Artistic productivity is an important part of productivity, which has the basic characteristics of combining historical inheritance with the times, combining materiality with spirituality, and combining aesthetics with commodity. Artistic productivity is an important force to promote the development of social productivity. In the final analysis, artistic production is only a special form of production, which is bound to be dominated by the universal law of production. There are many forms of artistic productivity: literature, art, music, sculpture, architecture, dance, drama, folk art and so on. /kloc-the unbalanced development of Russian art and material productivity in the 0/9th century proves the scientific and forward-looking nature of Marxist literature and art.
First, Marxist theory about the imbalance between artistic productivity and material productivity.
In the introduction of Critical Outline of Political Economy, Marx put forward the important conclusion that "the development of material production is unbalanced, such as artistic production", and later formed Marxist theory about the imbalance between artistic production and material production.
Looking at the relationship between material productivity and spiritual productivity abstractly from the philosophical point of view, it is generally believed that material productivity is the foundation of spiritual productivity and provides material premise and material means for spiritual productivity. At the same time, with the development of material productivity, new topics and a large number of new materials are constantly put forward to promote and promote the development of spiritual productivity. Spiritual productivity is restricted or determined by material productivity, and at the same time it has a great reaction to material productivity, promoting and promoting the development of material productivity. There are many reasons for the imbalance between material production and artistic production. First, the relationship between material production and artistic production is not direct, but through the intermediary of economic base. Second, the economic foundation is the decisive factor in the development of art, not the only factor. This imbalance is also two-sided: one is the imbalance between the prosperity of artistic development and the development level of general society; The second is the imbalance between an art form and the overall development of the whole art. With the improvement of material productivity, that is, with the accumulation of material wealth and the improvement of people's material living standards, people may spend more surplus labor time on the production of spiritual wealth, which leads to more advanced production activities besides meeting the needs of material life, which can be used for aesthetic and artistic activities.
Second, the imbalance between Russian artistic production and material production in the19th century.
/kloc-the overall situation of the development of Russian artistic productivity and material productivity in the 0/9th century is that although the development of artistic productivity can not be separated from a certain material foundation, artistic productivity is relatively independent, and it can also make great achievements in the case of backward material productivity. When the material productivity accelerates, the artistic productivity in turn promotes the development of the material productivity.
Material productivity is relatively backward. /kloc-in the first half of the 0/9th century, Russia practiced serfdom, and serfs worked on the land of serf owners for generations, resulting in low productivity. Big businessmen, rich peasants and landlords and nobles of factory handicrafts accumulated a lot of capital, which seriously hindered the development of Russian capitalism. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, Russia gradually became a raw material supplier to western European countries. Influenced by the capitalist economy in western Europe,1in the late 9th century, Russia began to enter a brand-new historical development stage from the serfdom era and embarked on the road of capitalist development, but its national strength could not be compared with that of capitalist countries such as Britain and France.
Literary achievements. /kloc-Russia in the 0/9th century was the unprecedented peak of its literature and art. Although its economy was quite backward, it even retained serfdom, but there appeared Pushkin, Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, Necrasov, lev tolstoy, Gorky and other masters, which was a model of a generation of writers. Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet in the19th century and the founder of modern Russian literature. He is known as "the sun of Russian poetry", and the poetic novel yevgeni onegin is the cornerstone of Russian realism. Lev tolstoy is the most influential Russian writer in the world literature in the19th century. Resurrection is one of his representative works.
19 In the mid-1990s, the Russian liberation movement entered the proletarian period. Plekhanov's Art and Social Life elaborated the methodology, task and development path of Marxist aesthetics and literature and art, which laid the foundation of Marxist sociology of art. Gorky's early works reflected people's spontaneous protests against the landlord and bourgeois society and their yearning for a better life.
Artistic achievements. /kloc-the first half of the 0/9th century, which was the period when Russian national art was laid. The representative of romanticism is Kiprenski's work davydov, an academician title. After the 1940s, fedotov's critical realism works, such as The Major's Proposal, Breakfast for the Noble and The Young Widow, have important social significance. /kloc-The outstanding representative of democratic art in the second half of the 9th century is belov, who used the creative method of critical realism to describe the social outlook of Russia after the abolition of serfdom. His representative works include The Religious Parade of Easter, Funeral, Three Cars and so on. Kramskoy believes that art should embody ideological content. His representative works include Moonlit Night, Unknown Girl, Sorrow and so on. Lie Bin is a master of Russian critical realism painting in the late19th century, which is incomparable to any painter. His masterpiece is The Trackman on the Volga River.
His achievements in music art are particularly outstanding. Tchaikovsky is the greatest achievement of Russian national music school. His creative thinking is manifested in exploring the development of music art, just like an excellent writer and his contemporaries, he used music to show the picture of Russian social spirit and material life in the19th century. Tchaikovsky is a romantic composer and music educator. He is regarded as a great Russian music master. He not only occupies an important position in the history of Russian music, but also is a world-famous music master. He looked for inspiration in nature, in daily life, in imitation and gestures, and of course in people's speeches. His works reflect the depressed psychology and deep desire for a happy life of Russian intellectuals under the autocratic rule of the czar. Focus on revealing people's inner contradictions, full of strong dramatic conflicts and passionate feelings. Representative works include: Symphony No.4, Symphony No.5, Symphony No.6, Opera yevgeni onegin, Queen of Spades, Dance Drama Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker, Piano Concerto No.1, Violin Concerto, Variations on Rocco Theme, String Quartet No.1 and Piano Trio in Memory of Great Artists. He pushed Russian piano music to the first climax. For example, his Piano Concerto No.1 is the most popular concerto and an orchestral work, which is very popular and becomes a classic in piano concerto. Swan Lake is one of Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky's most famous masterpieces. Swan Lake, like a fresh and romantic lyric poem, was once rated as "the first time to make a dance work have the soul of music", which has a long history. The work shows the great power of love and humanity, and can finally overcome evil. It is also like a philosophical poem about human noble thoughts and the pursuit of happiness, expressing a loyal heart and self-denial love. The fantasy overture of Romeo and Juliet written in the form of sonata, like Shakespeare's plays, profoundly praises the beauty and loyalty of human love and severely criticizes the cruelty of the social environment in which the protagonist lives.
Thirdly, analyze the reasons for the unbalanced development of Russian artistic productivity and material productivity in the19th century.
/kloc-the historical phenomenon of imbalance between Russian artistic production and material production in the 0/9th century is by no means accidental and universal, but it has its inherent inevitability, particularity and development law.
Judging from the political and economic situation and the whole cultural context, Russia's political economy in the19th century is relatively backward compared with countries such as Britain, France, Germany and the United States. Russia was still a backward feudal serfdom country when the major western European countries had completed or were carrying out the industrial revolution. The shortage of labor force in industrial development has become the main obstacle to the development of productive forces. Class contradictions are sharp and serf uprisings are constant. The czar used the army, police and other state violence organs to suppress the serf riots. The czar government implemented a censorship system for books and periodicals, restricted people's freedom of publication and speech, and strictly controlled people's thoughts. The broad masses of peasants have no right to education, and they are ignorant and resigned. Although some peasants rioted, they did not reach the point of subverting the czar's rule and separatist regime. Literature is a kind of social ideology, which uses language to shape images, reflect social life and express the author's thoughts and feelings. Art, on the other hand, reflects social reality with images, but it is a more typical social ideology than reality. Literature is rooted in and reflects social life. Very typical, very innovative. Literature and art is a vivid reflection of human social practice and an important manifestation of human spiritual creation. Progressive artists face the reality, reflect some real conditions of society in their own creations, and objectively and critically observe the world for artistic creation, so that the development of artistic productivity exceeds material productivity.
From a philosophical point of view, there are many reasons for the imbalance between material production and artistic production. The relationship between material production and artistic production is not direct, and it needs to be mediated by economic base. For example, literature and art reflect the economic foundation, but do not directly reflect the productive forces; Economic foundation is the decisive factor of the development of literature and art, and it is by no means the only factor; The historical inheritance of literature and art is also one of the important reasons for the development of literature and art; For example, law, morality, philosophy, religion and literary thoughts all have direct or indirect influences on the development of literature and art.
Judging from the law of art's own development, art development has its inherent requirements. Of course, apart from production relations, class struggle and social consciousness, we should also fully estimate the internal characteristics of art and the role of artists' personal factors. As a special social ideology, although its development is inseparable from the material production conditions of a certain era, and the artistic development of a certain era is always formed on a certain economic basis, artistic production, as a special spiritual production, is relatively independent. Throughout the history of social development, artistic productivity and material productivity always promote each other's circular development in imbalance-balance-imbalance. There has never been an absolute imbalance, that is, the development of artistic productivity has surpassed the development of material productivity. This historical phenomenon is by no means accidental and universal, but it has its inherent inevitability, particularity and development law.
Judging from the political and economic situation and the whole cultural context, Russia's political economy in the19th century is relatively backward compared with countries such as Britain, France, Germany and the United States. Russia was still a backward feudal serfdom country when the major western European countries had completed or were carrying out the industrial revolution. The development of the industry lacks absolute balance and imbalance.
To sum up, the imbalance between Russian material productivity and artistic productivity in the19th century is a complicated social and historical phenomenon, and the relationship between artistic production and material production is the dialectical unity of balance and imbalance. As far as Russia in the19th century is concerned, it was born under specific historical conditions and is a special law. However, the imbalance between the development of material productivity and artistic productivity may appear repeatedly in social history, which is a universal and universal law.
Fourth, study the practical significance of the imbalance between Russian artistic production and material production in the19th century.
/kloc-the imbalance between Russian artistic production and material production in the 0/9th century tells us that even if the material productivity is relatively underdeveloped, the artistic productivity can make remarkable achievements. At present, China is in a period of rapid development, material productivity is advancing by leaps and bounds, and people's living standards are constantly improving. However, people's spiritual civilization is relatively backward, moral decline, and the phenomenon of fake, evil and ugly is quite serious. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to correctly understand the theory of unbalanced development between artistic production and material production.
We should vigorously develop the art industry and enhance the soft power of culture. Since the reform and opening up, China's material civilization has lagged far behind Europe and America, but we have made great progress after all. An important trend in today's world development is the increasing integration of economy and culture. Cultural demand promotes economic and social development, and cultural industry has become an important part of the national economy. For example, literature and art are the essence of social science, the most important component of social spiritual productivity and the driving force of material civilization construction. Some people say that literature is the productivity of the primary productivity and an important part of today's comprehensive national strength. Facts have proved that when the material living standard of any country in the world reaches a certain level, the influence and driving force of culture is more important than any other force. Especially, the influence and great appeal of literature and art are becoming more and more important.
We must pay equal attention to material civilization and spiritual civilization. Since the new period, we have established and developed a socialist market economy, which has promoted the prosperity and development of material civilization. At the same time, the negative factors of the market induce money worship, hedonism and extreme individualism, which corrode people's interpersonal relationship and spiritual life. In the long run, society will surely develop abnormally. The view that material civilization will naturally progress with the development of material civilization, and it is impossible to do a good job of spiritual civilization without material conditions is incorrect and does not conform to historical development facts and realistic objective conditions. This is often the law of social development. Sometimes material civilization develops faster and spiritual civilization lags behind, and sometimes it runs faster in the ideological field, ignoring the construction of material civilization. The most fundamental purpose of our material civilization construction is to meet the people's growing needs, which are both material and spiritual. This requires us to consider the requirements of spiritual civilization construction and development while developing material civilization, so as to adapt and coordinate it with the requirements of spiritual civilization development. The good development of spiritual civilization can in turn promote the better development of material civilization.
Contemporary artists should play their due role in promoting social progress and development. Artists should not only express the real life state, but also convey a positive attitude towards life, which is the most fundamental mission and responsibility of artists. The works are dark and negative, and people may become negative after contact; But on the contrary, people will be encouraged and become positive. Artists can only spread for a long time if they go deep into the reality of life, get in touch with the masses, express the masses, regard themselves as the faithful spokesmen of the masses, expose all the dark forces that endanger the masses, sweep away those decadent, ugly and evil phenomena, praise all the truth, goodness and beauty, and let the beautiful and noble thoughts and behaviors of sunshine occupy a better position. Those who are driven by material interests and give up their due responsibilities are not real artists.