Zulu kingdom
1862, Umtonga, brother of Zulu king Cetshwayo kaMpande and son of Mpande, fled to Utrecht, and Seshwayo assembled troops at the border. According to the information provided by the Boers later, Sechiwayo promised to give a piece of land to farmers along the border as long as he could hand over his brother. The Boers kept the contract signed by Mpande before Raoumtonga's death 186 1 year, that is, the land was transferred to the Boers. The southern border of this land extends from the Rock River in Buffalo to the Pengola River.
The border beacon was placed at 1864, but after 1865 Umtonga fled from Zululan to Natal, Sechiwayo realized that he had lost his interest in the contract (because he was worried that Umtonga might take his place, just as Mpande had taken the place of Dingane before, so the beacon was removed and sent to Lidenborg Town (Lidenborg). Zulu people claim that Swazi are their vassals and have no right to transfer this land at all. This year, a Boer commando led by paul kruger and Sechiwayo's army fought for territory on the border of Utrecht. The Zulu recaptured the territory north of the Pangula River. The question arises, that is, whether Zulu people's documents about Utrecht are legal. Although the proposal put forward by Vice Governor Natal in 1869 has been recognized by the arbitrators of both sides and their entourage, the actual efforts to put forward and dispute have finally proved to be a failure.
As a ruler, Sechiwayo began to actively revive the art of war founded by his uncle Sharjah, and even achieved considerable success in equipping war groups with light weapons. It is said that he made the Xhosa people living in transkei start an uprising and funded the competition between Sikukuni and Transvaal.
His rule over his own people is autocratic. 1874, Count carnarvon, who successfully urged Canada to establish a federation, thought that a similar plan should be implemented in South Africa. Sir Bater Frary was sent to South Africa as the High Commissioner for this issue. The obstacle to the realization of this plan is the existence of two independent countries, namely the Republic of South Africa and the Kingdom of Zulu.
gt.brit。
1875, the two most important colonies of European countries in Africa were Algeria and Cape Colony. But by 19 14, all African countries except Ethiopia and Liberia had become colonies of European countries. This change from an "informal empire" that only controlled colonies economically to direct control of African colonies was actually realized through Britain's naked plunder of these African regions that were originally influenced by Britain.
When France, Belgium and Portugal colonized the lower Congo River, they actually threatened Britain's penetration into tropical Africa. The Berlin Conference from 1884 to 1885 tried to mediate the contradictions among big countries. The conference proposed "actual occupation" as the criterion for determining the ownership of colonies in various countries, and the adoption of this criterion meant that European countries attacked local tribes and people in Africa more unscrupulously in order to obtain a larger area of "actual occupation" land.
1882 British military occupation of Egypt (the most direct reason is to protect the Suez Canal) also established British control over the Nile region. This further led to the British conquest of Sudan from 1896 to 1898 and the Fashoda incident involving Britain and France in September 1898. From 65438 to 0899, Britain completed its full occupation of South Africa. This military action first began with the annexation of Cape Verde from 65438 to 0795. After invading Transvaal, a gold mining area in South Africa originally ruled by the Dutch, and the neighboring Orange Free State, the British South Africa Company, which was in charge of South Africa affairs, went further north and named the occupied area Rhodesia after Sir Cecil Rhodes, a wealthy Cape businessman.
The British victories in South Africa and East Africa prompted Sir Rhodes and British Ambassador to South Africa alfred milner to propose the establishment of a British colonial empire "from the Cape of Good Hope to Cairo" in Africa. However, due to Germany's colonization of Tanganyika, the British colonies in Africa were divided into two parts. Before the end of World War I, only telegraph lines were opened between African colonies, and railways could not be built.