Management activities have their own people, but also gradually produced management ideas. In fact, whether in the East or in the West, we can find wonderful expositions of ancient philosophers on management thoughts. The birth of modern management science is marked by F.W. Taylor's masterpiece Principles of Scientific Management (191year) and Fa Yueer's masterpiece Industrial Management and General Management (19 16 year). Management in the modern sense has only gone through more than 80 years. In the past 80 years, management science has made great progress and development, and the researchers, learners, books and documents of management science have all increased exponentially, showing the vigorous vitality and prosperity as a young discipline. However, management still needs to develop, because mankind will enter the 2 1 century, and human civilization needs management.
The stipulation of management science
The stipulation of management science refers to the research content of management science. The stipulation of management depends on the stipulation of the research object of management, that is, what is the research object of management? Harold? Cüneyt (H. Cüneyt, Management):
-"The purpose of this book is to clarify the basic knowledge of management theory and management science". In other words, Cüneyt thinks that the research object of management science is management theory and management science, or management science is the combination of these two parts. James. h？ Donnelly (J.H. Donelly, Foundation of Management):
-"Only discuss the management processes related to open (although quite common) cases. We will discuss the management of limited resources (including the rights of others), that is, management theory is to study the management of limited resources. Ronald? Coase (the founder of new institutional economics, The Essence of Enterprises)
-"management is to predict and operate by signing a new contract and using the price mechanism. Management just means responding to price changes and rearranging production factors under its control. " Ronald? Professor Coase defines business management from the perspective of contract and price response, but he grasps the essence of management: that is, business deals with the market, and it uses the price mechanism to make its products and services gain beneficial benefits in the market. Management is a process of how to allocate the limited resources of an organization with administrative command mechanism to obtain the best allocation efficiency; Management does not deal with the market, although it should respond to the prices in the market. According to Coase's definition, management should take such a prescribed management as the research object. In this way, the research scope of management should be two aspects:
The organization itself includes its dynamic mechanism, structure and operation.
Various management methods that rely on administrative mechanism in organizations include holistic and systematic methods of resource allocation and various functional methods for local problems.
In fact, most of the famous management books and teaching materials have their own characteristics in chapter arrangement, writing style and viewpoint adoption, but they are basically discussed around these two aspects. Actually, Harold. Cüneyt and Cyril? The same is true of O 'Donnell's management. Definition of management science: the discipline that studies and discusses the structure, process, mode and method of resource allocation in an organization is an applied theoretical discipline and the most basic discipline in the management discipline group. Such a regulation of management science was originally the view of American management scholars, but scholars from other countries, such as Germany and Japan, did not think so. When they limited management to enterprises, they thought that management should also include management, so the theory of management came into being, hence the name of China's management.
Schools and Composition of Management Science
1 School of Management
With the efforts of theoretical researchers and practitioners, management science, which was born at the beginning of the 20th century, has shown unprecedented prosperity in theory and practice, with overlapping schools, new theories and ideas constantly emerging and talented people coming forth in large numbers. Harold? Cüneyt once wrote two famous papers "On the Jungle of Management Theory" (196 1 year) and "On the Jungle of Management Theory" (1980), which made a brilliant summary and analysis of the brilliant theories and propositions in the management field before 1980. He believes that by 1980, there were at least a dozen schools of management, typical of which are: classical school, behavior school, social system school, decision-making theory school, system management school, empiricism school, contingency theory school, management science school, organizational behavior school, social technology system school, manager role school, enterprise management school and so on.
2. Although each faction has its own views on management and theoretical propositions, it does not exceed three major contents: organization, management methods and operation.
Taylor, the representative figure of scientific management principle, can be summarized as a management model or method in essence, because the research on the relationship between human scientific work and cooperation and human motivation and efficiency has actually developed the corresponding management model and method.
Classical organization theory: the typical organization research achievements of Fa Yueer and Weber.
The representative figures of behavioral science school are Mayo (E. Mayo), Maslow (A. H. Maslow), McGregor (D. Megregor), Lei Wen (K. Lewin) and mutton. Some of them study interpersonal relationships, some study the relationship between people's needs and behaviors, and some discuss human nature and corresponding management issues. The former can be attributed to the dynamic process of the organization, and the latter can be attributed to the discussion of people-oriented management methods.
C. I.Barnard, a representative of the school of social systems, only studied how the organization operates effectively from the perspective of the role of managers in the organization.
H. a Simon( 1978 Nobel laureate in economics), a representative of decision theory school, believes that decision-making is carried out in the whole process of management, management is decision-making, organization is decision-making, and organization is a system composed of individuals as decision makers. However, looking at his works, except that the above viewpoints are organizational, the rest mainly develop the scientific method system of decision-making
The research contents of contingency theory school and management science school are exactly the scientific methods and means of organization and internal management.
The School of Business Management specializes in business theory and management issues in business.
3. Research methods adopted by various schools On the other hand, although there are many schools of management theory in the 20th century, in fact, in terms of analysis methods, each school has those disciplinary analysis methods that represent people's research management habits.
Behavioral science school uses typical psychological knowledge and behavioral analysis methods to study organizations, informal organizations and interpersonal relationships in organizations;
System management school uses system theory and viewpoint to examine enterprise organization and analyze its structure;
The representatives of the empiricism school are P. Drucker and E. Dale. Their research methods are empirical and case analysis, and the object is directly the organization and the management problems in the organization.
Mathematical analysis method of management science school
According to the above analysis, the narrow sense of management mainly consists of organizational research and management method research; Management in a broad sense should be combined with the research in the field of management and related to economics. The evolution of these three aspects has basically followed the following path in the past 50 years.
3. The evolution path of various management schools.
(l) The evolution path of organizational theory research:
Classical organization theory (classical theory,11920s)-organizational behavior (organizational behavior,11940s)-organization (socio-technical system,11960s)-leadership (manager role,11970s)-organizational culture (. (11990s)
(2) The evolution path of management method research: scientific management theory (Taylor's11920s)-behavioral science (Mayo's11930s)-management science theory (American and French11950s)-decision theory (Simon's11960s) (11990s)
(3) The evolution path of business theory research: enterprise theory (1920s)-industrial organization (Bain and 40s)-marketing (kotler in 1960s)-consumer theory (1970s)-strategy (strategic management) (Porter in 1980s)? (1990s) In the evolution path of the above three aspects, the progress of management in the 1990s is blank, not to say that there is no progress in the above three aspects of management in the 1990s, but that it is difficult to classify the progress of management in the 1990s and then fill the gaps in the above three aspects. But you can still try,
In the field of management research, "enterprise reengineering" was put forward by M. Hammer and J. Champi;
Peter in the field of organizational theory research? The fifth commandment of Sanjay.
Gary hamel and C.K.Prahalad's Great Future of Competition and Porter's National Competitive Advantage.
2 1 century management problems
1, the organization's resources have changed from labor, land and capital to knowledge and information. Traditional resources such as labor, land, capital and natural resources supported the development of the 20th century. However, some people say that knowledge and information will become the greatest resources for development by the 2 1 century. Assuming this statement is true, should the current resource allocation model be abandoned and what should the future resource allocation model be? The theory and practice of organizational change, which prevailed in Europe and America in the 1990s, seems to be prophetic, but it does have its historical background and future call.
2. The members of the organization have changed from economic people to social people, and the self-fulfilling people have changed in the 20th century, when the material is not very rich but gradually rich. The masses are forced to live more like an economic man who pursues interests, and economists have built their own theoretical system and realistic economic system on this basis. However, people may begin to get rid of the title of "economic man" after the material is very rich and human life has been greatly improved. At this time, not only the economic system needs to be reconstructed, but also the driving source of people's hard work may need to be reconstructed. Don't many managers now call themselves "people-oriented" and seem to be looking for a future paradigm?
3. The change of the internal and external environment of the organization is accelerating, and the speed of environmental change is getting faster and faster. Some large and rigid organizations can no longer change themselves to adapt to the environment, leading to decline or even extinction. With the arrival of the new century, some people who shoulder the great trust of the organization have to worry about the survival and development of the organization, so there is a saying of "the fifth discipline" to target the current organization. However, it is not easy for an organization to truly become an organism with learning ability and transcendental thinking. 2 1 century, which organizations can truly become such organizations, and thus remain invincible?
4.2 1 century, people's ethics and morals will undergo brand-new changes. The psychological mode and mode of thinking of people in the 20th century are the product of the comprehensive action of many restrictive factors in the 20th century. After these constraints changed in 2 1 century, as the initiators of management, their values and ways of thinking will change unpredictably. However, in the 20th century, the ethics and behaviors that valued profit over righteousness should be transformed into brand-new ethics and behaviors, so as to construct the future social and economic system. The management in 2 1 century will cover brand-new management ethics, management values and behavior patterns. Starting to discuss the future management ethics now may be of great help to managers who enter the future from today.
5. Information explosion will make it difficult to search for self-information. The 20th century is the century of information and the century of information explosion. The richer and richer the information, the more difficult it is for people to search the information they need in time unless there are more effective information search methods and technologies than today. People in the information society are like a lonely ship searching in the sea alone. From the perspective of needed information, both producers and consumers are owners of insufficient information. How to build a bridge between them may be the expansion direction, integration or division of labor of brand-new marketing concepts and systems in 2 1 century. Channel or media?
6. The organization will seek overall interests rather than local interests in a larger scope. There is only one earth for human beings. People in 2 1 century will be more aware of the smallness of the world and the loveliness of the earth, and people will think and solve problems beyond their own national boundaries. In this sense, human beings are a whole, they will have no national boundaries, and human economic behavior will be viewed from a global long-term perspective. If those multinational corporations in the 20th century only started from the perspective of comparing interests, breaking through market barriers and seeking greater interests, then perhaps the multinational corporations in the 20th century should think about the development of global economy and the growth of human welfare. Is this a fantasy?
7. The sustainable development of organization and human beings is the last word, and it will also develop in 2 1 century. However, in the 20th century, people's resources were exhausted, the ecological environment deteriorated, species decreased and the climate was abnormal, which brought difficulties to the development of the 20th century. People could not help asking loudly: Can human society continue to develop? This question should be answered in 2 1 century, and the enterprises supporting this social and economic pillar should also have their own answers. Enterprises first survive, just like people, and then they can develop. 2 1 century, how should enterprises develop in order to meet the proposition of sustainable development, which should be the primary problem in future management research.
8. From the division of labor to the integration within the organization, the coming 20th century is a century of great development of specialized division of labor, from which mankind has gained great benefits. The civilization of the 20th century can be said to be a civilization with specialized division of labor. However, the deeper and finer the division of labor, the more likely it is to deviate from the original essence, and it is difficult to deal with and solve comprehensive problems, such as the thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica and the expansion of new markets by an enterprise. 2 1 century may be the century of returning to integration, and human beings may gain more benefits from integration, and enterprises may gain new life from integration. Management may create comprehensive theories and methods.