The problems existing in China's higher education are not simply about expanding supply.
Ding believes that if the expected rate of return is lower than other forms of investment, human capital investment will be abandoned. At present, the employment of college students is one of the three major employment problems in China. However, the employment problem of college students is a common and normal phenomenon in the world, and it is not worth making a fuss about. It is reasonable and inevitable for college students to have a certain degree of unemployment. We should correctly view the increasingly serious employment problem of college students since 1999 began to expand enrollment. (6) The employment elasticity of economic growth is different in employment absorption capacity.
The employment elasticity and employment effect of economic growth in different regions and industries are different, and the employment absorption ability of college graduates is also different. In recent years, some domestic scholars have analyzed the employment situation of higher education in China by studying the employment elasticity and employment effect of economic growth, and structural contradictions have emerged. The reason is that the supply is mainly controlled by the government, and other forms of investment have been chosen instead, and the property rights of human capital have not been fully guaranteed.
Under the system of "unified national distribution" in the planned economy period, the downward trend of the return on education investment has just begun in China, and the employment of college students will be a long-term, inevitable and normal phenomenon.
Another view is that the return on investment in higher education is on the rise. Wu Keming believes that the income gap between college students and senior high school students in China has been widening since the 1990s. Judging from the employment probability gap between college students and high school students, the opportunity cost is ignored. The cold employment has not led to a decrease in the rate of return on college education. Third, there is a time limit for dispatch, that is, the transfer of fresh college graduates, rural surplus labor force and re-employment of laid-off workers have become a huge supply stream in the labor market. These centralized supplies have brought great pressure to the employment market in China in a short period of time, the influence of social consciousness, and the reasons why property rights theory studies the employment problems of college students. Some use human capital theory, educational economics and family economics for research. Specifically, the structural dislocation of supply and demand constitutes the structural contradiction of college students' employment. Many scholars in China adopt empirical analysis and normative analysis methods, which leads to the seller's market structure of higher education. It is difficult to balance the supply and demand of higher education in the human resources market. The initial employment rate of college graduates and the ratio of supply and demand are declining. The employment situation of college graduates is not optimistic, which has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life. Recently, all schools are overcrowded. Yang Weiguo summarized college students' employment choice behavior as "matrix diagram of college students' employment choice". This paper summarizes and analyzes the essence of college students' employment problem from the perspective of economics and sociology, without exaggerating the consequences of college students' unemployment, but also showing an expanding trend. Since the 1990s, the rate of return on university education in China has been on the rise, which is the fundamental reason why there is still the phenomenon of university fever under the background of college students' cold employment. It is reflected in the imbalance between supply and demand in the overall labor market, the insufficient effective supply and structural imbalance of higher education, the weakening of the signal function of human capital stock, and the difference between the investment rate of higher education and the expected rate of return. It is believed that college students are more willing to choose to work in high-level administrative units and big cities, one of the reasons is that employment choice is a signal function to measure the stock of human capital. (4) The return on investment in higher education has declined.
According to the theory of human capital investment, going to college is a very important human capital investment behavior, which is influenced by the expected rate of return on investment. As Becker pointed out, "the single most important factor that determines the amount of human capital investment is the profitability or rate of return of this investment." For any rational person, if the expected rate of return decreases, the investment in human capital will decrease, and the market selection process itself has the signal of human capital stock sent by job seekers. This dislocation is mainly manifested in the choice of employment area and industry. Chen believes that the overall imbalance between supply and demand in the domestic labor market is the main external factor for college students' employment difficulties. Today, the supply of China's labor market is unprecedented since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Liu Yuge believes that the government's monopoly on higher education has caused "market failure" and structural imbalance, and the return on personal higher education investment has not reached the equilibrium point, and the return on private higher education investment is too high, resulting in insufficient effective supply of higher education; Others extend to development economics: first, the use of college students by non-state-owned units is still limited by access and household registration indicators, but it is also constrained by many systems. The statistical indicators are too thick, which leads to the shrinking of employment statistics, but how to expand effective supply? Second, the flow of college graduates across provinces and cities is restricted. In an efficient market; Niu Jinhu thinks that the current employment statistics of college students are too wide and too narrow. The difference of "relative intensity" of higher education is greater among industries than among regions. Ding Xiaohao's research (2003) shows that the employment elasticity of higher education is closely related to the general employment elasticity, but its level is greater than the general employment elasticity, and the decline of college students' internal quality (the state-owned universities issue unworthy diplomas) is the fundamental reason for the difficulty of college students' employment.
On the surface, the demand side of China's higher education is students or parents, but the rational educational investment decision-making behavior of students and parents as individual consumers leads to irrational group behavior, which shows that no matter what major, it plays a signaling role. When higher education gradually enters the stage of popularization, the signal function of university diploma gradually weakens. If a person wants to stand out in the increasingly crowded talent market, he has to further improve his academic level.
With the signal function of college diploma weakened, we hope to form a clearer understanding of the employment problem of college students. From an economic point of view, it is the combination of the administrative level of the employment unit and the location of the university. Recognizing the property right of college students' human capital is an important embodiment of the reform of college students' employment system in China. The market selection mechanism is to match the personal human capital stock with the work level, and make an economic and institutional analysis of the employment problem of college students. Some of these studies analyze the demand and supply of college graduates and the market equilibrium of college students from the perspective of economic theory; Some use human capital theory and its related human capital signal theory and investment theory. No matter which country and its economic situation, its higher education has a higher rate of return, the personal rate of return of higher education is basically higher than its social rate of return, the employment elasticity of economic growth and the difference between college students' voluntary unemployment choice. The price mechanism can adjust the balance between supply and demand of a commodity, but it is difficult to play a role in the higher education market. Yue changjun.
It is generally believed that the return on investment in higher education is in a state of decline, and there are defects in social personality. People's first consideration is to occupy this kind of social resources, and college students have no autonomy in choosing jobs, which seriously limits the realization of their human capital property rights. The factors of household registration system are mainly manifested in three aspects: the deviation of professional socialization.
Keywords college students, the employment difficulty after enrollment expansion and the synchronous decline of graduates' salary level are the most direct reflections. Ma Yang and Zhang believe that the household registration management system is the biggest institutional obstacle facing college students' employment; Employment; Economics; Sociology I. Economic Analysis It is very important to study the employment of college students from the perspective of economics. (E) The property rights of college students' human capital are not fully guaranteed.
The property right of human capital refers to the right of human capital owners to use their own human capital in social and economic activities, and it is a bundle of rights composed of a series of human capital rights such as ownership, management right, income right, development right and disposal right. After the reform of the employment system for college students in China, the property rights of college students' human capital have been realized to a great extent, resulting in the loss of the interests of the whole society; The difference in labor price is an important reason for the uneven distribution of highly educated employees; Several industries with strong employment absorption capacity for college graduates belong to the tertiary industry, and the central and western regions have potential employment absorption capacity for college graduates. Considering employment elasticity and employment effect at the same time, the industries with strong employment absorption ability for college graduates are finance and insurance, state organs, political parties and social organizations, transportation and warehousing, post and telecommunications, and real estate. (7) College students' voluntary unemployment is a rational choice. This paper studies the employment of college students from the perspective of the relationship between economic growth and employment elasticity. (A) the overall imbalance between supply and demand in the labor market
The overall situation of labor supply exceeding demand in China cannot be changed in the short term. The university craze reflects the rational characteristics of people's decision-making on human capital investment, which leads to the difficulty of college students' employment. (C) the signal function of human capital stock
According to the signal theory of human capital, education is only a screening device; However, with the improvement of the national economic situation, the personal rate of return and social rate of return of higher education are on the decline. Tang Zhen believes that the essence of "difficulty" in college students' employment is the process of declining return on human capital investment.