How to write the abstract of the paper? The abstract of the paper should express the main information of the paper in a short, accurate and complete way, so as to quickly and accurately judge the reading value of a certain literary theory when retrieving documents. Below, this paper will share some summary experiences on what the abstract writing needs to include and what the abstract format is.
First, the abstract content of the paper.
Abstracts of papers include Chinese abstracts and English abstracts, the contents of which need to correspond, and English abstracts are for the convenience of international communication.
Contents contained in 1. abstract
In fact, it is a summary, which should be an independent article and effectively cover the important contents of the whole paper, including research purposes, research methods, research results and conclusions. Language doesn't need to be gorgeous, but it needs to be fluent.
Here is an example:
"Although China has surpassed Japanese to become the second largest economy in the world, there are still many problems in the rationality of China's industrial structure, which need to be further optimized. The empirical results show that the horizontal changes and fluctuations of the exchange rate have indeed played a certain role in the adjustment of China's industrial structure. "
From this model paper, we can see that the research purpose of this paper is the influence of the lateral change and fluctuation of exchange rate on the three industrial structures. The manufacturing structure and research methods are unit root test, cointegration test and Granger causality test. The research conclusion shows that the exchange rate change does play a certain role in the adjustment of industrial structure.
2, the abstract can't write content.
The writing content of the abstract is mentioned above, and the following is about what can't be written in the abstract. There are some common sense knowledge in the research fields of various disciplines, which can't be written abstractly. In addition, the abstract should not be confused with the introduction. There is no critical description, especially some comments and explanations on the research content of this paper.
3. Keywords
Chinese keywords and English keywords should start on a new line at the bottom of the abstract, and the selected keywords are generally 3 ~ 5. Pay attention to the separation between keywords. Different colleges and universities need different symbols, which may require the use of spaces, commas or separators. Even in the same school, there are different requirements for the separation methods of Chinese keywords and English keywords.
Second, the paper abstract format
1, Chinese abstract format
The following illustrates the format of Chinese abstracts by taking the requirements of a university for abstracts of dissertations as an example:
The word "abstract" should be centered, bold 18 pounds, single-spaced, 24 pounds before the paragraph and 18 pounds after the paragraph; The content and key words should be Song Ti 12, with a line spacing of 20 points and a front and back paragraph of 0 points.
2. English abstract format
The content corresponds to the Chinese abstract, but it should be noted that English language habits, including capitalization, italics and tenses, meet the relevant requirements.
Let's take the requirements of a university for the abstract of a dissertation as an example to illustrate the English abstract format:
The word "abstract" should be centered, bold with Arial 18 points, single-spaced, 24 points before the paragraph and 18 points after the paragraph. The contents of English abstracts and keywords use Times New Roman 12 points, with 20 points of line spacing and 0 points before and after paragraphs.
3. Keyword format
The word "keyword" is bold, with a song typeface 12 pound, a row spacing of 20 pounds, and a front and rear segment of 0 pounds; The format requirements of Chinese keyword content and Chinese abstract content are consistent. Pay attention to the separation requirements between Chinese keywords.
The word "keyword" is bold in Times New Roman 12 point. The format requirements of English keywords and English abstracts are the same. Pay attention to the separation requirements between English keywords.
Third, the thesis is summarized and demonstrated.
The following is a partial abstract of the master's degree thesis for reference:
Paper abstract template:
Firstly, the summary of this paper is described in sections, focusing on the research purpose, research methods, research results and conclusions:
"China is a straw country in the world. The development and utilization of straw resources not only involves efficient material transformation and efficient energy cycle in agricultural production systems. "
At the beginning of the abstract, this paper makes clear the purpose or necessity of the research: it is related to the sustainable development of many ecosystems and the living environment of farmers.
"There are three main methods to estimate the amount of straw resources: one is the ratio of straw to grain; The second is by-product specific gravity method; The third is the harvest index method. "
Then the research methods are briefly summarized, that is, according to the relevant data published by the state, the straw resources are estimated by three methods, and the research results are analyzed.