagination that combines with the desire of life and points to the future. Fantasy gives people endless power. It can be said that fantasy is the forerunner of invention, and cultivating students' fantasy ability is of positive significance to developing students' creative imagination. Therefore, students should be consciously asked to write some fantasy compositions, such as "Me in 20 years" and "Traveling in Space". 3. Extend the composition. After watching a movie or novel, I further extend it according to the inherent logic of the characters and stories. Students can write "The Death of Kong Yiji" after writing the article "Kong Yiji"; After learning The Necklace, they can write what happened after Matthew learned that the necklace was fake. After learning Little Orange Lantern, students can write "Go to Wang Chunlin's house again" and so on. 4. Expand your composition. Abstract concepts can be transformed into concrete images. For example, the composition of the 9 1 year college entrance examination requires that the abstract "circle" be imagined as something concrete and that specific pictures, shots or scenes be written. You can also expand condensed idioms and poems into vivid pictures; It can also be combined with the reading of the text to expand the simplicity of the text. For example, according to the plot of the old ferryman crossing the Yellow River at night in For Sixty-one Brothers, it can be expanded to supplement the description of the environment, atmosphere and details, and highlight the scene of the old ferryman bravely fighting against the huge waves of the Yellow River.
Third, cultivate in extensive reading. Mr. Lu Xun once said: "Reading is like bees gathering honey. If you only bite in one place, your income will be very limited. " Therefore, in order to effectively cultivate students' imagination, we should focus on the gorgeous and broad world of extracurricular reading, guide students to absorb English and taste attentively, constantly enhance their perceptual knowledge of imaginative chapters, carefully ponder the author's association and imagination skills, promote internalization and form their abilities.
I take a combination of students' self-selection and teachers' recommendation. I once made a reading list for students to borrow from the library, and set up a reading column in my class to show some carefully selected imaginative articles for students to read and taste after class. In order to better guide and assist students' extracurricular reading, I also specially set aside time in extracurricular activities classes, and of course I will read some good works to guide students to appreciate and evaluate them.
In addition, I ask students to extract from extracurricular reading and bring imaginative sentences to the composition class for communication in order to exchange needed goods and promote each other. To a certain extent, this can make their thinking smooth and flexible, thus producing all kinds of novel and unique ideas and viewpoints.
Imagination has an extremely broad space for activities. "Think for a thousand years and see through Wan Li". The light of imagination is everywhere. Therefore, in the teaching process, we should pay attention to developing students' imagination and expanding students' thinking space, thus creating a vast world.
(3) Weakening habit and activating thinking factors.
Thinking set is a kind of psychological set, a kind of preparatory adaptation or reaction preparation. This adaptation or reaction preparation makes people tend to react cognitively or externally in a specific way.
In daily life, most areas merge without innovation, just with the usual thinking mentality to deal with problems. However, when innovation is needed, the habitual pattern becomes a "thinking shackle", which hinders the emergence of innovative thinking. In view of this situation, we can analyze from the perspective of factors, activate factors, and use factors to weaken the mindset, so as to realize the emergence of innovative ability. Among them, the following factors play a very important role.
The first is suspicious factors. Dare to doubt is the first element of innovative thinking. Only those who have a strong interest in exploring the unknown world and dare to ask questions can have a process of independent thinking and make new discoveries. Students can find and ask questions, which shows that they have carefully observed and thought about things, explored in the process of discovery and carried out innovative thinking activities. When students ask valuable questions, we must give them satisfactory answers or point out ways and means to seek answers. Even if the problem is absurd and grotesque, it can only be correctly guided and should not be ridiculed. For example, a classmate once asked the teacher, "Teacher, I said that one thing will happen before and after." For example, I just walked around the table with him. One moment he is in front, I am behind, and the other moment I am in front and he is behind. Teacher, didn't you say it was before and after this? "Students ask such surprising questions, indicating that this classmate's thinking has reached a deep level. Therefore, in composition teaching, students should be encouraged to get rid of the shackles of traditional ideas and dare to ask "why" and "right" questions about the evaluated things.
The second is the compressive coefficient. Thinking independently, it is inevitable that people will surpass others and change their authority. People will have an invisible and powerful psychological pressure with their own masses and authority. Independent thinking must resist this pressure. Even if the authorities say so, everyone says so. What should be revised must be revised, and what should be denied must be denied. Innovation means seeking differences, and seeking differences means disagreeing with traditional or general answers and putting forward different views and opinions. For example, "Bo Le Xiang Ma" has always been used by people to praise people and choose talents. Han Yu discovered the importance of fragrant horses as early as the Tang Dynasty, but how to fragrant horses? Under the historical conditions at that time, Han Yu only pinned his hopes on Bole, lamenting that there are always swift horses, but Bole is not. Today, it is obviously not feasible to rely entirely on Bole Xiangma, because Bole Xiangma is sometimes emotional or one-sided, especially in the current complicated network. So some people boldly put forward that horse racing is not as good as horse racing, which is a new idea in fair competition.
Therefore, in composition teaching, students should be encouraged to feel the pulse of the times, be good at accepting new things, be good at examining and evaluating some old ideas from a new high degree of democracy, or inject new content into old ideas to make their thoughts active and constantly updated.
The third is the self-variable factor. Thorough independent thinking includes both independent persistence and independent change, both independent of people and independent of themselves. Independent thinking must be good at self-change. Teachers should create a powerful innovation circle and increase the necessary pressure in composition teaching to encourage students to change themselves.
If a teacher asks everyone in the class to say a distinctive metaphor about "circle", the students compare basketball, the moon, a round mirror and a small button. It was not until the last student could no longer use the circle metaphor that he was full of love and complained that his knowledge was too narrow. The teacher asked him to think again, and he suddenly came up with a wonderful metaphor: "My knowledge is as small as a small circle, surrounded by a vast ocean of knowledge."
(4) Enhance the wit of thinking and promote the development of thinking.
The habit of copying thinking lingers on the known old road, so in one-way thinking, it often experiences "mountains are heavy and water is heavy": creative thinking takes seeking new ways as its own responsibility, has the characteristics of divergence, multidimensional and novelty, and is easy to find another way to realize "a bright future".
In order to make students' creative thinking develop healthily, I think we must strengthen the following kinds of thinking wit.
One is divergent wit. Divergent thinking is the core of creative thinking, which emphasizes spreading from one point to all directions. Its characteristic is that "thinking is not restricted by habit". In the face of the same topic, try to put forward a variety of ideas and answers to expand the choice. Therefore, in composition teaching, students should be actively guided to expand their association and broaden their thinking space.
For example, on the topic of "association of a drop of water", teachers can inspire students to make the following associations: 1. Only when a drop of water meets hundreds of millions of drops of water can it become a surging torrent, which will flow thousands of miles and produce unstoppable power; 2. In the sea, the water droplets are tired of life. One day, it jumped out of the water and onto the beach, shining in the sun. It smiled happily and disappeared without a trace after a while. 3. It rained, and the water drops on the eaves fell on the steps, leaving spots every year. After a long time, small holes were actually exposed; 4. How can a drop of water wear away the stone? It turns out that it has completed such a change: CaCo3+H2o+Co2=Ca(HCo3)2. Obviously, this topic can be written in at least four articles: 1, which shows that unity is strength; 2. Explain that pulling individuals can't be separated from the collective; 3. Emphasize perseverance; 4. It is expounded that we should act according to scientific laws.
Thirdly, using mathematical symbols to make propositions, we can design "1+ 1=?" Let the students think for themselves and get more answers.
This kind of divergent thinking training can stimulate students' interest in innovation and exploration, change single thinking into multi-directional thinking, change closed thinking into open thinking, and change static thinking into dynamic thinking. The unprecedented activity of students' thinking will certainly bring about a leap in students' writing ability.
The second is to exchange Yuan's wit. The quality of things is often determined by many factors. This is the "diversity" of things. The diversity of things determines the diversity of thinking. If we change a factor, that is, "substitution", we may have new ideas. The application of "changing wit" in writing is to change an important element in the subject matter into another element, so that the value and meaning implied by the subject matter are completely different. Grasping this idea, the content will be completely new.
Just like a stone, if it is round or not, it is not square. In the eyes of ordinary people, ugly and useless. It is a "ugly stone." Jia Pingwa's essay "Ugly Time" turns ugly time from an important element in life, that is, turning secular vision into scientific singular vision, and putting ugly time in front of scientists for testing. An extremely ugly stone suddenly became extremely precious. The author grasps this point to illustrate a point: "Yes, ugliness to the extreme is beauty to the extreme." The novel philosophy of life revealed in the works makes people feel like taking a breath of fresh air in the morning.
The third is to turn to wit. When thinking is blocked in one direction, you should drive around in a "think tank" in time. "Literature is precious and needs innovation", and the innovation of the article needs innovation first. To make the article novel and profound, reverse thinking is undoubtedly an important way. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the training of turning wit in composition teaching. Cheng Hao, a scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, put it well: "If you think about what you can't get in another way, you can't persist." If you have such materials, you are required to write an argumentative essay on your own topic.
Oman, the king of Tuyuhun, had twenty sons, and they always divided them. One day, Aman called them to his side and said to his eldest son, "Bring an arrow and break it." The eldest son did it easily. The jackal said, "Take twenty arrows and break them." The eldest son has been falling apart, and so have the other sons. So the jackal said, "Do you know? Many people find it difficult to fold. Qi Xin works together in Qixin, and our country can be consolidated! "
This material shows that unity is strength and the viewpoint is clear and correct. Obviously, "rebound" is not good, and dialectical analysis is also difficult to start with. It seems inevitable to generalize, but it is not. If we change our thinking in time and dig out other enlightenment and education from other truths contained in the materials, we can find a new way. For example, the educational methods described in the materials are very noble. He first let his educatees experience it personally, guide them to think, and finally give instructions and education naturally. If we grasp this point and talk about the reform of educational methods in connection with some current educational situations, this article will be innovative.
The fourth is to create excellence and wit. When thinking is blocked, even if you get the answer, you are not satisfied. Look for a better answer with your heart. Dai said: "whoever writes a composition will come first, make a statement and sweep away the second newcomer. The orthodox language is also endless; If you come for the third time, you must use it well. "In composition teaching, teachers must guide students to choose the best ideas on the basis of divergence.
In short, in writing teaching, students should be guided to optimize knowledge accumulation, enrich their thinking background, develop their imagination, weaken their thinking patterns, activate their thinking factors, and strengthen their wit, thus eliminating the fear of having nothing to write, prompting them to open the "black box" of thinking, and then radiating dazzling creative thinking sparks.
Note: 1 Lufu
2 Liu Xie' Wen Xin Diao Long'
Bibliography: 1, Friends of Chinese Teaching
2. School education and personality development
3. Notes on Pedagogy and Psychology
4. New Psychology
5. Modern Chinese teaching theory
6. Practical Encyclopedia of Middle School Teaching [Chinese Volume]