18 16 September 13, the French famous doctor Lei Naike rolled a thin notebook into a cylinder, which solved the diagnosis problem that had troubled him for a long time, and then he invented the stethoscope.

The initial medical enlightenment

Lei Naike, whose full name is Henri Theophile Hisint Lei Naike, was born on February 7th, 178 1, which was the golden age of French medicine. When Lei Naike was six years old, his mother died of tuberculosis. His father is a small civil servant. Unable to bear the heavy burden of life, he sent Lei Naike Jr. to his uncle, Dr. Julomou Lei Naike, for foster care.

Gulom is not an ordinary medical practitioner. He studied medicine in Paris earlier, went to Germany for further study, and finally graduated from the historic University of Montpellier. Because of his superb medical skills, he became the dean of the Medical College of Nantes University in just two years. In Nantes at that time, the Gulom family was quite prominent for a while.

As a teenager, Lei Naike liked mechanical engineering very much. However, influenced by his uncle, Lei Naike finally chose unknown medicine as his future career. With the help of his uncle, 14 years old entered the Affiliated Hospital of Nantes University and began to study medicine.

Because Lei Naike was born thin, had the symptoms of hereditary tuberculosis, and he worked too hard during his study, he soon became seriously ill. Although he recovered later, the illness greatly weakened his physical strength and left him in a state of illness all his life. Lei Naike's uncle, Gulom, hoped that he could inherit the mantle in the future, and that he could be in shine on you is Better than Blue, so he reached an agreement with his father to send him to Paris at the expense of further improving his medical attainments. When Gulom was traveling in Lei Naike, he told him, "My son, the profession of doctor is like a chain. As long as it is on us, we can't take it off day and night! "

The brilliant course of a medical genius studying in Paris

In mid-April, Lei Naike went to Paris with 600 francs given to him by his father and uncle. After settling down in the Latin quarter of Michaux, regardless of his extremely tired body, he applied to live in the most famous big hospital in Paris at that time-Charity Hospital, which was founded in 1607.

Lei Naike chose this hospital because there was the most famous doctor at that time, Covisat. Covisat was the representative of the golden age of French medicine in19th century, and became Napoleon's physician in 1804. He has countless students with extraordinary intelligence, and many famous people in French medical history are mostly from his family. But later, it was this emaciated young man of Nantes University in Lei Naike who was famous for inventing the stethoscope, who could best show his legacy and the French medical community. When Lei Naike entered the charity hospital, Covisat was only 46 years old, but in the whole French medical field, he seemed to be a noble saint.

In Paris, medical students can become famous as long as they accomplish two things. One is to become a member of the medical education Committee; The second is to enter a clinical school specially set up for special students who have completed three-year medical courses through competitive examinations. Lei Naike successfully won these two awards under the enthusiastic guidance of his mentor Covey Sartre.

The reason why Kovisat especially favors Lei Naike among many talented students is that Lei Naike not only has excellent academic performance, but also has made outstanding achievements in academic research. For example, when he was studying the damaged and scabbed liver of an alcoholic, he found that the liver had a special luster of dark brown, so he used the Greek word Laennec cirrhosis to describe it. Later, the disease was named "Lei Naike cirrhosis". So far, when some doctors mention Lei Naike's name, the first thing that comes to mind is cirrhosis rather than stethoscope.

In the year when Covisat became Napoleon's physician, Lei Naike passed all the strict qualification examinations of the best school at that time, won the highest honor that a French medical student could get, and was elected to the Medical and Health College affiliated to the Royal Medical Association. He is only 23 years old. Paradoxically, Lei Naike, who has made such achievements, can't find a hospital willing to hire him.

The great invention in the history of medicine is in a flash.

18 16, Lei Naike, who stayed in Paris for more than ten years and was not appointed by the * * * hospital, is 35 years old. When he was ready to return to Nantes University to join his uncle's clinic, an unexpected thing not only changed his life, but also changed the history of medicine-Neck Hospital decided to hire him! Ironically, this famous European medical researcher was able to get his long-awaited job not because of his extraordinary ability and great development potential, but only because of his interpersonal relationship. Lei Naike's friend Befi has just been promoted from Deputy Secretary of State to Minister of the Interior, and has the right to decide who will work in Neck Hospital.

In a word, it was in the neck hospital that Lei Naike invented the stethoscope, which made the whole medicine take a big step forward. One of his students, Graville, happened to be there at the critical moment. The day written by the young man from England is September 13.

Graville's record is a bit like unofficial history's: "When Dr. Lei Naike was walking in the Louvre Square in the morning, he saw several children playing the game he used to play when he was a child-one child put his ear to one end of a long piece of wood, and he could clearly hear the password scraped by another child at the other end with a pin. Extremely clever Lei Naike suddenly thought of the illness of one of his female patients ... He immediately took a carriage and went straight to the cervical hospital. He tightly rolled up a notebook and stuck it under the plump left side of the beautiful girl-the diagnosis problem that bothered him for a long time was solved! Thus, the stethoscope was born! "

However, Lei Naike wrote in his memoirs: "In 18 16, I visited a young female patient who had symptoms of heart disease. Because she is obese, it is not helpful to diagnose by hand or touch, and it is not allowed by the customs to diagnose by ear sticking to the chest. I suddenly thought of the game of transmitting sound with wooden poles when I was a teenager. I mean, acoustics points out that sound can be amplified by the propagation of some solids. I suddenly realized that I immediately rolled a paper roll into a cylinder, and the result was not unexpected at all. I heard the sound of heart movement more clearly than ever, because I put it directly on the patient's chest. From that moment on, I thought, this is a good idea. Besides the heart, the sound made by the movement of chest organs should also make us more sure of its characteristics ... "

Obviously, in an instant, a rolled paper tube made clinical medicine take a big step forward.

After Lei Naike personally made the first stethoscope, some people called it "soloist", others called it "medical trumpet", and his uncle suggested naming it "chest apparatus". After careful consideration, Lei Naike finally decided to name it "Stethoscope".

The most precious legacy

18 19, Lei Naike quit his job in Necker Hospital and left Paris in a black horse-drawn caravan. After several twists and turns, Lei Naike returned to his hometown with his wife Jacqueline Yagong on June 1826, and then fell ill.

On August 13, Lei Naike woke up from delirium for the last time. Seeing his wife sitting and watching him, he struggled to sit up, slowly took off his ring, put it on the small table beside the bed, and said intermittently, "If I don't do this, others will take it off for me right away. I don't want them to do such a painful thing. " Two hours later, Lei Naike, a world-famous doctor and inventor of the first diagnostic tool in medical history, died. In his will, there is something like this: "Give my medical books and papers to my nephew Mei Hajdic, as well as my watch and ring;" None of this matters. What is worthy of eternal life is that I left him my first stethoscope, which is the most precious legacy I gave him. "

Second, the replacement of stethoscope

Stethoscope is one of the common medical instruments. Almost everyone who has seen a doctor or had a physical examination has seen it and knows that it is mainly used to help doctors diagnose patients' cardiopulmonary health. Doctors often listen carefully to the patient's chest and back with a stethoscope to judge which organs of the human body are sick, and then prescribe the right medicine to make the patient recover as soon as possible.

As a very simple medical instrument, the function of stethoscope can not be ignored. But I'm afraid not many people know how the stethoscope came into being. The invention of the first stethoscope in the world has a history of more than 100 years, and there is another story about its invention. /kloc-One day in the 9th century, the galloping carriage stopped in front of a luxurious mansion in Paris, and the famous doctor Reneck got off. He was invited to entertain the noble lady here. The thin young lady, sitting in an armchair, frowning tightly, clutching her chest with her hands, looked very ill. After the young lady covered her chest and complained about her illness, Dr. Reneck suspected that she had a heart attack.

If the diagnosis is correct, you'd better listen to your heart sounds. As early as in ancient Greece, in the Collection of Hippocrates, it was recorded that doctors used their ears to check the heart and lung sounds of patients. Lei Naike also learned this auscultation method, which is usually used to examine patients. But at that time, the doctor diagnosed the disease by sticking his ear directly on the appropriate part of the patient's body through a towel. The patient was a young aristocratic lady. This method is obviously inappropriate. Dr. Reneck was pacing the living room, wondering if he could use a new method. Seeing the doctor thinking hard, no one in the room dared to walk and talk casually.

Walking, walking, Dr Lenek's mind suddenly emerged a few days ago, a brief introduction about Lei Naike, something he saw. It was next to a street in Paris, and there was a pile of wood for building houses. One day, several children were playing on a pile of wood. One of them tapped on one end of the wood with a big nail. He told the other children to put their ears on the other end of the wood to listen to the sound. He knocked and asked, "What do you hear?" "Hear an interesting sound?" The children answered with a smile.

While they were having fun, Dr. Reneck passed by. He was attracted by the children's play and stopped. He watched the children play carefully. He stood there watching for a long time, and suddenly he went over with great interest and asked, "Little friend, can I listen to this voice?" The children agreed happily. He put his ear to one end of the wood and listened carefully to the sound of the children banging on the wood with nails. "Did you hear that? Sir. " "Yes, yes!"

Dr. Reneck had a brainwave and immediately called for a thick piece of paper, which was tightly rolled into a cylinder. One end was pressed on the young lady's heart and the other end was attached to his ear. Sure enough, Miss's heartbeat was clearly heard by Dr. Reneck even with a slight noise. He was very happy. He told the young lady that her illness had been diagnosed and she could write a prescription later.

When Dr. Reneck returned home, he immediately asked someone to make a hollow wooden tube with a length of 30 cm and a diameter of 0.5 cm. In order to be portable, it was divided into two sections and could be connected by threads. This is the first stethoscope, much like the one-ear wooden stethoscope used in obstetrics to listen to fetal heart sounds. Because this stethoscope looks like a flute, it is called a "doctor's flute". Lei Naike invented the wooden stethoscope, which is a hollow straight tube. Lei Naike named it a stethoscope. Later, Dr. Reneck did a lot of experiments, and finally decided that it was better to make a single-tube stethoscope by connecting a trumpet-shaped ivory tube with a rubber tube. Single tube stethoscope was born in 18 14. Thanks to the invention of the stethoscope, Renek was able to diagnose many different chest diseases, and he was also honored as "the father of chest medicine" by later generations. Dr Reneck died on 1826 at the age of 45.

1840, British doctor George Philip Carmen improved the single-ear stethoscope designed by Renick. Carmen thinks that binaural diagnosis can be more correct. The stethoscope he invented is to connect two earplugs with two flexible rubber tubes to a receiver that can touch the body. The stethoscope is a hollow cone like a mirror. Carmen's stethoscope helps doctors to listen to the sounds inside veins, arteries, heart, lungs and intestines, and even hear the heart sounds of the fetus in the mother. 1937, Kyle improved Carmen's stethoscope again, adding a second earphone that can touch the body, which can produce stereo effect. The introduction of so-called compound stethoscope can find out the patient's focus more accurately. Unfortunately, Kyle's improved products have not been widely adopted. Recently, an electronic stethoscope has been developed, which can amplify the sound, make a group of doctors hear the sound in the patient's body at the same time, and record the heart murmur and compare it with the normal heart sound. Although new stethoscopes are constantly coming out, the old stethoscope designed by Reneck and improved by Carmen is still widely used by doctors.

"There are no traces of birds in the sky, but I have flown."

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