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What are the general structures of sports scientific research papers?
Sports science spans two categories: natural science and social science, and has a strong comprehensive and unique research object and scientific method. The writing of sports research papers also has its own characteristics and requirements. This paper only discusses the article structure, basic format, content and requirements of sports scientific research papers. Scientific research papers; The structure of the article; Basic format; Contents and requirements of the basic StructureandForm of sports scientific papers: Preface to the contents and requirements of StructureReandForm * * * 1 To engage in sports scientific research activities, you must have multidisciplinary knowledge, multiple abilities and scientific methods. Sports science and technology writing is not only the knowledge and ability that sports workers should possess, but also the specific scientific research methods that must be mastered. Because, in the final analysis, all sports scientific research achievements are mostly spread to the world through scientific and technological information carriers in the form of written expressions. If sports scientific research achievements can't be finally written into scientific and technological works (papers) and made public, then all individual scientific opinions and opinions, all creations and inventions can't be disseminated and utilized, resulting in due social benefits, but only some thinking activities in the minds of scientific researchers, which the world can't know. If so, the significance of scientific research will be lost. It is true that people's standard to measure the quality of sports scientific research papers mainly depends on their theoretical value and practical value. However, whether the research results reflected in the paper can be quickly disseminated to the society and accurately understood by people depends on the level of paper writing. This shows that a high-quality sports research paper requires the unity of content and form. With the rapid development of sports science, the amount of scientific and technological information is increasing. It is reported that there are more than 5,000 sports periodicals in the world, and about 25,000-30,000 sports scientific and technological documents are published every year, with an average of more than 80 articles per day. People attach great importance to the dissemination, storage and utilization of sports scientific research achievements. It has become an advanced means of communication to store and retrieve sports scientific research achievements and information with the help of modern scientific and technological tools-computers. The storage and retrieval of microcomputer requires the standardization of sports science and technology academic journals, and the standardization of journals first requires the standardization of paper writing. In order to standardize the writing of sports scientific research papers, we must understand the knowledge of sports scientific writing and master its writing methods and skills. Because of professional reasons, the author has read many manuscripts of sports scientific research papers. Judging from the research manuscripts, I feel that the topics and contents of many scientific research papers are quite valuable, but the writing of the papers does not meet the requirements of periodical arrangement standardization and scientific research paper writing. Among them, the most common and prominent problem is the chaotic structure of the article and the extremely inconsistent writing format (especially the theoretical and experimental "quantitative" research papers). This not only increases the difficulty for editors and readers to be familiar with and understand the essence of the paper, but also directly affects the dissemination, storage and utilization of sports scientific research achievements. As a scientific research method, sports science and technology writing involves a large number of knowledge structures, and different styles of sports science and technology works have different writing requirements. This paper only discusses the content and requirements of the article structure and basic writing format of sports scientific research papers. The article structure of sports scientific research papers can be roughly divided into two categories according to the different writing purposes, research objects and methods, one is degree papers and the other is academic papers. Dissertation is a thesis written by students in sports colleges or researchers in sports research institutes (institutes) to obtain a degree. Such as bachelor's thesis, master's thesis and doctoral thesis. Academic papers are papers written by the majority of sports workers to study and solve a certain problem in sports practice. At present, most of the new achievements of sports science and technology and theoretical research are published in academic journals of sports science and technology in the form of academic papers. Due to the different research objects and methods, academic papers are divided into two categories, namely theoretical papers and experimental papers. Although there are many types and forms of sports scientific research papers, the main structure of their articles has its basic types, namely preface, theory and conclusion. 2。 1 the writing content and requirements of the preface are the beginning and introduction of the paper, just like the preface of a long drama, which should be attractive. It is usually preceded by subheadings such as introduction, introduction and preface. , or there may not be any subheadings. The writing content of this part mainly includes three aspects: ① introducing the research background materials, predecessors' work and the current knowledge gap; ② Reason, purpose, theoretical and experimental basis, expected result and its position, function and significance in related fields; ③ Explain the scope and tasks of the research. This part should be concise and to the point, and it does not account for much in the whole article. The specific requirements are that the introduction of background materials should be accurate, specific and closely related to the theme; The explanation of the research should be realistic, and the significance of the research should not be exaggerated and self-evaluated; The explanation of the task should be specific and clear. 2。 2 Writing Contents and Requirements This paper, also known as the positive theory, is the main body of sports scientific research papers. The creativity of the topic is mainly reflected in this part, which reflects the academic theory established, the technical route adopted and the level of research methods. In a word, the level of this paper determines the level of the whole paper. The contents and requirements of this part of writing include: the methods and objects of research and the reasons for their choice; Collection of observed facts and data, methods and reasons for collection; Comparative analysis and discussion of research results, etc. This part has three writing elements: first, theoretical analysis. Require a theoretical demonstration of the assumptions made and their rationality; For the known and self-improved analytical methods and materials, we should explain them, and make clear the new ideas and independently created things so that readers can understand them. This is especially important for theoretical papers. Second, the experimental device and test method. It is required to accurately introduce the experimental principles and methods, mainly including experimental methods, experimental devices, experimental objects, experimental results and measurement accuracy. The description of the experimental process is concise and to the point, and the original experimental methods can be explained emphatically. Commonly used instruments and methods need not be described in detail. This requires a lot of experimental papers. Third, the analysis and comparison of the research results. Require qualitative or quantitative analysis of the research and experimental results of the subject, and explain its inevitability; Draw inevitable and necessary conclusions or inferences from the results, and explain the scope of application of these conclusions or inferences, and compare them with the results of theoretical calculation to test the correctness of theoretical analysis. When writing, try to avoid copying all the experimental data in the paper, otherwise it will make people feel like an experimental report. We should delete some unnecessary data materials, select accurate main parts, draw charts and incorporate them into the text. Make a well-founded, powerful and accurate exposition. The analysis of research results and experimental results is the "heart" of the paper, because the success or failure of an experiment and theoretical analysis of a paper is judged by this, and all conclusions and inferences are based on this. This is the key point in the writing of theoretical papers and experimental papers, and it must not be taken lightly. This theory is the core of the paper, so we should try our best to write it well. 2。 The writing content and requirements of the conclusion part are the logical expansion of theoretical analysis and experimental results, and are the end of the whole paper. It is related to the preface theory and the conclusions made around this theory. Conclusion: From the content, it is not a simple repetition of this argument, but a concise reminder of the theme of a paper, a deeper understanding, and a new general point of view obtained from this part of the material through reasoning, judgment and induction. In writing, we should pay attention to the following points: first, what problems are explained by the research results of this paper, what laws are drawn, and what theoretical and practical problems are solved; Secondly, what tests have been made on the previous research viewpoints on this issue, which are consistent or inconsistent with the research results of this paper, and what amendments, supplements, developments, confirmations or negatives have been made in this paper; Thirdly, the shortcomings of this study, or unsolved problems, put forward the key points to solve these problems and the future research direction; Fourth, the conclusion should be carefully worded, logically rigorous, with specific words to avoid ambiguous sentences. And pay attention to the echo of preface theory and the connection of this theory. From the reading value of the paper, it is also very important to write a good conclusion. Because when readers choose to read a paper, they first read the abstract, then the conclusion, and then decide whether to read the full text. What has been discussed above is only the general structural form of sports scientific research papers, not a rigid formula. The author can be flexible according to his actual writing purpose and the needs of the discussion content. 3 The basic format of sports scientific research papers The development of sports theory and practice makes it difficult to clearly answer many questions in the field of sports only by single subject knowledge. The comprehensive characteristics of modern sports science require that sports science research must rely on multidisciplinary knowledge to solve theoretical and practical problems. New scientific and technological methods and means have entered the field of sports research, and there are more and more "quantitative" analysis papers in sports research. This kind of "quantitative" research is the direction of sports science research in the future, which eliminates the disadvantages of simple experience summary and achieves the purpose of scientific quantitative analysis. At present, the basic format of this kind of scientific research paper writing and the relatively standardized academic journals of sports science and technology at home and abroad all put forward the basic format requirements of manuscript writing according to the standardization of arrangement and the internationalization standard of paper writing. Judging from the format of the whole paper, Vancouver format is widely used at present. This format has been basically fixed in experimental papers, while theoretical papers are mainly different from experimental papers in format, and there is no format requirement for fixed items such as materials, methods, results and discussions. The overall format of sports scientific research paper writing basically consists of three parts, namely preface, text and supplementary text. The specific project content and writing requirements are as follows: 3. 1 the title content and writing requirements of the previous part of the paper (1). That is, the title of the article is a high summary of the main contents and viewpoints of the paper and a concentrated expression of the essence of the paper. The topic of the paper to be written should be clear, accurate and appropriate, and easy to retrieve and classify; Words are rigorous and unpretentious, short and pithy, and should not be too long; A broad topic can be defined by subheadings. (2) Author and work unit. The signature of the author of the paper is not only the embodiment of his efforts, but also the honor he deserves, and it is also the performance of being responsible for his work, which shows that he is responsible for the paper. Personal research results, personal signature; The results of cooperative or collective research can be arranged according to the contribution. The order of signatures should not be arranged according to the level of professional titles and qualifications. Supporters who help with research work or thesis writing should not sign their names, but they can be explained in their thanks. The writer's work unit should not only be responsible for the paper, but also let readers contact the author to facilitate academic exchanges. (3) abstraction. This is an important part of the paper. Its functions: first, let readers know the main contents and achievements of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the shortcomings of the topic; The second is to improve the readability of the paper. Readers often judge the reading value of papers through abstracts, which are responsible for attracting readers. Thirdly, it is convenient for the retrieval and storage of sports science and technology information. It can be seen that it is very important to write a good summary. As for what to extract from the abstract, it depends on the nature of the abstract. It can be divided into indicative, reportable and informative forms. At present, the abstracts of sports periodicals at home and abroad are mostly indicative abstracts. (4) keywords. Also known as subject words, they are used for storage and retrieval, and are usually placed after the abstract. Keywords are the main objects of research and discussion. It can be a word or a phrase. The extraction of keywords should accurately and comprehensively reflect the nature of research results and facilitate retrieval and classification. Don't have too many keywords, usually 3-5 are enough. 3。 2 The project content and writing requirements of the text part From the overall format of sports scientific research papers, the format of the text part is the main part of the paper format, and the text format of theoretical papers and experimental papers is different in project setting. There is no uniform project requirement for the writing format of theoretical papers. According to the different writing purposes and discussion methods, the author can choose a topic freely, and gradually discuss and summarize the main contents of the full text. However, the experimental papers have unified and fixed project requirements. The points are as follows: (1) Introduction. Or preface, whose writing content and requirements are the same as preface. That is, ask questions, clarify the purpose and significance of the research, and explain the background materials, research scope and tasks. (2) Research objects and methods. Its contents include the objects observed in experimental research, the materials and instruments selected, and the research or testing methods used. Generally, it should be listed step by step according to the experimental steps, and the requirements should be specific, especially the new and original methods should be clearly explained, so that readers can repeat the experiment on this topic according to the instructions (if it is confidential, it is another matter). When introducing materials and methods, they should be specific and brief, and common methods need not be specified or not introduced. (3) Research results. Refers to the situation and data obtained from experimental research. It is a direct reflection of the research results, and comments without any narrative are appropriate. In writing, the main situation and data should be expressed in words, charts and other forms in a certain logical order, and the problems in the experiment should be explained. Be loyal to the facts, pay attention to the number of words, and don't make mistakes. (4) Analysis and discussion. This is the essence and core of the paper, and it is a bridge connecting the results and conclusions. It is required to compare and analyze the experimental research results with the previous viewpoints, make logical arguments, make correct reasoning, make clear arguments, and boldly put forward their own new discoveries and new viewpoints, which fully embodies the creative and theoretical characteristics of this paper. When writing, we should pay attention to avoid giving full play to the experimental results, repeating the results and literature, hiding shortcomings and circular inference. Words should be coordinated and appropriate, and the attitude of discussion should be correct. If a hundred schools of thought contend, don't get emotional. (5) conclusion. This is a general view extracted from the experimental results after analysis and discussion. The content and requirements of his writing have been mentioned before, so I won't repeat them. However, there are two points worthy of attention in the experimental paper: first, don't draw too big a conclusion under the condition of insufficient data, and don't give up the viewpoint that should be adhered to easily; Second, don't confuse research results with conclusions. Conclusion and result are not the same thing, the result is all the information directly reflected by the actual investigation (for record only), and the result is the main component that is highly concentrated after analyzing and refining the experimental results (for viewpoint only). 3。 3. The project content and writing requirements of supplementary articles are an integral part of the overall format of sports scientific research papers. Both theoretical papers and experimental papers should include the project content and writing requirements of supplementary articles. (1) Thank you. Refers to the written expression of gratitude to the units and individuals who have given great guidance, help and convenience to the writing or research of papers. Usually written after the conclusion. Thank you sincerely and seek truth from facts. (2) References. This is an important part of all papers. It embodies the rigor of writing scientific papers. All articles, monographs, data, arguments, materials and methods cited in this paper should list the sources of references. Generally listed in the thank you column. (3) foreign language abstracts and keywords. This is one of the means to expand the dissemination and use value of research results. Generally speaking, it is to translate Chinese abstracts and keywords into foreign languages. According to the suggestion of the International Organization for Standardization, the foreign language abstract should be 250 words, with a maximum of 500 words. Some abstracts in foreign languages are more specific than those in Chinese, including title, author, unit, research content and so on. The above is only an exploratory introduction to the overall format of sports scientific research papers. Although there is no strict and unified international format for writing scientific research papers, the Vancouver format based on this paper has been recognized by most scholars at home and abroad. It basically conforms to the objective reality and the law that people are familiar with the process, and has the characteristics of simplicity. Conclusion (1) This paper emphasizes that the writing of the structure of sports scientific research papers, whether theoretical or experimental, must follow the principle of "three-stage", and its basic types are the structure of preface, theory and conclusion, which are the main structure of the paper and indispensable. (2) This paper holds that the writing format of sports scientific research papers should refer to the internationally recognized Vancouver format and the layout rules of scientific and technological academic journals promulgated by the National Bureau of Standards. When writing a manuscript, according to the different types of sports scientific research papers and the actual needs of writing, we should not only adhere to the mandatory items, but also choose flexibly. Vancouver format should be adopted for experimental papers.