William Golde's detective stories (1809- 1849) are the product of the gradual improvement of the functions of state machinery, and are also vivid reflections in the world literary history after the development of capitalist economy. Marxism holds that the state is a certain class of homosexual organs, including state power organs, state administrative organs, judicial organs, procuratorial organs, the army, the police, prisons and so on. In human social life, with the development of economy and the pursuit of personal life, it will inevitably happen, and one of the measures they take is to crack down on crime. The police are tools to safeguard the interests of rulers. They play the role of detectives first. But people didn't like the police at first. In Les Miserables, Hugo, a French writer, created Javert, a policeman who chased criminals. Javert is a representative of the national law, but his image is not loved by the broad masses of the people, so the people pin their hopes on chivalrous men and detectives. Just as China people love chivalrous people, in western society, detectives have become more and more popular. /kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, police and detective agencies were established in some big cities in the west, such as London, Paris and new york. In addition to official detectives, four detectives appeared later, which is the product of social polarization. Some nobles and upper-class people have privacy. They are blackmailed by criminals for privacy, or they are jealous of thugs for property. They often don't ask the national police for help because they are afraid of their identity, but go to detectives who can keep their private lives secret. This interesting social phenomenon is similar to the Escort Agency which was born in China in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In ancient China, businessmen would rather spend a large sum of money to ask escort agencies to transport their belongings thousands of miles than seek government protection. Western aristocrats, after being blackmailed, entrusted private detectives to catch criminals. They value personal wisdom and martial arts. However, the difference between them is that China businessmen turned to chivalrous men before their property was stolen, while western nobles only prostrated themselves before detectives after unfortunate events. Chivalrous men and detectives, due to the differences in social, political and economic development and concepts between the East and the West, have formed their own different artistic images, which occupy an important position in the history of literature. Kister Du Ping, ellery queen, Holmes and Poirot in the west are as famous as Zhujiajian Island, Hongfu, Bai Yutang, Gan Fengchi and Thirteen Sisters in China. Before the appearance of detective novels, some novels adopted the structure of detective novels or shaped the embryonic form of detective novels. For example, william godwin, a British writer in 1774 (1756- 1836), was a radical anarchist. He is also a philosopher and novelist. His daughter Mary married Shelley, a great English poet (Mary once wrote a novel called Frankenstein, which is considered as the first modern science fiction novel in the world). For the time being, this is a political novel advocating anarchism. The novel is about a young man who was born in poverty and found that his boss murdered a neighbor a few years ago, which led to the unfair treatment of innocent tenants and their sons and was executed. The master persecuted the young man for fear that the secret would be revealed. The novel adopts flashback form, interspersed with details such as murder, reconnaissance and pursuit, which is very exciting to read. Later, people regarded this unsuccessful political novel as the first attempt of detective novel. Because of its structure and plot, there is the embryonic form of detective novel. Of course, william godwin didn't deliberately write detective stories, he just explained the unfairness of the legal and political system through narration. This kind of political propaganda did not have much response at that time, nor did it attract the attention of readers. 184 1 year, British novelist Dickens published the novel Bleak House (barnaby Lurgi). This novel, with the theme of describing the people's riots, shaped Sheriff Bakat: this man is alert, brave and full of empathy; Know all religions. He is a good police officer in Dickens' mind and also has some characteristics of detective. It is because of the experience gained in this attempt that Dickens wrote the detective novel The Case of Andrew Trudeau in his later years. This novel was published in 1870 and serialized in six issues in the magazine. It's a pity that the author died before he finished this work, and the mystery in the book has become an eternal unsolved case. In the same year (184 1), American writer Allan Poe (1809- 1849) published Murder on Moge Street. This novel is full of suspense: the case happened in a room with locked doors and windows, and how the murderer got into the secret room makes people guess. The result was a big accident, but the perpetrator was actually ... This novel is a bit mysterious, and animal crime is similar to an interesting outing. Nevertheless, Murder on Mog Street vividly shows the artistic style of Poe, and it is the first time to write the murder scene so horribly and mysteriously. Since then, Poe has written four detective novels: The Mysterious Case of Mary Roger (1842), Scarab (1843), You are a murderer (1844) and The Stolen Letter (1844). These five novels show that detective stories have begun to take shape, and it is not an exaggeration to call Allan Poe "the originator of world detective stories". Poe's great achievements in the history of world novels can be cited from at least three aspects. First of all, Poe was the first writer who consciously created detective novels. He takes detective stories as the theme of the novel and murder as the main factor of the novel. Secondly, Poe created the world's first detective image, O 'kister Du Ping. Du Ping is a famous French family. Due to repeated setbacks in his career, he lived on inheritance. His only interest is keeping company with books. He likes fantasy, likes to think quietly in the dark, and is particularly interested in the mysteries that arise in life. He has the analytical ability and rich imagination that a detective should have, paying special attention to people's psychological activities and linking criminal activities with people's greed. Du Ping was the first detective to appear on the world literature stage. Poe also designed a dull, self-righteous reporter to set off Du Ping. Thirdly, Poe created five different criminal patterns. The atmosphere of death and murder in his works makes people feel at home. Detectives use the traces left by criminals to reveal the truth. For example, "scarab", by cracking the code. "You are the murderer" adopts the psychological tactics of so-called dead chat. Mary Roger's mysterious case relies entirely on materials for reasoning. Although Poe did not admit that he was a detective novelist, he regarded these five detective novels as "games", but his detective novels undoubtedly played a leading role in the formation of detective novels in the future. Conan Doyle, a British master of detective stories, inherited and developed edgar allan poe's detective stories. Conan Doyle's golden partners Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson were also transformed from Du Ping and his reporter partners. The description of murder atmosphere and the narrative mode of psychological reasoning have extremely valuable enlightenment to Conan Doyle. Poe is an American writer and literary critic. His novels include Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and Black Cat. Poems include To Helen, Amberla Lee and The Crow. There are also papers "Philosophy of Writing" and "On Poetry". His works are deeply influenced by the decadent western bourgeoisie, advocating "art for art's sake", aestheticism and mysticism, with bizarre plots and dark and horrible colors. After Poe, another detective novelist william wilkie collins appeared in the history of English literature. Collins (1824—— 1889) was born in London. Father is a painter. He studied in Haibao private school in his early years and moved to Italy with his parents at the age of 12. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he returned to London, England to study law and later became a lawyer. Started writing at the age of 23 (1847). His first book, Biography of william collins, described his father's life. Collins wrote a lot in his life, and many of his works were published in Household Talk, the most popular magazine in the Victorian era. Representative works include Woman in White, Moon Stone and Xinjiliang Institute. Others, such as Poor Miss Fenqu, Life of a Rogue, Black Robe, etc. The Moon Stone is the representative work of Collins' detective novels. It depicts the indifference of the upper class of the British bourgeoisie in the19th century, exposes the hypocrisy of religion, exposes the truth of charity, and condemns the crimes committed by the British invading army in India. This detective novel successfully shaped the vivid image of Inspector Foucault: through the detection of the Moonstone case, it fully demonstrated the subtlety of detective art and his ability to foresee everything. Other characters in the book are lifelike, such as Rachel's elegant manners, lorina's obsession, Clark's hypocrisy and Seagrave's ignorance. After reading the whole book, readers all called Inspector Foucault their hero. According to Collins' self-report, the police officer cuff he created has a prototype. He used the true story of a detective in the criminal department of the British police as a model to carry out literary imagination, thus making the characters in his works flesh and blood. If police officer Foucault is compared with police officer Javert in Hugo's works at the beginning of19th century, Foucault's image is undoubtedly more lovely, which also shows the change of society and people's concept of police officer's image. Collins met Dickens, an English writer at that time, in 1854. There is no doubt that Dickens influenced his detective stories, but he wrote the detective story The Moon Stone two years earlier than Dickens. As far as the publishing order of detective stories is concerned, Collins' detective stories also inspired Dickens. Two years after the publication of The Moon Stone (1870), Dickens published The Case of Adelu Trudeau. If edgar allan poe started detective stories, his contribution is that he led detective stories from short stories to long stories. Moonstone is 400,000 words. In the process of solving the case, different stories are told separately, and then connected in series, scattered but not chaotic, complicated, showing the author's superb literary skills. Collins' second contribution highlights the basic creative principle of "literature is human studies". While writing to solve crimes, he created various characters, highlighted the character and psychological characteristics of detective Foucault, and greatly improved the literariness of detective novels. So, through the efforts of william godwin, Dickens, Poe, Wilkie Collins and other British and American writers. The development of detective novels from embryonic form to maturity fully shows the artistry and literariness of detective novels. Reviewing this stage is extremely important for us to understand the origin and development history of detective novels.