Two systems of modernist art design: functionalism and stylism. These two schools formed in different historical periods and played a leading role in modernist art design.

I. Functionalism

As a school in the history of art design, functionalism originated at the end of 19, developed in the 1920s and 1930s, matured in Bauhaus and declined in the late 1960s. Its mainstream position in the field of design has also been replaced by intuitive, perceptual and personalized post-modern art design.

Functionalism is a creative method, art school and aesthetic theory. It pays attention to solving the relationship between form and function, beauty and practicality, and advocates that form obeys function. Advocate simple and reasonable design, realize standardization and high efficiency of production through the unification of technology and design in the machine age, and oppose excessive decoration.

(a) the origin of functionalism?

1923, Italian architect Alberto sartori put forward the concept of functionalism in art theory for the first time when he expounded futurism in his book The Factors of Functionalism Architecture. However, the most basic principle of functionalism-"Form obeys function" was put forward by American architect Sullivan in 1896. The pioneers of functionalism are Ross, Sullivan and Wright.

1, Luo (noun explanation):

After returning to Europe, Ross became a staunch rationalist. 192 1 year, some of his essays were published in France, which pointed out that the art circles in Austria-Hungary could not adapt to the new style based on scientific and technological progress. Another part of his paper was not published until 193 1, entitled "Rebellion", which was taken from the motto of the German philosopher Nietzsche, "Resolutely rebel against everything". One of his most famous articles, Decoration and Sin, was published in 1908. The point to be expressed in the title of the article is that it is a sin to spend money on unnecessary decoration.

Why is decoration a crime? First of all, Luo believes that modern people have "grown more elegant and refined", and hunting nomads use brightly colored fur because they want to distinguish themselves by color, which is the need of function. Modern people have clothes as a symbol, and there is no need to dress strangely like primitive nomads to achieve the purpose of identification. Secondly, decoration causes waste of economy and resources. Thirdly, blind pursuit of novel decoration leads to neglect of commodity quality, short durability of materials and inferior products.

Ross's view on decoration is completely different from that of Ruskin and Morris: for Ruskin, decoration brings meaning and value to man-made products; For Morris, decoration proves the producer's "pleasure in work". For Ross, decoration is a sin. Ross's Decoration and Sin has been published for a century. In retrospect, decoration is not all evil. Because decoration is a mirror of human life, "it secretly reflects the network of human thoughts and emotions." However, Roth's view of opposing commercial hypocrisy and criticizing pseudo-aesthetics still has positive significance today.

2. Sullivan (including word explanation) (translated as "Sullivan"):

Louis sullivan is a representative of the Chicago School of Architecture and the founder of modern American architecture. He has very high attainments in architectural theory and practice, and his design is a milestone in the history of American architecture. Chicago Institute of Architecture has left an indelible mark on the history of world architectural design. In 1896, Sullivan criticized some architects for not being good at getting rid of the old styles and methods when solving new tasks, and thought that the real standard of artistic creation was the relationship between form and function. In order to prove its correctness, he expounded a natural law: "Everything in nature has a form, in other words, it has its own external characteristics. The external characteristics show us what this thing is and how it is different from us and other things. " "Whenever and wherever, form obeys function-this is the law. The function remains unchanged, and the form remains unchanged. The basic law of any kind of things-organic and inorganic, all phenomena-physical phenomena and metaphysical phenomena, human phenomena and superhuman phenomena, any kind of rational activities, mental activities and spiritual activities lies in that life is recognized in performance, and forms always follow functions. This is the law. "

The Chicago School with Sullivan as the core has played a great role in the urban reconstruction of Chicago. Under their advocacy, skyscrapers have mushroomed, including common rectangular buildings, trapezoid, rhombus, square, steeple, circle, semicircle, triangle and so on. Modeling is mostly regular geometry, which is also one of the characteristics of functionalism later. In addition, in order to increase indoor light and ventilation, the simple facade and all-glass curtain wall have also become the architectural features of Chicago School.

3. Wright (noun explanation) (many books are translated as "Wright"):

(1) Overview: Learn from the famous architect Sullivan. Wright is one of the most important architects in America in the 20th century and enjoys a high reputation in the world. Wright has a great influence on modern architecture, but his architectural thought is obviously different from the representative figure of European new architectural movement and has taken a unique road.

Wright thinks that the end of19th century is the era of steel and steam, and the real chronicle of new culture should be written with the help of steel and steam. We should study the influence of machines on people, but we should not let machines waste raw materials and produce fake and shoddy products in large quantities by industrial methods. Wright called for mastering the artistic potential of machines to improve people's quality of life. William morris advocated restoring primitive handicraft production, while Wright and German functionalists advocated pushing art to a new angle through the combination of art and technology.

(2) Design concept:

In a long period of time, the style has changed many times, from naturalism, organicism, grassland style in the central and western regions, modernism, to the complete pursuit of their beloved American model, and each period has caused new influence and impact on the world architectural community. His design covers everything from private residence to commercial center, from architecture to furniture, from community planning to urban design. His design has a considerable personal expression, which is very different from modernism, new architecture and internationalism, which led the mainstream of world design at that time.

(2) Wright's design uses a lot of basic geometric figures, such as squares, circles and triangles. , generally use squares.

Array pattern, combined with various abstract details, always has a very special decorative effect. His design has a strong feature, that is, he tries to find a harmonious factor in his own design and the surrounding natural environment, and strives to make the design achieve a harmonious relationship with nature and achieve harmony. His design is an organic part of the natural environment, and his contemporaries seldom try it. Because of this, he always strongly denies his modernist designers. His career and works are still full of modern flavor. For example, his functionalism tendency and abstract details in his style are typical modernist characters. This kind of social consciousness is the common feature of modernist design pioneers. Therefore, we can still regard Wright as an important modernist master with strong personal style and pursuit.

(3) organic architecture put forward six principles, namely:

Simplicity should be the test standard of art;

(2) architectural design should have various styles, just like people;

3. Architectural design should be in harmony with its environment. He said, "A building should seem to grow from there and be in harmony with its surroundings.

4. The color of the building should be consistent with its environment, that is, the color factor of the building should be taken from the environment;

⑤ Expression of the essence of building materials;

⑥ Unity and integrity of architectural spirit. His view of organic architecture is not rigid, but a flexible method. He once said that he likes to imitate the structure of plants and design buildings with reinforced concrete. There is a trunk in the middle of the structure, which is buried deep underground. Each floor seems to grow on the trunk, and the sunlight enters the room through the skylight from top to bottom, causing the feeling of natural lighting. Sunlight and moonlight have similar effects. He called it organic architecture.

(4) Grassland style:

1. Pay attention to the relationship between environment and architecture, and form a harmonious whole space.

② Pay attention to the extension and freedom of indoor space, and the divided small spaces flow with each other and can be opened and closed freely.

3. Preserve natural materials properly to achieve harmony with indoor and outdoor environment.

(4) Indoor furnishings are arranged on the ground floor. The ceiling is low and slightly inclined, and there is affinity and security in the room;

(5) Major projects and works:

1. Representative works: organic architecture (1939), Lost City, Arts and Crafts of Machines (190 1).

2. Representative works: Flowing Water Villa (1936), Guggenheim Art Museum (1943), Imperial Hotel Tokyo (19 19).

(6) Main contributions:

(1) inherited and developed louis sullivan's design art theory, and made some innovations, and clearly put forward the concept of "organic architecture".

2. It breaks the traditional concept that the building is simply closed as a hexahedron, and advocates that the space can be connected inside and outside and divided freely.

His greatest contribution to modernism is his reinterpretation of tradition, his emphasis on environmental factors, his emphasis on modern industrialized materials, especially the adoption of reinforced concrete, and a series of new technologies (such as the adoption of air conditioning). He provides an exploratory, non-academic and non-traditional model for future designers, and his design method has also become an important reference for future exploration.