Manual revision: If the English abstract in the paper is translated by Chinese abstract machine, you can manually revise the words, grammar and expression in the English abstract to make it conform to the English writing norms and academic requirements. The specific steps are as follows:
(1) Read through the Chinese abstract and understand its meaning, so as to determine what the English abstract needs to express.
(2) Consider how to translate English abstracts from grammar and expression, and try to avoid using too simple or unsmooth sentences.
(3) When encountering words or sentences that are difficult to translate, you can consult English dictionaries and documents or consult professionals such as English teachers.