Scientists who believe that the weather made dinosaurs unable to adapt.
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First of all, the latest view on the extinction of dinosaurs.
Recently, dinosaur research experts from all walks of life in the world have been controversial. A recent study by a research team led by Keller, a professor at Princeton University in the United States, shows that dinosaurs became extinct 300,000 years after an asteroid hit the earth. So the extinction of dinosaurs is not directly related to the impact of asteroids on the earth. In this regard, public opinion is controversial.
The latest paleontological research evidence shows that tropical bees survived the catastrophe that led to the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. This new discovery "questioned" the meteorite impact theory. Jacqueline Kozisek, a researcher at New Orleans State University, announced this new idea at the just-concluded 2004 annual meeting of the American Geographic Society.
The author believes that the evidence presented by the above two experts is reliable, and the argument is pertinent only within a certain range, with high credibility.
Second, there are many theoretical hypotheses about how dinosaurs died, which are roughly as follows:
1. Some biologists believe that at that time, geological orogeny took place on the earth. Due to the sudden growth of many high mountains on the flat land, the swamp is greatly reduced and the climate becomes less humid and warm. The respiratory organs of dinosaurs were difficult to adapt to the dry, cold and dry air, and in winter, the dinosaur's food was gone, so it was on the verge of death.
2. Some scientists speculate that the explosion of supernovae caused drastic changes in the earth's climate, which led to a sudden increase in the surface temperature and then a sharp drop.
There is also a theory that dinosaurs ate many flowering plants, and there were many toxins in these flowers. The dinosaurs ate a lot, so they died of poisoning. The evidence is that flowering plants began to appear at that time.
4. Others ingeniously said that it was because dinosaurs, a huge animal, ate too much and kept farting, releasing a lot of methane gas into the air. Because they are too numerous and have a long life span, they have destroyed the ozone layer of the earth and caused a devastating climate.
Some people even say that it is the result of aliens hunting on the earth, because they think dinosaur meat is particularly delicious. The evidence is that the dinosaur bones they found in the North Pole were marked by laser cutting.
Some experts say that dinosaurs died of cancer because the ozone layer of the earth was destroyed and the sun was shining directly.
7. Volcanic eruption said that volcanoes changed the climate of the earth, and dinosaurs died out because they could not adapt to the new climate.
8. Asteroids hit the earth, causing the climate to cool down, freezing many plants to death, cutting off the food source of dinosaurs and causing them to become extinct.
9. The asteroid hit the earth, causing two fires on the earth, and all the dinosaurs were burned to death.
10 dinosaur sperm variation, dinosaur eggs can not hatch small dinosaurs.
The above generally accepted theory is the meteorite impact theory. As can be seen from the above, the theories of experts are varied, strange and quite confusing. The arguments of these experts have a common feature, that is, they are not very logical, are not dominated by logical commanders, and do not like to use logic to interpret. Most theories are that blind people touch elephants. It should be pointed out that some theories are simply catching shadows, speculating casually, and almost saying whatever you want, which simply cannot stand a rebuttal. But these absurd views and theories can often be seen in the media, because they are scientists, they speak scientific language, and what they say is reasonable.
Third, scientific theory needs unified logic to command.
Although the theories of experts are varied and interesting, they do not involve the personality of every scientist. Because the above problems are by no means the problems of any one person, nor can they be blamed on any one person, but the problems of the scientific community, because science and the scientific community have no unified logic to follow and can only say their own reasons. I think science needs unified logic to command, just like decimal mathematical logic. In the decimal category, as long as you can come up with convincing mathematical logic reasoning, even those who oppose your point of view have nothing to say. Unified scientific logic, unified scientific logic, what is it? What is the theory? Of course I know, but this theory can't be said casually. It is not that I am stingy, but that many people are against me. Because the preparation for the birth of this theory has not been done well, it is natural for many people, especially in the scientific community, to raise it so high, especially in our country.
Fourth, logically reason how dinosaurs became extinct.
The author has always advocated that theoretical research must be substituted into logic for comprehensive and rigorous reasoning and systematic thinking. If a link in the whole theoretical system fails logically, it may be completely overthrown. The extinction of dinosaurs is a natural and normal explanation for the logic of life on earth. If dinosaurs don't die, how can new species be born? How does the alternation of old and new species proceed? Has there ever been anything in the world that only produces eternal life? This is the simplest philosophical common sense. The extinction or emergence of a species is bound to be closely related to its living environment. In the dinosaur era, there were no man-made pollution factors, so we naturally thought of natural factors, that is, the natural conditions such as the climate and temperature of the earth. This requires further research on the history of the formation of the earth, dating back to the interpretation of the solar system, and even dating back to the formation of the Milky Way and the origin of the universe.
Readers should not underestimate these problems, which are the logical links of the universe and the life deduction in the universe. Without these links, theoretical research will lose its roots, roots and roots. It is a theory without foundation, and it is easy to collapse. In the present words, it is easy to be denied. The author has always advocated that theoretical research must be substituted into logic for comprehensive and rigorous reasoning and overall consideration. If a link in the whole theoretical system fails logically, it may be completely overthrown. Explaining how dinosaurs died, starting from the deduction of the solar system, can basically meet the needs of theoretical elaboration in this paper.
1994, I put forward my own views on the reasons for the extinction of dinosaurs. In my opinion, the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by the natural change of the earth's climate, the cold climate and the failure of dinosaur eggs to hatch into small dinosaurs, which had nothing to do with the impact of asteroids on the earth. This is a logical deduction. Especially when this view was formed, the author did not know that there were many fossils of dinosaur eggs. Later, I saw a lot of reports of dinosaur eggs unearthed in Henan, Sichuan and Yunnan. With so many dinosaur fossil eggs as evidence, it is even more obvious that my conclusion is correct.
5. The theory of dinosaur extinction can neither be proved nor falsified.
As for the theory that an asteroid hit the earth and led to the extinction of dinosaurs, I think it can neither be proved nor falsified. Therefore, this theory is meaningless and can only cause people's ideological confusion and unnecessary arguments. I also put forward many reasons to refute that even if an asteroid hits the earth, it will not necessarily lead to the extinction of dinosaurs, because many animals of the same age as dinosaurs still survive, which is evidence. I have sent the paper to the relevant authoritative media, but I have never received their reply.
1996, my paper was published in the fifth issue of UFO Exploration, which basically expressed the root cause of dinosaur extinction. However, due to the limitation of space, some issues related to the extinction of dinosaurs have not been published. Papers on these related issues were later published in Tsinghua Academic Salon Life Science Forum, World Wide Web Forum, Tian Fei Netscape Exchange Station, and Science Forum.
Six, the same theory
1998, I saw a piece of news published by Jing Li in the eighth edition of Workers' Daily, which was "A New Explanation of Dinosaur Extinction". This news introduces the research results of Leonard Ginsburg, a paleontologist at the French Museum of Natural History. Lun believes that the sea level dropped significantly 6500 years ago, which led to the change of the earth's temperature and lost the original natural conditions for dinosaur reproduction. So at that time, the largest species on earth slowly became extinct.
Leonard Ginsburg's other arguments are completely consistent with mine. The only difference is that I think the cooling of the earth's environment is a natural evolution process and an inevitable logical phenomenon in the life process of the earth. Leonard Ginsberg, on the other hand, thinks that the sea level dropped significantly 6,500 years ago, which led to the change of the earth's temperature and the loss of the original natural conditions for dinosaur reproduction. So at that time, the largest species on earth slowly became extinct.
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How did dinosaurs die out?
On our earth, there used to be many biological species that appeared and then disappeared, which is an inevitable stage in the history of biological evolution. But why a huge and dominant family like dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the earth can't help but arouse our speculation.
At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, scientists have been arguing about what caused the death of dinosaurs and a large number of other creatures. Some people say that there was a geological orogeny on the earth at that time, because there were many mountains on the flat land, so the swamp was reduced and the climate became less humid and warm. The dinosaur's respiratory organs could not adapt to the dry, cold and dry air. In winter, the dinosaur ran out of food, so it came to a dead end. Some people say that the supernova explosion caused a strong change in the earth's climate, the temperature suddenly rose, and then dropped very low. Others say that dinosaurs ate a lot of flowering plants, and there were many toxins in these flowers. Dinosaurs ate a lot, so they died of poisoning. The evidence is that flowering plants began to appear at that time. Others ingeniously said that it was because dinosaurs, a huge animal, ate too much and kept farting, releasing a lot of methane gas into the air. Because they are too numerous and have a long life span, they have destroyed the ozone layer of the earth and caused a devastating climate. Some people even say that it is the result of aliens coming to the earth to hunt, because they think dinosaur meat is particularly delicious. The evidence is that the dinosaur bones they found in the North Pole were marked by laser cutting. In short, it is really varied and strange.
But the meteorite impact theory is generally recognized. 1980, American scientists found a high concentration of iridium in the stratum 65 million years ago, and its content exceeded the normal content by dozens or even hundreds of times. This concentration of iridium can be found in meteorites, so scientists associate it with the extinction of dinosaurs. According to the content of iridium, it is also inferred that the impact object is an asteroid with a diameter of 10 km. The impact of such a large meteorite on the earth is absolutely unparalleled. According to the earthquake intensity, it is about Richter scale 10, and the diameter of the crater produced by the impact will exceed 100 km. It took scientists 10 years to finally get the preliminary results. They found this crater in the stratum of Yucatan Peninsula in Central America. It is estimated that the diameter of this pit is between 180 km and 300 km. Now, scientists are still doing further research on this pit.
Scientists began to paint us a heroic picture 65 million years ago. One day, dinosaurs were still eating and drinking carefree in paradise on earth. Suddenly, a dazzling white light appeared in the sky, and a boulder with a diameter of 10 km equivalent to the size of a medium-sized city fell from the sky. It was an asteroid, which fell into the sea at a speed of 40 kilometers per second and fell into a huge pit on the bottom of the sea. Seawater is rapidly gasified, and steam is sprayed into the sky for tens of thousands of meters. Then the tsunami was as high as 5 kilometers, spreading at an extremely fast speed, and the turbulent sea water swept everything in the landing area. After the turbulent waves swept the earth's surface, they met at the back end of the impact point. The huge seawater power triggered a strong volcanic eruption on the Deccan Plateau here, and the movement direction of the earth plates occurred at the same time. What a terrible disaster this is. Meteorites hit the earth and produced a lot of dust, polar snow melted, plants were destroyed and volcanic ash filled the sky. For a time, the sky was dark, the temperature plummeted, and the dinosaurs were swept away and buried by heavy rains, flash floods and mudslides. In the next few months or even years, the sky is still dusty and covered with dark clouds, and the earth enters a low temperature because it has not seen sunlight all the year round, and the vast land is silent for a while. Thus an era in the history of biology ended.
Whether the above-mentioned things really happen or not, the total extinction of dinosaurs will be a strange thing. Fortunately, we have now acquired some precious dinosaur fossils, which enables scientists to carry out their research work. We hope that this mystery will be solved in the near future. At the same time, we should know that any living thing has to go through the process of production, prosperity and extinction. This is a natural law and will not change because that species is huge and powerful. Dinosaurs went extinct, and then a whole new era appeared. More and more advanced biological worlds have better decorated the earth.
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The mystery of dinosaur extinction
We humans have lived on the earth for two or three million years, and this history should be said to be not short. But compared with the life span of dinosaurs, it was only a moment.
In the Mesozoic era, the earth was once a world dominated by dinosaurs, and dinosaurs could be found everywhere in both plain forests and swamps. They lived on the earth for1.300 million years, but somehow, the dinosaurs became extinct, and they all disappeared from the earth forever. This is really an eternal mystery.
For more than a hundred years, I don't know how many scientists have tried to uncover the secret of dinosaur childlessness, but they have never been able to justify themselves. With the mutual penetration of natural sciences, some new theories about dinosaur extinction have appeared in recent years.
Some scientists believe that the extinction of dinosaurs was due to the cold climate. At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, the world was cold on a large scale, the daily temperature difference increased, and the hot and cold seasons alternated obviously. Dinosaurs used to living in tropical environment could not hibernate like snakes and lizards, nor could they hide in caves to avoid the cold like fur animals. Dinosaurs are warm-blooded animals. They have no appearance and physiological function to resist cold, and they can't resist and adapt to cold attacks. Finally, they are ruthlessly eliminated by nature.
Some scientists assert that the extinction of dinosaurs was the result of crustal movement. About 70 million years ago, there was a strong crustal movement on the earth, which caused some basins to rise and shallow hills to appear, thus causing water and forests to dry up. At the same time, the seabed changed, the sea level dropped by more than 300 meters, the land between Asia and North America began to connect, a large number of animals moved to dinosaur habitats, and food supply was difficult, which made dinosaurs in a state of "food shortage" and gradually died of severe hunger.
Some scientists also suggested that the extinction of dinosaurs was caused by the collision and explosion of stars. In the late Cretaceous, an asteroid with a diameter of about 10 km collided violently with the earth. The impact speed is about 6.5438+10,000 kilometers per hour. During the impact, amazing dust was raised. Dust floats in the atmosphere, even blocking sunlight, making the earth dark for a period of time, the temperature drops, the photosynthesis of plants stops, plants wither, the "food chain" is interrupted, and dinosaurs die one after another.
Other scientists speculate that dinosaurs were poisoned by flowering plants and died out. Dinosaurs lived in Mesozoic, and gymnosperms such as ferns, cycads, ginkgo biloba and conifers dominated the plant kingdom. There are many tannins in these plants, which are harmless to dinosaurs. However, the earliest flowering plants appeared1.200 million years ago. These flowering plants often contain strong alkaloids, which adversely affect the physiology of dinosaurs. Some alkaloids, such as brucine, are very toxic. Dinosaurs swallowed a lot of alkaloids, and the toxin reaction led to serious physiological disorders and death.
The extinction of dinosaurs was due to interspecific competition and intraspecific competition-this is the understanding of other scientists. The activities of one organism often directly or indirectly endanger the survival of another organism, so there is direct or indirect competition, which is called "interspecific competition". For example, meat, competition between animals and herbivores, and competition between animals. In the age of dinosaurs, carnivores with strong reproductive ability and developed brains appeared. They ate many eggs laid by dinosaurs, which led to the death of dinosaurs. Dinosaur eggs were found in Inner Mongolia, Shandong and Guangdong. In particular, Shixing County in northern Guangdong Province found the largest and best preserved dinosaur eggs in the world, with 34 and 35 eggs in a nest respectively, and found the existing dinosaur fossils. In order to survive, creatures of the same species attack each other and devour each other, which is called "intraspecific competition". Tyrannosaurus rex, for example, is a Tyrannosaurus rex in the dinosaur family. Its head is 1.5 meters long, and its jaw has sharp teeth, so it can devour other herbivorous dinosaurs at will. Dinosaurs can be divided into herbivores and carnivores, and they are very long, both of which are more than 20 meters. For example, dinosaurs found in the United States were 27 meters long, and Mamenxilong found in Sichuan, China was 22 meters long and weighed 40 to 50 tons. Dinosaurs about the size of roosters were found in Luban, China, but they were counted as two. This phenomenon of "everything has its vanquisher, the law of the jungle" led to the final extinction of dinosaurs.
Although all the above statements have some truth, each statement can't be justified and can't be fully affirmed by the scientific community. For example, "dinosaurs ate flowering plants and became extinct", then pterosaurs in the air and ichthyosaurs in the water didn't eat flowering plants on land at all, so why did they become extinct at the same time as other dinosaurs? But hadrosaurs, ceratosaurus and other groups are more prosperous after flowering plants appear? In a word, the mysteries in the evolutionary history of these creatures have not been completely uncovered so far.